Exploration the impact of green energy and consumption on the sustainability of natural resources empirical evidence from g7 countries

Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable Energy F journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene PR OO Exploring the impact of green energy and consumption on the sustainability of natural resources: Empirical evidence from G7 countries Ka Yin Chau a, b, Massoud Moslehpour c, d, Yu-Te Tu c, Nguyen Tan Tai e, *, Nguyen Hoang Tien f, Pham Quang Huy g a School of Management, Guangdong University of Science & Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, China Faculty of Business, Address: Room 418, 4th Floor, Luso Chineses Building, Avenida Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau c Department of Business Administration, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan d Department of Management, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA e Faculty of Business Administration, Van Lang University, Vietnam - 69/68 Dang Thuy Tram Street, Ward 13, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam f WSB University in Gdansk, Poland g University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City (UEH), Viet Nam b ABSTRACT RR EC TE D ARTICLE INFO Article history: Received March 2022 Received in revised form 18 June 2022 Accepted 15 July 2022 Keywords: Green energy Renewable energy production Sustainability Natural resources renewable energy consumption Introduction The sustainability of natural resources has become a global issue that requires the focus of recent literature and policymakers This article reports an empirical investigation on the impact of green energy exploration and consumption (renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, and combustible renewable waste) on the sustainability of natural resources (natural resources rent) across Group of Seven (G7) countries For this purpose, secondary data were extracted from the World Bank Indicators (WDI) between 2001 and 2019 and the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) was used to test the relationships between the constructs The results showed that green energy exploration and consumption have a positive relationship with the sustainability of the natural resources of G7 countries This study offers both theoretical and practical significance particularly for relevant authorities to formulate and implement policies regarding the sustainability of natural resources © 20XX CO Natural resources like fossil fuels are the most common and harmless assets that have provided humanity with extensive advantages and benefits for a long time [1,2] Its benefits even extend to the Group of Seven (G7) countries (i.e., United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, France, and Canada) as the important players in the international economy Following their understanding on the importance of environmental health and well-being, all these countries are striving hard to invest in natural or green energy production commodities instead of fossil fuels and enhance their output and efficient energy generation capacities [3,4] Fig shows the natural resources rent and rapid shift of energy generation practices in all G7 countries Corresponding author E-mail addresses: gavinchau@cityu.mo (K.Y Chau), writetodrm@gmail.com (M Moslehpour), suntu@asia.edu.tw (Y.-T Tu), Tantai148@gmail.com (N.T Tai), nhtien@hufi.edu.vn (N.H Tien), pquanghuy@ueh.edu.vn (P.Q Huy) * Many G7 countries, especially Canada, France, and Japan, have been implementing small-scale power plants based on the principle of the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with methanol synthesis for the generation of oxygenates; however the success rate is not so impressive In this regard, effective and improvised process design is imperative to yield enhancement at the industrial level Nevertheless, the replacement of fossil fuels with eco-friendly hydrogen fuel products and biofuels is not an easy task, hence why precision and accuracy is necessary to boost the production of these vital products Hydrogen-powered fuel has been proposed as a potential alternative because its by-products in internal combustion are water and 242 Kj/mol heat energy instead of harmful smog and carbon produced by fossil fuels [5,6] However, the main issue with such alternative is high production and storage costs Hydrogen is not freely available but is present in different chemical compounds, specifically in hydrocarbons Meanwhile, biological wastes like wheat bran and rice husk-like substances are easily available in nature [7,8] Thus, the main concern is to disintegrate the energy-rich bonds of hydrocarbons and other biological molecules for it to release hydrogen and generate energy This can be achieved via several methods with https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.085 0960-1481/© 20XX Note: Low-resolution images were used to create this PDF The original images will be used in the final composition K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 PR OO F Fig Natural resources rent and economy of G7 countries their respective advantages, disadvantages, and operational costs The most common methods are as follows: Steam reforming method with methane as the starting material Hydrocarbon oxidation Biomass-based gasification processes Water breakdown with thermal, electric, or light-dependent reactions • Gasification and breakdown of coal to generate hydrogen • Methanol and emitted carbon dioxide-based hydrogenation RR EC TE D • • • • CO Scientists and engineers are confident in finding the most wellapplicable, stable, and economic process by combining all or several specific methods for the well-being of the environment and humanity [9] While stream reforming through the utilization of methane as the starting material has been regarded as a well-established and most acceptable method at an industrial scale and is used by industrial plants to generate urea, the environmental pollutants like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emitted during this reaction contribute significantly to environmental pollution and low air quality index The main factor for the low efficiency of this procedure is the industrial power plants’ heavy reliance on fossil fuels to conduct all these reactions Hence, optimization on an industrial and commercial scale is needed for these reactions to be opted as the new and innovative options for the economic well-being of the G7 countries (Dlalisa & Govender, 2020; [10] Natural gas is one of the common methods for energy generation and production as it generates methanol to satisfy the energy yields of the products and anthropogenic activities The volumetric production of methanol has increased by approximately 30% from 2006 to 2012 However, such production still needs improvement and new production methods are being considered seriously by industrialists and researchers In this regard, methanol conversion by direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide serves as an important alternative and this process produces less heat and energy dissipation reactions While carbon dioxide (CO2) is hazardous to the environment, it is easy to produce, its utilization can provide significant advantages, and methanol carbon dioxide stimulated hydrogenation can improve the energy yield and reaction kinetics [11–13] Japan is a major player in the race of renewable energy generation and utilization practices The country has practically replaced the fossil fuels energy generation processes with natural processes A power generation plant is currently working in Osaka that has the capacity to generate 100 tons/year of power from the hydrogenation of methane augmented by carbon dioxide Iceland is also striving hard to generate power from renewable energy sources where a Carbon Recycling Plant has been established with 4000 tons/year of energy generation processes [14,15] Nevertheless, the fact remains that carbon dioxide emission has harmful consequences and that the CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) method requires a major investment and has a potential problem of carbon dioxide leakage Thus, the CCU (Carbon Capture and Utilization) method is seen as the best alternative to CCS The global carbon dioxide emission was recorded at 31 Gt in 2011 and is estimated to rise approximately 30% in 2050, subsequently resulting in deleterious consequences Currently, CO2 is only utilized in the chemical industry for the production of fertilizers and urea There is a pressing need to upscale its utilization for fuel production This is because many important oxygenates and hydrogenated products can be produced with the help of CO2 [16–18] As these fuel products can increase internal combustion efficacy and engine performance, the utilization of carbon dioxide as fuel will provide an effective solution for the transport industry in terms of fuel products and techno-smart alternatives Furthermore, the economic and population growth of the G7 economies require a rapid replacement of fossil fuel sources with natural ones Nevertheless, the refinement and utilization of carbon dioxide in reactors for hydrogen power generation is a cumbersome task that requires a lot of effort with expensive resources to optimize the energy generation processes Therefore, dedicated and sincere efforts are necessary to produce a plausible solution specifically for the energy requirements of G7 countries [19,20] The structure of the present study is comprised of several phases The first phase contains the introduction while the second phase deals with evidence reported by past studies regarding green energy consumption and natural resources Meanwhile, the third phase explains on the methodology used to collect data regarding green energy consumption and natural resources followed by an analysis of its validity The fourth phase compares the results of this study with the findings reported by past research This paper ends with the research implications, conclusions, and future recommendations Literature review The world is replenishing renewable energy production for the extension and upbringing of natural resources Different factors of renewable energy are associated with natural resources rent that offers the sustainability and exploration of green energy in G7 countries Bayale, Ali, Tchagnao & Nakumuryango [21] assessed the components of renewable energy production that reflect its importance towards the natural resources rent It was found that the probabilities of higher posterior inclusion of renewable energy production advocate the access and increment in natural resources rent Both factors were assessed from K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 F natural resources rent Another study by Atienza [29] attempted to explain the relationship between economic development, policy choices, and natural resources with the exploring element of the rent curse The curse of natural resource rent was derived from the geopolitical factors that enumerate the labor and regulatory importance of rent This was achieved using the elected factors with the assistance of corresponding elements as well as various statistical and theoretical techniques Their results revealed that significant consumption of renewable energy positively enhances the importance and increment in natural resources rent Similar finding was also reported by Crespi, Katz & Olivari [30] who looked on the importance and intensity of growth, natural resource activities, and innovation among the emerging and developed economies of various countries They hypothesized that the role of renewable energy is more important due to consumption and its contribution towards natural resource rent The emergence of ecological and environmental forces in renewable energy strongly allows theoretical and strategic techniques over natural resource rent The result indicated a positive approach to renewable energy consumption that increases natural resources rent Most combustible renewables produce municipal, industrial, biogas, liquid biomass, and solid biomass wastes This measures the percentage of the total energy that derives the increment in natural resources rent Ben Jebli & Ben Youssef [31] examined the relationship between economic growth, carbon emissions, agriculture, waste consumption, and combustible renewables in Brazil The dynamics of these relationship estimates the importance of combustible renewable wastes that help to increase natural resources rent For this purpose, the considered variables were interrogated through causality tests on a long and short-run basis The result indicates that the innovation and policies among combustible renewable waste contribute credit towards the natural resources rent This is in line with Yang et al [32] who attempted to explain the combustible gas production during the solid waste municipal catalytic pyrolysis in different natural resource-producing countries The probability and increment of incombustible gas production are necessary for the uplifting and sustainability of natural resources rent In this study, the influence of combustible renewable waste production was interpreted through the use of statistical and strategic approaches The findings indicate the manifested usage of combustible renewable waste for sustaining the economic grounds and strengthening the natural resources rent A study by Fan, Li, Yu, Yang & Huang [33] investigated the impacts of various combustible sold waste components on the distribution of various extended natural resources Most of the natural resources rents are dependent on various renewable components of energy The necessity of combustible renewable waste was elaborated by the induction of different theoretical and statistical approaches Their results indicated that the biggest effect of combustible renewable waste emerges among the natural resources that upgrade the natural resources rent in various additives Meanwhile, Ahmad Abdi, Akouwerabou Babikigalaga & Lakew Yehualashet [34] assessed the relationship between natural resource rents, endowment, and innovation propensity among a number of firms in Africa It is believed that resource-rich countries have less incentive towards innovation because of the destruction of large resource rents Data from various aspects were gathered over the elected components and a mixed effect modeling strategy was applied for analysis purposes The results showed that large combustible renewable waste is considerably important in increasing the dominance of natural resources rent Finally, Ramezani, Rahimi Boroujerdi, Nasiri Aghdam & Mehrara [35] investigated the trade-off between natural resources and human education for its contribution to innovation and renewable energy Human resources are usually neglected at the end of resource-rich countries where the waste is probably not used for natural resources rent The controlled effects of factors among the relationship and the trade-off of combustible renewable waste were operationalized using the parameters of econometric methods and statistical techniques CO RR EC TE D PR OO various perspectives using the ordinary least square methods The study extends the production of renewable energy for sustainability and the uplifting of natural resources rent reliability and affordability Meanwhile, Karimi, Ekşioğlu & Khademi [22] investigated the impact and relationship between renewable energy production and natural resources rent among developed countries A variety of strategic and theoretical models were applied to assert the relationship between these variables Their findings reported that renewable energy production provides various benefits to the natural resources rent in schemes and potentials, especially for the economy These models significantly indicate the importance and emergence of renewable energy production in promoting sustainability and increasing the capacity of natural resources rent Hossain [23] defined the improvement of natural resources rent by the significant interpretation of renewable energy production and improved technology For the production of renewable energy, the technology also suggested efficient increment and development of natural resources rent The catalyst of renewable energy production and natural resources rent is asserted by the application of various data acquisition models Their results thus confirmed the significant relationship between the sustainability of natural resources rent with the positive inclusion of renewable energy production Meanwhile, Okada & Samreth [24] examined the influence of natural resources rent and the relationship between renewable energy production and various elements of the developed countries Among the natural resource elements, oil rent was found as a specified element that enumerates its impact levels Regression analysis was conducted by taking natural resources and renewable energy The result showed that an increase in the production of renewable energy elements contributes a significant proportion towards the sustainability of natural resources rent Similarly, a study by AlMarhubi [25] investigated the dominance of natural resources rent in reducing the share of labor used to produce the energy elements in order to explore its significance towards the natural resources rent Various corresponding elements of renewable energy and natural resources rent were implemented through a number of methods The results indicate that there is a robust impact of renewable energy production with controlled factors on the natural resource rents Renewable energy is usually generated from natural resources and it accumulates the contribution of natural resources rent The replenishing of renewable energy through various forms increases the opportunities for natural resources rent Whereas, Qi & Li [26] had looked on the threshold impacts of renewable energy consumption on natural resources rent as well as different conditions of economic growth with energy transformation They explored the increasing transformation and development of renewable energy consumption from various perspectives of natural resources rent Statistical analysis was done to enumerate the link between the selected factors and the results indicate a positive consumption of renewable energy where significant saving on the expenditures of the economy also enhances natural resources rent Finally, Güney [27] investigated the relationship between the sustainable development of natural resources rent and renewable energy consumption while rating high income countries Different factors of renewable energy consumption were also taken into consideration to assert its impact over natural resources rent These factors were positively interpreted using statistical approaches for the sustainability and maintainability of natural resources Their results indicate a positive and significant impact of renewable as well as non-renewable energy consumption on natural resources rent In addition, Pegkas [28]examined the impact as well as the relationship between non-renewable and renewable energy consumption in Greece Renewable energy consumption indicates long- and short-run behaviors for the protection and expansion of natural resources rent The stimulation of the elected factors by an appropriate strategic plan and statistical approaches keeps the growth and sustainability of natural resources rent The results thus advocate the sequential, consistent, and coherent renewable energy consumption enhancement that uplifts K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 nificant and positive fertility, poses a pointing impact on the change in an environment of natural resources Furthermore, Li, Shao, Shi, Sun & Zhang [43] interpreted the transformation of reducing carbon emission, natural resource dependence, and manufacturing with the extended assistance of population growth They hypothesized that the rationalization of population growth is evident for the increment of natural resources rent Different panel threshold techniques were used and the results revealed that increased population growth contributes a significant proportion towards natural resource rent Meanwhile, Joshua & Bekun [44] and Narváez et al [45] defined numerous paths to achieve environmental sustainability and various elements of natural resources rent by using the population growth and important factors The role of natural resources rent, pollutant emission, economic expansion, and coal consumption for achieving sustainability is dominant Conventional unit root test with structural breaks and various statistical tools were used to explore the sustainability of natural resources rent and the results indicated the equilibrium of population growth as an important and natural element that expands natural resource rent Finally, Raheem, Isah & Adedeji [46] argued that the increment in government expenditures and reduced emphasis on health and education pose a threat to natural resources rent They asserted population as a dominating factor through which accuracy and knowledge are applied to highlight the importance of natural resources rent Financial and statistical models were applied to determine population growth and natural resource rent and the results revealed that positive increment in population growth helps to achieve natural resource rent CO RR EC TE D PR OO Furthermore, strong economic growth is believed to have the capability of raising the intensity of natural resources due to the stimulation of international policies for natural resources rent Countries with huge economic growth often look forward to developing countries investing in renewable energy production In this regard, Chekouri, Chibi & Benbouziane [36] investigated the curse of natural resources that involves the economic growth and abundance of oil Economic growth and natural resources rent are interlinked with each other and interact with the revenues of natural resource oil exports The co-integration of econometric approaches and various statistical models applied on the economic growth asserts the impulse, persistent profiles, bootstrapping, and restrictions Strong results of economic growth specified its importance as an element for increasing the real output of natural resources rent Whereas, Al-Moulani & Alexiou [37] had looked on the economic growth and depth of various sectors along with the nexus among natural resources and world economies Strong economic growth can establish different beneficial keys for the positive and significant development of natural resources rent The momentum of economic growth ascertains the implication towards natural resources rent The findings indicate a lack of relationship across these factors and a slight change in economic growth that deepens its impact on the natural resources rent Saâdaoui & Jbir [38] conducted an investigation on economic growth and petroleum endowment by examining the phenomenon of a natural resource curse They found that the presence of high economic growth not only strengthens the financial conditions but also improves the natural resources rent by admiring investment channels While evoking the relationship across the elected factors, the econometric models were applied to explain the correlation between economic growth and natural resources The study affirms a significant relationship between natural resources rent and economic growth Meanwhile, a study by Khan, Khan, Ali, Popp & Oláh [39] emphasized on the nexus between financial, economic development, and natural resource rent in the emerging economies of different developed countries They hypothesized that the role of economic growth is compulsory for managing the natural resource rents due to the involvement of energy needs Regression and correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relationship across these factors and the results indicated a positive link between economic growth and the sustainability of natural resources rent Finally, Shen et al [40] had looked on the relationship between natural resources rent, financial development, and green investments in limiting energy needs and wastage Their study examined various determinants of natural resources that may have a strong and endorsing impact on economic growth and the augmented autoregressive distributed lag methods were used to determine the relationships between these factors The findings revealed a positive impact played by financial development and economic growth on the maintainability of natural resources rent It has also been propounded that rapid growth in a population tends to be a major threat to environmental degradation yet it is essential to innovatively uplift the natural resources rent Sasaki [41] investigated the relationship between sustainable economic development and nonrenewable resources with the affiliated link of population growth As population plays an important role in economic development and in strengthening and enhancing natural resources rent, population growth was nominated as a strong factor to control the depletion of natural resources as enumerated by various theoretical models The results revealed that the improvement and sustainability of population growth enhance natural resources rent Whereas, Brauner-Otto & Axinn [42] examined the relationship between the size of families and natural resources collection that also enumerates the population and environment The fertility of human involvement predicts the reduction of natural resources and population growth is considered a saver to them Different fixed-effect models were applied on the factors to determine its changes and effects The study found that population growth, after sig- F Research methodology This article investigates the impact of green energy and consumption exploration on the sustainability of natural resources in G7 countries It used secondary data extracted from secondary sources like WDI The researchers had selected the data from 2001 to 2019 The REM and GMM were used to test the relationships between the variables The equation for the study is given below: (1) Where; NRR = Natural Resources Rent i Country t = Time Period REP = Renewable Energy Production REC = Renewable Energy Consumption CRW = Combustible Renewable Waste EG = Economic Growth PG = Population Growth This study employed sustainability of natural resources as the predictive variable and it was measured as natural resources rent (% of GDP) It also comprised five variables namely renewable electricity production (% of total electricity production), renewable energy consumption (% of total energy consumption), combustible renewables and waste (% of total energy), GDP growth (annual %), and population growth (annual %) These constructs and its measurements are shown in Table Descriptive statistics were used to determine the minimum values, maximum values, standard deviation, and mean values of the variables In addition, descriptive statistics with respect to years and countries are also reported in this study Meanwhile, correlation matrix was also used to determine the relationship between the constructs; however no significant result was found The researchers also conducted the variance K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 Table Measurements of variables Variables (8) Measurements This study also executed the Granger causality test to check whether there are bilateral, unilateral, or no relationships between the constructs The Granger causality equations are given below: Natural resources rent (% of GDP) Renewable electricity production (% of total electricity production) Renewable energy consumption (% of total energy consumption) Combustible renewables and waste (% of total energy) GDP growth (annual %) Population growth (annual %) (9) (10) PR OO 01 Sustainability of Natural Resources 02 Renewable Energy Production 03 Renewable Energy Consumption 04 Combustible Renewables and Waste 05 Economic Growth 06 Population Growth F S# inflation factor (VIF) that exposed the multicollinearity assumption of the regression The equations for VIF are given below: (2) (3) (4) RR EC TE D This study also applied the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) [47] as the estimation technique with a fixed-effects approach It has the “robust to outliers” feature and is incapable to account for overlooked heterogeneity across panel cross-sections By permitting the individual effects, this technique permits the “conditional heterogeneous covariance effects” for the factors of natural resources rent to affect the whole distribution in contrast to panel quantile regression which only allows for shifting means It is also more suitable in a condition where the framework has endogenous explanatory constructs and the panel data is categorized with individual definite effects In addition, the MMQR produces dynamic evaluations in various conditions even if the model is nonlinear and allows for location-based asymmetry as the parameters may depend on the location of the predictive construct Following these factors, the MMRQ is considered as the most suitable estimation technique that includes both the asymmetric and nonlinear associations by simultaneously dealing with endogeneity and heterogeneity The conditional quantile estimations such as for the locational-scale alternate model is shown as: (5) the probability is In addition, are the parameters that need to be estimated Moreover, in represents individual fixed effect and z shows the kvector of component X The components are transformation with element l as shown below: CO Where (6) In addition, is orthogonal to and is consistent to fulfill the moment conditions that not involve stringent erogeneity Using Equation (5), the conditional quantile of Y is given as follows: Research findings Table shows the descriptive statistics results that comprise the minimum and maximum values, standard deviation, and mean values of the variables A total of 133 (7 countries x 19 years) observations were used in this study where the mean value of NRR was 0.190 while the average value of REP was 22.249 The results further revealed that the mean value of REC was 10.561 while the average value of CRW was 3.088 Finally, the average value of EG was 1.408 and the mean value of PG was 0.477 This study also looked at the descriptive statistics results with respect to the observed countries (See Table 3) It was found that the minimum NRR was recorded in Japan with 0.005% while the maximum NRR was in Canada with 0.697% Meanwhile, United States recorded the minimum REP value with 10.812% while Canada had the maximum RESP with 61.510% In terms of REC, the minimum value was recorded by United Kingdom with 4.748% while the maximum REC was in Canada with 22.055% Moreover, CRW was minimum in Japan with 0.876% and it was maximum in Canada with 4.426% Minimum EG value was found in Italy with only 0.220% while the maximum EG value was recorded in Canada with 2.571% Finally, PG was minimum in Japan with −0.024% and maximum in Canada with 1.069% Furthermore, Table presents the descriptive statistics results with respect to years It was found that the minimum NRR was 0.019% in 2017 while the maximum was 0.521% in 2019 Whereas, the minimum REP was recorded at 16.524% in 2003 while the maximum was 29.030% in 2019 The results further indicated that the minimum REC was 7.054% in 2001 while the maximum was 14.182% in 2019 In addition, the minimum CRW was 1846% in 2001 and it recorded the maximum value of 4.064% in 2019 It is followed by EG which recorded the minimum value of −4.160% in 2009 and the maximum value of Table Descriptive statistics Variable Obs Mean Std Dev Min Max NRR REP REC CRW EG PG 133 133 133 133 133 133 0.190 22.249 10.561 3.088 1.408 0.477 0.493 18.106 6.168 1.641 1.885 0.482 0.000 2.497 0.853 0.203 −5.694 −1.854 3.441 63.499 22.77 6.502 6.869 1.415 (7) Where shows the predictive constructs (e.g., REP, REC, CRW, EG, and PG) while is the dependent construct (e.g., NRR) which is conditional as In order to standardize the least-square fixed effect, the separate effects could not demonstrate intercept shift Due to time invariants, their heterogeneous effects are allowed to change across the is estimated as folquantiles of the predictive construct Y Then, lows: Table Descriptive statistics (country) Canada France Germany Italy Japan United States United Kingdom NRR REP REC CRW EG PG 0.697 0.184 0.029 0.035 0.005 0.193 0.190 61.510 13.701 18.659 27.546 11.672 10.812 11.846 22.055 11.551 10.974 11.856 5.128 7.615 4.748 4.426 4.095 3.303 4.420 0.876 3.022 1.473 2.571 1.310 1.288 0.220 0.764 1.999 1.706 1.069 0.521 0.056 0.251 −0.024 0.798 0.666 K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 CRW and NRR In addition, the results also exposed the bidirectional relationships between EG and NRR while no relationship was found between PG and NRR Table Descriptive statistics (Year) REC CRW EG PG 0.428 0.237 0.327 0.415 0.424 0.312 0.243 0.342 0.082 0.039 0.046 0.043 0.037 0.028 0.020 0.013 0.019 0.040 0.521 16.720 16.683 16.524 17.030 16.804 17.367 17.569 18.739 20.326 20.744 22.153 23.815 26.165 27.868 28.691 28.750 28.839 28.926 29.030 7.054 7.156 7.465 7.671 7.981 8.420 8.989 9.665 10.331 10.595 10.695 11.575 12.311 12.747 13.027 13.082 13.596 14.121 14.182 1.846 1.940 2.125 2.138 2.335 2.458 2.719 2.967 3.205 3.349 3.114 3.456 3.656 3.662 3.811 3.865 3.937 4.021 4.064 1.591 1.225 1.684 2.516 2.354 2.735 2.783 −0.054 −4.160 2.81 1.832 0.653 1.076 1.674 1.577 1.401 2.204 1.590 1.264 0.522 0.531 0.521 0.546 0.536 0.523 0.544 0.556 0.497 0.485 0.158 0.471 0.603 0.593 0.471 0.486 0.409 0.390 0.217 Discussion NRR REP REC CRW EG PG NRR 1.000 0.316 0.303 0.164 0.256 0.253 REP REC CRW EG PG 1.000 0.923 0.610 0.158 0.370 1.000 0.825 0.129 0.301 1.000 0.003 0.157 1.000 0.161 1.000 CO Variables RR EC TE D 2.783% in 2007 Finally, the minimum PG was 0.158% in 2011 while the maximum was 0.556% in 2008 Moreover, results from the correlation matrix analysis revealed the relationships between the constructs but it did not provide the relationships’ significance The results indicated that REP, REC, CRW, EG, and PG have a positive association with NRR Further details about the results are provided in Table This study also used the VIF to determine the multicollinearity assumption of the regression The results showed that the values are lower than five, hence indicating the absence of multicollinearity Meanwhile, the MMQR results in Table indicated that REC, REP, CRW, PG, and EG have a significant and positive impact with NRR An in-depth review of the results further indicates that REC, REP, and CRW have a significant and positive link with NRR in all the quartiles (1–9) However, the link between PG and NRR is significant and positive in quartiles to and to while remains insignificant in quartiles and Finally, EG has a significant and positive link with NRR in quartiles 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and yet insignificant in quartiles 2, 4, and Table contains results of the Granger causality that exposed the unidirectional associations between REP and NRR, REC and NRR, and Table Matrix of correlations The results reported in this study suggest indicated that renewable energy production has a positive association with the sustainability of energy resources The finding is supported by Ulucak & Khan [48] who stated that the tendency to produce renewable energy like biomass, biogas, and biofuel in large amounts imposes a major emphasis on the production of food and non-food crops, plants, and forests within a country The increase in agriculture and forests then enhances the natural resources rent and assists in the availability of natural resources for future economic and domestic purposes The result is also in line with Baloch, Mahmood & Zhang [49] who reported that as renewable energy is produced using natural resources like wood, weeds, food and non-food crops, and crop wastes, any encouragement on the production of renewable energy will result in a significant increase in natural resources rent, subsequently leading towards the sustainability of energy resources Furthermore, the result is also aligned with the findings of Vidadili, Suleymanov, Bulut & Mahmudlu [50] where the tendency to produce renewable energy natural sources increases the natural resources rent, thus prompting the tendency for both business enterprises and individuals to produce natural resources in order to save costs and earn profits on production Thus, natural resources are in abundance for future energy resources production Our results further showed that renewable energy consumption has a positive association with the sustainability of energy resources This agrees with the findings by Bekun, Alola & Sarkodie [51] in which renewable energy is attained from renewable, replenished, and sustainable natural resources Thus, the consumption of renewable energy is never a burden on natural resources As natural resources like wind, water, air, crops, and forests can be replenished, the availability of natural resources for future energy use can be assured The result is also in line with Elum & Momodu [52] who reported that increasing demands for the consumption of renewable energy resources within a country will also increase the market price of the energy resources as compared to the actual costs of renewable energy production Thus, there will be a tendency to produce renewable energy sources, which will increase the number of available natural resources and promote the sustainability of energy resources Finally, our result is supported by Ikram [53] who found that the use of renewable sources for energy purposes by both individuals and organizations in performing their daily duties will lead towards sustainability in energy resources This will benefit the consistent future performance of domestic and commercial functions as it enhances the natural resources rent with a great demand for renewable energy resources This study also found that combustible renewable wastes have a positive association with the sustainability of energy resources The result is supported by Fontes & Freires [54] who reported that combustible renewables and wastes comprise biogas, solid biomass, liquid F REP PR OO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NRR Table Panel quartile estimation (MMQR) Variables Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) Location REC REP CRW PG EG 0.392*** 0.432** 0.399** 0.622* 0.530* Scale 0.443* 0.220* 0.542** 0.432* 0.822** Grid of Quartiles 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.372** 0.499* 0.633* 0.281 0.182* 0.211** 0.343* 0.229* 0.391* 0.311 0.201* 0.322* 0.402* 0.511** 0.543* 0.299** 0.532* 0.400* 0.201* 0.299 0.492* 0.982** 0.342* 0.453 0.333* 0.423* 0.220** 0.542* 0.219* 0.411 0.510* 0.442** 0.302* 0.222* 0.332* 0.511* 0.534* 0.322** 0.653 0.691* 0.430* 0.332** 0.421* 0.530** 0.621* ***, **, and * represent significant level at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively K.Y Chau et al / Renewable Energy xxx (xxxx) 1–9 F-Statistic Prob Decision REP does not Granger Cause NRR NRR does not Granger Cause REP 3.04058 0.60206 0.0172 0.6860 Unidirectional REC does not Granger Cause NRR NRR does not Granger Cause REC 3.01466 0.12800 0.0299 0.5057 Unidirectional CRW does not Granger Cause NRR NRR does not Granger Cause CRW 4.18391 0.04492 0.0103 0.4616 Unidirectional EG does not Granger Cause NRR NRR does not Granger Cause EG 5.55981 4.08623 0.0124 0.0154 Bidirectional PG does not Granger Cause NRR NRR does not Granger Cause PG 1.3521 1.5251 0.4247 0.2231 No PR OO Null Hypothesis RR EC TE D biomass, and energy wastes that can be reused, recycled, or disposed The recycling of renewable wastes hence promotes the protection or preservation of natural energy resources, which will be beneficial in the future The result is also in line with the findings by Yuan, Yu & Shen [55] where many business organizations have the policies to use combustible renewables and wastes as most business technology and business processes like the production and transportation of raw materials require a small number of energy sources to operate Renewable energy, which is saved after being recycled, is used in future domestic and commercial activities Moreover, the result is supported by da Costa et al [56] who reported that as an alternative to fossil fuels, the utilization of combustible renewables and wastes by organizations for energy purposes within a country will result in high natural resources rent Thus, it is common for these organizations to produce natural resources which will provide energy not only for present use but also for future consumption The results of this study also suggest that economic growth has a positive relationship with the sustainability of natural resources This is supported by Sharma, Sarmah & Dubey [57] who analyzed the impact of economic growth on the sustainability of natural resources and found that countries having high economic growth can develop significant sustainability in natural resources in order to fulfill the present domestic and commercial needs without compromising on future needs The result is also in line with the past study of Boumanchar et al [58] which reported that high economic growth enables the countrymen to enhance the production level across all sectors In this regard, increased productivity at an industrial level, especially among enterprises that are based on natural energy resources or natural source material, shall enhance the natural resource rent and force the government, mining firms, and agriculture firms to continue producing a large number of natural resources and preserve the natural resources for future use Our result is also supported by Balsalobre-Lorente, Shahbaz, Roubaud & Farhani [59] who found that the consistent rise in economic growth reduces the costs of natural resources than their per-unit prices in the market with the application of good quality technology, processes, and resources for the production of natural resources Such increased productivity also enables a country to save its natural resources to be used by future generations This study also found that population growth has a positive relationship with the sustainability of natural resources The result is in line with the findings of Hassan, Xia, Khan & Shah [60] where population growth affects the natural resources rent and natural resources sustainability in two ways First, the increase in population enhances the demand for natural resources for immediate use and natural resourcebased products at the household and industrial levels The increased demand then enhances the natural resource production within the country and provides the opportunity to develop sustainability in the natural resources reserves Secondly, the increase in the population also in- CO creases the employment rate, subsequently promoting a significant increase in the demand for natural resources for industrial productivity while providing labor for various sectors like agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry This enhances and assures sustainability in the natural resources rent Our result is also aligned with dos Santos Gaspar, Marques & Fuinhas [61] who posit that in a country with a large population will thus lead towards a significant increment in the requirement of natural resources for energy purposes, food items, and natural resourcebased industrial products This subsequently raises the price level for natural resources, thus diverting the people towards the production of natural resources that will improve the sustainability of natural resources The result is also similar with Aung, Saboori & Rasoulinezhad [62] who examined the influence of population growth on natural resources rent and natural resources sustainability Their findings imply that the increase in population growth enhances the demand for energy at the domestic, economic, and commercial levels, thus enhancing the market prices for energy sources Consequently, natural resources rent encourages the production of renewable energy resources and enhances sustainability in natural resources The result is in line with the previous study of Sridhar et al [63] that focused on the effective management of increased population growth to enhance the natural resources rent and sustainability in natural resources The findings of this study carry both theoretical and empirical implications First, it offers a theoretical significance to the literature by analyzing the influence of green energy and consumption factors (i.e., renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth) on natural resources sustainability This study is among the first to examine natural resources rent as a measurement of sustainability in natural resources while analyzing the impact of renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth on natural resources sustainability Furthermore, many past studies have discussed the primary role of combustible renewable waste as an indicator of sustainability in natural resources in isolation For instance, Jebli & Belloumi [64] explored the influence of combustible renewables and wastes on the sustainability of natural resources, yet no attention was given to the dimensions of green energy and combustion pattern for determining natural resources sustainability Thus, our study serves as an extension of the existing literature by looking at the different dimensions of green energy and consumption pattern in relation to renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth for exploring natural resources sustainability This study also offers significant empirical influence in fastemerging economies like the G7 countries In today's industrial and technological world, many human and economic activities have a negative impact on the environment, natural resources, and sustainable economic development This study thus serves as a guideline for economists, organizational management, and environmental regulators in making policies to enhance and preserve natural resources for future use so that economic sustainability can be developed Future research can also use this study as a reference to further investigate this topic, particularly following its advocating results that sustainability can be developed in natural resources availability with green energy and consumption like renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth F Table Granger causality test Conclusion and limitations The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of green energy and consumption dimensions (i.e., renewable energy consumption, renewable energy production, 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emerging economies: the formation and role of knowledge-intensive RR EC TE D PR OO sustainability This was achieved through a survey involving G7 countries to analyze the influence of renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth on the sustainability of natural resources Our empirical results indicated that all five constructs have a positive influence on natural resources sustainability As renewable energy is commonly produced using natural resources such as wood, weeds, food and non-food crops, and crop wastes, promoting renewable energy production will raise the natural resources rent, subsequently making energy resources more sustainable The results also showed that renewable energy consumption enhances the demand for natural resources and increases natural resources rent, thus making sustainability in natural resources possible It was also revealed that natural resources rent is high in countries where organizations employ combustible renewables and wastes for energy instead of fossil fuels This is usually prompted by the need to create natural resources that offer energy not just for current use but also for future usage Furthermore, it was found that countries with significant economic growth can improve natural resource sustainability so that current household and commercial needs can be met without jeopardizing future needs The demand for natural resources for food, energy, and natural resource-based industrial products can also rise in countries with a large population This thus boosts natural resource prices and causes individuals to shift their attention to natural resource production, thus improving natural resource sustainability Despite its significance, this study has certain limitations that should be addressed by future research First, this study only analyzed natural resources sustainability from the context of green energy and consumption factors like renewable energy production, renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable waste, economic growth, and population growth Future research can include other factors like green finances, agriculture, and forestry to further expand their scope of investigation Second, this study had analyzed the economies of selected G7 countries and acquired data about the nexus between green energy and the consumption and sustainability in natural resources for the period of 2001–2019 Such limitation in countries and confined time period may have had an impact on the validity and reliability of the data and findings This can be addressed by future studies by replicating the study in multiple countries and time periods F [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] CRediT authorship contribution statement Ka Yin Chau : Writing – original draft Massoud Moslehpour : Writing – review & editing Yu-Te Tu : Methodology Nguyen Tan Tai : Supervision, Writing – review & editing Nguyen Hoang Tien : 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