236 2021 u9 prevention immunization VOC

UNIT – READING & VOCABULARY (2 hours) ENGLISH IN MEDICINE – GENERAL PRACTITIONER Y2 PREVENTION & IMMUNIZATION Editor: Nguyen Hoang Quynh Mai Email: nguyenhquynhmai@duytan.edu.vn PREVENTION  Preventive medicine = Prophylaxis Preventative healthcare  Levels of prevention: Avoid occurrence of disease either through eliminating Primary disease agents or increasing resistance to disease Detect and address an existing disease prior to the Secondary appearance of symptoms Reduce the harm of symptomatic disease, such as Tertiary disability or death, through rehabilitation and treatment Mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive Quaternary interventions in the health system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare PREVENTION WHICH LEVEL OF PREVENTION ARE THESE ACTIONS AT? A rehabilitation for syphilitic patients B breast cancer screenings C exercise daily D maintain a healthy diet E avoiding smoking F sewage treatment G develop personal hygienic routines H treatment of hypertension I water purification J immunization against disease K screening and treatment of infants born by syphilitic mothers L prevention of diabetes complications PREVENTION Preventive Medicine is a medical specialty that promotes health and prevents illness In the late 20th century this specialty gained importance as United States public health officials became concerned about the increasing cost of health care Preventive medicine strategies can focus on the population or on individuals Population-based Programs Historically, the first preventive strategies were based on the awareness that disease transmission can be stopped by public hygiene measures such as quarantining people who are ill, removing the dead, and providing sewage systems A major advance was the discovery that immunization can protect people against many infectious diseases PREVENTION Preventive medicine is also concerned with chronic disease and has developed such measures as screening programs to identify individuals with high blood pressure and those who have breast or cervical cancer Unfortunately, screening for lung cancer has not been as successful Governments have attempted to prevent disease by requiring greater purity of air and water and by prohibiting the use of food additives that cause cancer in animals Federal regulations in the United States also promote safety in the workplace, for example, by requiring the removal of accident hazards and by limiting employees' exposure to chemicals and radiation PREVENTION Individual Actions Researchers in human health problems also uncover actions that people can take individually to improve their health Primary among these are maintaining a nutritious and balanced diet with a low fat content, getting sufficient sleep and regular exercise, and having periodic medical and dental examinations Many physicians recommend reducing the intake of cholesterol in the diet to cut down heart disease Dentists have introduced the application of fluoride to children's teeth to prevent tooth decay PREVENTION Public health officials also stress the use of automobile seat belts, especially for children Physicians and health officials encourage people to stop smoking as the most effective way to combat the increasing occurrence of lung cancer People are also encouraged to wear sunscreens and avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight in an effort to prevent skin cancers, although these measures have been found to be ineffective against melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer Some scientists advocate the massive use of vitamin C to prevent colds and the use of vitamins A and E to prevent some cancers, but these measures remain controversial PREVENTION PREVENTABLE CAUSES OF DEATH Smoking High blood pressure Overweight-obesity Inadequate physical activity and inactivity High blood sugar High LDL cholesterol High dietary salt Low dietary omega-3 fatty acids (seafood) High dietary trans fatty acids 10 Alcohol use 11 Low intake of fruits and vegetables 12 Low dietary poly-unsaturated fatty acids PREVENTION available, diagnostic, disorder, fulfilled, form identification, prevalence, problem, remedy, risk Screening is the (1) , among apparently healthy individuals, of those who are sufficiently at (2) _ from a specific (3) to justify a subsequent (4) test or procedure, or, in certain cases, intervention Screening tests may take the (5) _ of inquiry or may take the form of a special test Before screening can provide an effective means of disease prevention, certain criteria need to be (6) A knowledge of the disorder being screened for, including its (7) and natural history, is needed to ensure that the disease is sufficiently common and serious to represent an important medical (8) The screening test must be simple, cheap, acceptable and safe, and facilities must be (9) _ to provide the screening service and the consequent (10) _ IMMUNIZATION There are more than 20 vaccines licensed in the United States The American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S Public Health Service recommend a series of immunizations beginning at birth The initial series for children is completed by the time they reach the age of two, but booster vaccines are required for certain diseases such as diphtheria and tetanus in order to maintain adequate protection When new vaccines are introduced, it is uncertain how long full protection will last Recently, for example, it was discovered that a single injection of measles vaccine, first licensed in 1963 and administered to children at the age of 15 months, did not confer protection through adolescence and young adulthood As a result, in the 1980s a series of measles epidemics occurred on college campuses throughout the United States among students who had been vaccinated as infants To forestall future epidemics, health authorities now recommend that a booster dose of measles vaccine be administered at to or 11 to 12 years IMMUNIZATION Although modern immunizing agents generally are considered safe and effective, risks associated with the use of vaccines can vary from insignificant (fever and soreness at the site of injection) to life threatening The goal in vaccine development is to achieve the highest degree of protection with the lowest rate of side effects Today's genetic engineering technology makes it possible to prepare safer and highly effective genetically altered vaccines Not only children but also adults can benefit from immunization Many adults in the United States are not sufficiently protected against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, and German measles Health authorities recommend that most adults 65 years of age and older, and those with respiratory illnesses be immunized against influenza (yearly) and pneumococcus(once), which causes pneumonia IMMUNIZATION 1/ Immunization = =  to fight _ by _ the immune system 2/ Vaccines help prevent some diseases such as 3/ Active vs Passive immunization? 4/ Vaccines can be made from 5/ Immunization mimics real infection with 6/ Why children need vaccination? IMMUNIZATION TRUE/FALSE STATEMENTS 1/ Vaccination uses disease-causing microorganisms to stimulate the immune system 2/ Immunization can protect completely a person from getting the disease 3/ Vaccination program help eliminate some diseases 4/ Active immunization provides temporary immunity 5/ Passive immunization is achieved by injecting antibodies 6/ There are some complications of vaccination 7/ There is no use vaccinating for the adults IMMUNIZATION Innate immunity - the first line of defence, non-specific Adaptive immunity - the second line of defence, specific, antibody response Immunodeficiency disorders: primary & secondary Autoimmune diseases: primary & secondary; localized & systemic Allergies: hypersensitivity disorders Asthma: inhaled particles Cancer: avoid immune destruction Transplants: immune system’s recognition Vaccines: teach the body to recognize & defend itself IMMUNIZATION TYPES OF VACCINES • Inactivated vaccines (hepatitis A, flu, polio, rabies): killed germs • Live-attenuated vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox, chickenpox): weakened germs • Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines (COVID-19): make trigger proteins • Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines (hepatitis B, HPV): specific pieces of germs • Toxoid vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus): toxin made by germs • Viral vector vaccines (COVID-19): use a different virus as a vector SMOKING CESSATION Ask “Do you smoke?” routinely while taking patient’s vital signs No Yes Assess the patient’s nicotine dependence Pre-contemplation stage (smoking is not a problem) Reinforce their healthy choice Contemplation stage (smoking may be a problem) Preparation stage (wants to quit smoking) Action stage (quits smoking) Maintenance stage Relapse Assess patient’s readiness to change SMOKING CESSATION A Begin nicotine replacement and continue bupropion B Educate the patient about the effects of smoking, introduce ambivalence (inquire about decision to continue smoking), express concern, and recommend quitting C Reassess readiness to change and enter at appropriate stage; identify reasons for relapse and consider how things might be done differently D Set a quit date, select smoking cessation strategies, determine dosage of nicotine replacement if indicated, identify triggers, gather social support for quitting, and begin bupropion if indicated E Assess the patient’s nicotine dependence F Assess positive and negative thinking about smoking G Continue positive reinforcement of the healthy choice SMOKING CESSATION SMOKING CESSATION SMOKING CESSATION Today most people agree that smoking is not good for your health What you think about that? Pre-contem I am concerned about your health and believe you should stop smoking I am wondering how I can help you with that Contemplation Your cough will improve when you quit smoking Let’s set a date for you to quit smoking and make plans for Preparation how you can it IMPORTANT CONCEPTS prophylaxis awareness hygiene quarantine screening exposure recommend immunization vaccination trigger incidence eradication active vs passive antigen antibody booster shot complications licensed epidemics pandemics innate adaptive immunodeficiency autoimmune WRITING PRACTICE What is primary prevention? (3-5 sentences) What is active immunization? (3-5 sentences) The impact of prevention in healthcare (introduction & good impacts in at least paragraphs) REVIEW 10 MCQS ON KAHOOT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ... (WHO) has set the year 2000 as a target date for the immunization of all children 2 IMMUNIZATION Active and Passive Immunization Active immunization involves injection of all or part of a disease-causing... diseases 2 IMMUNIZATION While active immunization confers long-lasting immunity, passive immunization provides temporary immunity and is performed without injecting any antigen Passive immunization. .. hypertension I water purification J immunization against disease K screening and treatment of infants born by syphilitic mothers L prevention of diabetes complications PREVENTION Preventive Medicine