The question of the body in mesoamerican art

The e i n f he b d in Me ame ican a JAMES ELKINS A eache f mine?Cha le C hen, a eciali in Vene ian ain ing? nce ema ked hi inci al g al a a ch la a nde and a man f hi n bia e a ible Tha a an dd a f a Renai ance a hi ian de c ibe hi calling, and i a ed i h me e e ince He c ld e aid hi aim a nde and Renai ance a , and he ke an e e n he ible infl ence f hi n en ie h-cen hinking; b in ead he in e al f m la and he ea ch f bia e fi a if e e he nde d f Renai ance a be an af e effec f hi in ed he ?alm ld ec i n ema k I The e a e man a neg ia e hi dilemma, hich i ne f he cen al fig e in he e i em l g f hi Pe he m c mm n f m la c ld be a ed a ch: Wha e ee in he a i ce ainl infl enced b n hinking, b e ill be ee ed a d e acc n b emaining fai hf l he hi ical e idence Thi ance, me hing like i , been ed a a ea n e che he hil h f hi and " he "m e gene all If he hi ical fac d n e e bia e he ie e e? hi a g men n ? hen e ill a ma icall end a d m e acc a e acc n The e a e man ea n d b hi n i n, and he all ceed f m ne gene al claim a fi a ic la ed b Hegel: he ie , he h gh , a e g ide a ehen i n f "fac ," he e i n ch hing a a fac f ee f he Id n e f ll hi e i n an f he a an ab ac hil hic blem; in ead, I am in e e ed in h i migh be add e ed a he le el f ecific hi ical in i Recen l Me ame ican die e c me again a a ic la l in ac able e i n f hi i e a ch la e a em ed define h he Me ame ican a i c ncei ed he h man b d The ecen deci he men f Ma an c i e i ified an ng ing in e e in Me ame ican ac ifice, and in he a en ea he e been an inc ea ing am n f di c i n cen e ed n bl dle ing, di membe men , and mb lic b dil f agmen a i n The cen i he e See, f al c i ical e m f hi li e a e en ed h man b d , and i e am le, Jame Elkin , "A Hi he de c i i n f he cha ac e i icall Me ame ican en e f he b d M ei li e e al ce f bia im ede and di c nce f he Me ame ican b d ; in a ic la , I ill e l e he c nce f b dil f agmen a i n and ain B h f h e idea , I ill a g e, c me f m nine een h- and en ie h-cen E ean c l al hi , and a e ina ia e c nce al l f he Me ame ican ma e ial Like Cha le C hen, m ima ei nde and / hink ab he b d , b h gh he e Wi h The E H i ill al ele an f e ," be im l ing Me ame icani in e e ing ch la hi i f he a ifac ge he hi kind f ? he m d he d c f inf med i h eflec i e in i n i d nc l al i a i n Wi h he a chae l gical de ail, Me ame ica bec me ec la i n; b i h c l al elf-a a ene , i bec me he nn iced jec i n f n idea In hi f m, he blem i a licable an hi ical e ea ch find i elf engaging i h alien ma e ial and a he ame ime ning hi i g a hie in i Thi i a c ndi i n n nl f hi ical kn ledge b f kn ledge in gene al I i m e c i e han hi de c i i n gge , ince "a ifac " and "a chae l gical de ail" a e al name f nn iced jec i n, l ima el he e i n c n a be een a fi m ba e f fac and he endle l c cling g ndle elf-a a ene An bjec , a bjec , can e hi g ndle ec la i in m i n, and n bjec , a bjec , can e le he diffe ence be een eeing mind and een bjec B I am n c nce ned i h hi kind f ec la i n n ec la i n, beca e i ickl make hi im ible; i i he a ic la balance and deci i n f hi ical i ing a e f in e e In de emain i hin hi , and c n in e eak ab hi , e need ag ee n e i n cann be a ked; and i eem me hi i ne ch m men I can be hel f l d a a en i n back he elf-a a ene l ima e g al i C i ical In i 14 (1988): 354-378, and Elkin , "Re l G mb ich," C i ical In i (S mme 1988) n f he hi ian, b nl ma e ial bjec can emain a ch: e inacce ible, al a diffic l , b en iall if he engaging.2 The e m e gene al eflec i n a e am ng he c nce n f a k in g e , Jame Elkin , The Di l i n f Idea in he Hi fA This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 114 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 S ma ic c i ici m The e i n e an c n en di ec i n in die f he b d , al h gh i i ne f he fa e -g ing field f in e e in a hi A c m ehen i e acc n f b d f m in a ld enc m a ? ci e a fe minen e am le ? e i n f e e en a i n in AIDS; he en i e hi f e i m; he hil h f he ga e, incl ding he blema ic f he beh lde ; he een and he n een; and he me a h f kin, in ide and ide c n in e gene a e m ch c n em a a A he m men i eem ema e define hi field, al h gh i migh be called ma ic, b d , c i ici m.3 The gh line f i hi a e al ead i ible: i began i h he g ad al de al a i n and di e f he academic d f a ana m , hich had been hi ian ' main l in di c ing he b d In an he de el men , hi ian beginning i h Al i Riegl, R be Vi che , and Ad lf Hildeb and began eak ab he b d ' in e ac i n i h ain ed b die ,5 and ien a i n can be een da in k b R alind K a , Michael F ied, and Le S einbe g.6 Wi h he i e f he hi f idea a hi ian had acce a m ch ide field f c nce , and c en ch la hi i a head mi e f an h l g ,a hi , and he hi ie f c l e, hil h , medicine, and an h l g Of en en gh he e i a c i di in e e in im ing an de n hi na cen field, alm a if i i be e ed b a ce ain c nce al inc he ence.7 F man i e , he b d i an a ena i h a a ic la fa cina i n and f eed m, e eciall beca e i eem be he nge a ailable e am le f a c nce all n madic field: i , i a ea e n Ba ba a S aff d, B d C i ici m: Imaging he Un een in Enligh enmen A and C i ici m (Camb idge, Ma : MIT P e , 1991) F he ele an li e a e, ee m e ie f S aff d' b k in The A B lle in 74, n (1992): 517-520 See Jame Elkin , "T C nce i n f he H man F m: Be na d Siegf ied Albin and And ea Ve ali ," A ib e hi ia 14(1986): 91-106 See, f 1872) e am le, R Vi che , Da R alind K a and Jane Li ing n, L'am i che F mgef?hl (Halle, Chicag P e , 1990) A a elimina eciall ab ac e nd" a eg , i i hel f l a k an e i n: h d e hink ab hinking ab he b d ? Cecelia Klein in ed e n ice, eem n ice, he Me ame ican " hinking h gh" " i h" he b d ; and e el e migh ell d b e ee, and d n " hinking h gh" " e hinking."9 In Engli h he e i a c i ?na ia ene ab he e i i n e e i h he e b " hink." I can' hink f an hing I' e ac all h gh en i el h gh, i , if I ake he c n c i n li e all and imagine b ing h gh he blem and c ming n he he end And hen I a ack me blem, I ce ainl d n' mean a I hink ab i , a if I' e mi ed i en i el , and g ne a nd i Heidegge l ed he e blem b dele ing he e i i n, he c ld e h a e like "Le hink he e i n f Being." Le me gge e di ing i h be een hinking me hing, a Heidegge ld e aid? i , hinking di ec l a i , e n mall mean b a ing e hink ab h gh?f m hinking b mean f me hing Then he ec nd ibili , hinking b mean f me hing, i e le f an c l ed a ma icall hen he ead in e e mb lic image When I e he e d ,Id n hink f he f m f he le e , and hen a Ma an ead an in c i i n, he ld e mabl n e h gh f he b ling ac i i and inci ien i lence f he b dil f m c m i e he Ma an gl h S in hi ca e, and in a ?and I em i e h e alifica i n ? hinking b mean f an image i ing F he idea f n madic h gh , ee Gille Dele e, f e am le, in The Ne Nie che, ed Da id B Alli n (Camb idge, Ma : MIT P e , 1985) See he eface b Michel Fehe he an h l g F agmen a Hi f he H man B d , l (Camb idge, Ma : MIT P e , 1989) Thinking "a " and "a f : Ph g a h and S eali m (Wa hing n, D.C: C c an Galle f A , 1985); L S einbe g, "The Phil hical B hel," Oc be 44 (1988): 8-74; and M F ied, C be ' Reali m (Chicag : Uni f f b nda ie , n e led de e minable ie in , n can nical e i i n.8 In a , en ibl nc n ained ali i a c ibed he m dimen a fac f h man e e ience: b die a e el e and mind , and he cann be e a a ed a e migh e a a e ill life land ca e We f en de i e l e el e in he mid fa l di ien ing, in ac able hicke , and he b d gi e B e ambi i n i a ign f he ecific ime and lace f m hich e i e Cecelia Klein, a in Sea le, in he in Th he C llege A d c gh he Me ame ican B d This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms A c mmen (A P n)." cia i n mee ing f 1993 he e i n "Thinking Elkin : The an image a a ign na e.10 Am ng he eem nc i h aking n e fi ic ial ible c ncl n e hi i n he e, al h gh i ical age, i e migh an im l n icing hing he a e a e acc med d ing In Ma an die , f e am le, e migh an in i ing in he a a en i lence f f agmen ed b die , e ing in n he lace he e he h n ing eem a h gh Lad X c' ng e in Ya chilan (fig 1), e i ing he i e f bl d c ll c ela e i h he l me f bl d, ing he image imagine he iginal m k cene f ac ifice and hall cina i n.11 I i n na i e eade ld n e een he bl d (al h gh I migh ecall in a ing he e lin el e e ed ab e he le el he e ch de ail c ld ea il e been een, e eciall if he e e ain ed in m n ch me); i i eading migh be in en ing l id cena i e en iginall l id, imagining eami h ain he e n ne a e en ? in gene al, in e e ing a ffe ing m ila ed b d he e n ne a in ended E en if he ed e a h gh Lad X c' ng e, i ma n ignif M ch m ain, i i n, m e can be aid ab ila i n he e ibili ie ? h a "m ila ed" b d migh al be a h le ne, a e fec ed ne, h a " ffe ing" b d migh al be a na al ne, m e a ab ma me ime a healed ne?and I ill e hem, and ab he ea n h e an f he adical e ci i n f 10 Am ng he man emi ic he ie e hi kind f di inc i n, ee The C llec ed Pa e f Cha le Sande Pei ce, ed Cha le Ha h ne and Pa l Wei (Camb idge, Ma : Ha a d Uni P e , 1965), l 2, a 247-249, f he c nce f " mb lic" and "ic nic" ign The m de ailed and al , e , he m c nce all el i e acc n f he ic ial na e f all i ing i Jean-F an? i L a d' Di c , fig e (Pa i : Klinck ieck, 1971), hich i ill n an la ed See, f e am le, Bill Reading , In d cing L a d, A and P li ic (L nd n: R ledge, 1991), 3-52 A ela ed e a i m "Wha Reall Ha en in Pic e ? Mi eading i h Nel n G dman," f hc ming in W d and Image 11 Da id S a , "Bl d S mb li m in Ma a Ic n g a h ," in Ma a Ic n g a h , ed Eli abe h P Ben en and Gille G G iffin (P ince n: P ince n Uni P e , 1988), 175ff., e eciall he efe ence he an i f bl d n 178 and a F an e am le f an imagina i e ec n c i n, ee Ma Ellen Mille , "The Image f Pe le and Na e in Cla ic Ma a A and A chi ec e," in The Ancien Ame ica : A F m Sac ed Land ca e , ed Richa d F T n end, e h ca (Chicag : The A In i e, 1992), 163 F he f ie e i h Lad X c, ee, f e am le, Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King : D na and Ri al in Ma a A (Ne Y k: B a ilie ; F W h: Kimbell A M e m, 1986), i 62, 198 e i n f he b d in Me ame ican a 115 eading habi a he han hei l adj men B ing made hi lea f n eading, I an en in he ing ibili ie I i al a nece a a k ab he emaining c eal n ance e en in ign c mm n he a e nea l bleached f all na ali ic ignificance A E a P nd in ed in he he da f Imagi m, he Chine e ign f "ea " i a ee i h he n angled in i b anche Na i e eake f Chine e e a ed me he d n n ice ic g a hic ign in he dina c e f eading, b he d : he d hem in ch l (Chine e ed ca i n incl de a em f a half-d en diffe en e f ic g a hic and ide g a hic ign , in ma ked c n a We e n idea ic g a hic and ide g a hic f m a ic i i n), and he kn hem immedia el hen he e i n a i e 12 The ame ma be aid f he Ma an gl h In Ma an a gl h can be i en a an "ab ac " f m, a "head a ian ," and a "f ll-fig e a ian ," all meaning he ame hing, and "f ll-fig e" gl h ld ce ainl e been n iced and a ecia ed, e eciall b he highl li e a e (and inciden all , he e i n f a hi ica ed, "ae he icall a a e" a an -ga de in Ma an a i ne ill need be de el ed).13 And in e m f bl dle ing, I d b he "hand ca e ing" and "bl d g " gl h den e bl dle ing (a d nned, ened hand, le ing l e a eam f li le ci cle ) c ld e e e been ead i h a flee ing h gh f he b d and i bl d.14 S I e in mind i a gene al ca i n ab i i ible and in i ible he e le in a gi en c l e In e m f c n em a he , e end in e e b die and b d a hen he cc in ic e , and e end n in e e b die hen he c m i e i ing Tha di inc i n i being e i ned in c en die n d and image ,15 and i bea n he m e ecific in I an make ab h e e c nce like ain, di membe men , f agmen , a , and h le 12 Fl ian C lma , The W i ing S em f he W ld (O f d: Ba il Black ell, 1989) 13 Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d ci , 326; "a an -ga de" i al men i ned in F anci al., The Ma a B k f he Dead, The Ce amic C de : C de S le Ce amic f he La e Cla ic Pe i d (Ne Uni P e , 1981), 247 14 S a , "Bl d S mb li m," Schele, Ma a Gl cha 29, 145 h : The Ve b (A f King , R bic ek e The C f Ha en: Yale ci , 180, 184; Linda in: Uni f Te a P e , 1982), 15 An e eciall c nce ed c i i e i la nched in Mieke Bal, Reading "Remb and ': Be nd he W ld-Image O i i n (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni P e , 1991) This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 116 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 Fig e Ya chilan Lin el 24, de ail, eigh h cen a.D F m Ian G aham and E ic nE , C f Ma a Hie gl hic In c i i n (Camb idge, Ma : Peab d M e m f A chae l g and E hn l g , 1977), l 31, Ph :C e f Ian G aham, Peab d M e m, Ha a d Uni e i This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Elkin : The O l e f i lence The ng ing e cc a i n i h bl dle ing, ac ifice, and di membe men a ecific c l al hi in he We , and I ld a g e e a ehend h e idea h gh he len , and i h he cab la and ide l g , f ea l en ie h-cen F ench S eali m E eciall in Ame ica, hi ma eem nlikel ; b in E e, S eali m c n in e be he inci al a eg f e , and in Ea e n and Cen al E ei i a ng c en in i al a Thi i a ic la l he ca e i h F ench e , hich c m i e a adi i n alm he me icall ealed f m c n em a Angl -Ame ican e S in c n ide ing eali infl ence n h gh , e a e n e ic ing el e me ne ec ed a chiali m anach ni m, b e a e c n ide ing a li ing e i n f he b d in Me ame ican a 117 cha i ed, ab ac ed, and nega ed b d f Ch i iani ; in nega i e he l g inch a e belief a he han blic c edenda; and in c eal, angible, he i e h icali ic en e f i i a ed he in b an ial and ab ac Ch i ian i i anc i The e a e he kele al line f an inf mal nf med c n en f i i ali ne hand b man e a , incl ding a hi F ench eali i ed, I hink, n he le in e e ed in c n em a ian , and n he he b he Thi i a ma i e and n ield bjec eci el beca e i i inch a e, nc dified, and in en el e nal U all he e idea a e n f ll h gh h gh, he face in e and hen adi i n i b h e a ile and in in an In he ca e f he b d , he S eali m f Ge ge Ba aille ma e he m , al h gh R ge Caill i ' h gh ld al be infl en ial if i e e be e kn n in Engli h (i i Caill i did n ill Lacan did n ill ignifican , inciden all , a e E e f he Med a, and a e hi lec e n Caill i ) I am n gge ing e ld e an blem in f eeing el e f me f Ba aille' idea if he i e e e a di ec e al infl ence I d n hink c en ma ic c i ici m i ignifican l infl enced b hi a ic la idea c nce ning ec a , edem i n, ac ifice.16 Ame ican Me ame icani ma be m e familia i h he dil ed S eali m f la h m ie and cience fic i n B Ba aille i he iginal ce f a m ch m e ide ead and in e e ing e f idea e c m i e a la ge a f inf mal en e f he ac ed When a hi ian begin eaking ab i i al al e ? hen i bec me a a en he a e alking ab e i n c nce n hem e nall , eem be iable al e na e he la gel nbelie able li g and ce em n e e ac iced b e e c l e he en be d ing? hen he end enli a mall n mbe f idea A inf mall a ible, I ld like li he e idea and e hem a an inf mal a hi ical en e f he gen inel an cenden al?a a " eligi n f a hi " The idea incl de an in e e in e nal i i ali a ed e abli hed eligi n; in m ici m a ed ch la ic he l g ; in he b d in all i h ific ici i de a ed he 16 B ee Ca line Walke B n m, F agmen a i n and Redem i n: E a n Gende and he H man B d in Medie al Religi n (Ne Y k: Z ne B k , 1991) Fig e Ling- chi, Chine e e ec i n b di i i n in a h and a , ca 1920 F m R be Heindl, "S af ech he ie nd P a i ," Leh b ch de Cha ak e l gie (1924): 89-152, i f ll This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ing 152 118 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 c nnec i n be een he f agmen ed b d , edem i n, and eligi ec a (fig 2) The a e al he l ima e ec d f hi a ac i n bl d and inc m ehen ible i lence, and f i immedia el fel c nnec i n " e e e" i i al e al a i n Se e al ea ag , I di c e ed a e ence f ling- chi h g a h en i el b chance in a Ge man e hn g a hic j nal, and I h gh i a m n ch la l e i n n il I f nd Ba aille had bea me i Hi engagemen i h he ma e ial, I di c e ed, a ngl diffe en f m mine: he a c nce ned i h e lici l eligi al e ( an fig a i n, ec a , e ela i n, i i n), hile I ed he image a an in ance f a fail e f eeing? f an image e cann ea il ee In he d ,I ech ed he c gni i e, hil hical a ec f Ba aille' in e e i h aking he ac i el eligi e T me, he e ence f he ling- chi (mine a e all ligh l diffe en f m Ba aille' , gge ing a c mm n ce) e e nance i h he c en a hi ical Fig e Alb ech D? e , P B?che c n men chlichen P G M Wagne i nal S d , 1528 F i n Ph :C e m Vie f deli e ce a idl be ea il ca ed b a bibli g a h An n all de el ed e am le f m he a ld i J el-Pe e Wi kin, h e h g a h a e a l in ended a a jec d c men he call " he ac ed"?an idea f him i ngl e e ed b he a ie ie f h man e ali and ffe ing F Wi kin, he b d , and e eciall he failing, aining, ec a ic, degene a e, di i na e, " e e e," malf med, "de ian ," m ila ed b d , i he ce and ca ie f " he ac ed." An indi en ible ic n in hi field i Ba aille' h g a h f he Chine e e ec i n called ling- chi, "dea h b di i i n in a h and a " The h g a h e n f en been e d ced, b he a e he cen e iece f Ba aille' la e hinking n he di c e n he ga e and n ela ed e i n f deflec ed and f bidden eeing and blindne The e e ience f di c e ing Ba aille' a ia i n in Tea fE e en all a gh me ab m n i i n in in ellec al hi and m a ial adhe ence a adi i n I had nl ag el ec ed I i n a im le jec ace he infl ence f an a h and a m emen a e nl ag el e en in mem ie B S eali m in gene al i ne f he cen al f ce in hinking, and i di ec a d he ac ificial and i i al a ec f bl dle ing S eali h gh blend i h c n em a i a e i i ali m d ce he mi e f h gh lead c nf n he di ed b d : and i h gene al b e a i n, I n he cen al ic f hi a e ? he a e nde and he ecific an f ma i n f he Me ame ican b d Wha i f agmen a i n? The d "f agmen " i elf i cha ged, ince i c me f m La in f ange e, b eak, im l ing i lence and ain B he hi f b dil e e en a i n d e n al a acc d i h hi e m l g , e en hen i gi e inc m le e b die The e a e a i a f di a embling he b d ?f in ance, b being c ab i h lene , b c ing i , eiling and cl hing i In addi i n he b d i di ided diffe en l in each c l e, and e i n i e eciall c m le in We e n a i h i al e na e adi i n f a ic la ed and di ided me in m ni This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms l gie Alb ech D? e a i n , in f ac i n , in he b d h g nal Elkin : The dimen i n , in a b che ' a ic la i n , and n a el di ided, led cale, and he ked i h a ecific imagina i e d ama i e nae f nideal and ?deal b d e , ge e , e , and age (fig 3) All f i hi idea f he b d ? , be m e acc a e, he f mal i n f hi idea f he b d ?and a i i h ie a imila D? e a Ma in Sch nga e a hing diffe en l Wh lene and f agmen a i n cann be e ked a gene ali a i n i h making inad e en e f a ic la c l al c n c i n f h e e m ,m f en de i ed f m en ie h-cen di a edag g The e i an e a ching di inc i n i me ime hel f l he e, and i be een ac f f agmen a i n in l ing ain and h e en ance in ellec all 17 The i ce al and he in ellec al a e f en ed ibili ie in e e en a i n a he a e in a M ecen l , in c l e, S eali m e l ed a ainle l di a emble b die in he m in ica el bi a e fa hi n , and e e i ni m h n he i ming di c mf , i ching and i ing ain e ec gni e a e e i n f chic n e ( he ch machia) Thi i f en en gh a gene a i e dich m : ake Me ame ican e am le , i de c ibe he diffe ence be een We e n fa cina i n i h he " i la ed" b d , i e i n f he b d he Pain and Me am bjec h i fm k in g e , Pic ing he B d : 119 "f agmen a i n," and i "l id" ac ifice n he ne hand, and i ine, mb lic di a ic la i n n he he A he m men , nc l e i a an in e e ing c ad : n he ne hand, e inhe i he ainle ne f eali fan a , and n he he , he e i l inc ea ing bibli g a h f ain and i ea men 18 Am ng he man in ance f ainle me am h i a e he "ab ac " fig e a Te ih acan blend ell in n n he i m hic a chi ec al de ail 19 One f he m g e e Ma an ac ice , e en e han he eni e f a i n and he h ned e ma e been d agged h gh al ng men' ng e , a a en l in l ed i ing he ja ff a li ing ic im.20 B he fig e eem h ac ice a e a bl dle a can be: he me el h ca i e , i h hand n hei ja (fig 4) On he 18 Elaine Sca , The B d in Pain: The Making and Unmaking f he W ld (O f d: O f d Uni P e , 1985) 19 E he Pa , "The Na al W ld a Ci ic Me a h a Te ih acan," in The Ancien Ame ica : A F m Sac ed Land ca e , ed Richa d F T n end, e h ca (Chicag : The A In i e, 1992), 143, fig 11 20 Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King , ci , 61 n 60, and 84: "The e nifica i n f he n mbe e i a g d f ac ificial dea h He i h man, b a h man hand g i hi l 17 Thi i in Me ame ican a e ja , a ge e ma e e en a a ic la l g e me f f ac ificial dea h, he em al f he l e ja f m a li ing ic im." Fig e Dea h G d f he N mbe Ze , ibl h ing ac ifice b i ing he l e ja ff a li ing ic im F m Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King : D na and Ri al in Ma a A (Ne Y k: B a ilie ; F W h: Kimbell A M e m, 1986), 84 Ph : C e f Kimbell A M e m, F W h, Te a This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms m 120 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 he hand, he k f ce ain Ma an ce amici a m i h he kind f ma k e e c me a cia e i h i ing nha ine ab he b d D e n' he a a en l decaden , h e en i i e "Pain e f he P ancing Dee " c n e hea ed, i i able ab i n in he b d , e en h gh he he d e n de ic b dil m ila i n (fig 5)?21 Pa and h le A inci al igin f he m de n en e f ain i ea l Ge man R man ici m.22 I i , I hink, di ec l ele an he ame e i d ga e i e he fa cina i n ab he f agmen Since F ied ich Wilhelm J e h n Schelling' k in a ic la , i been a ac i e eak ab he a , he di c nnec ed iece, a he han he h le We end hink ab f agmen and b mean f f agmen , and i e en been ema ked en e f he c nce f bea n need be c n ide ed in e m f " d and f agmen "23 The e a e e e al b e he e E he Pa f agmen a i n f b die a ac ifical ic im ( h a e a i n migh be made ema ked n he Te ih acan, am ng b h ed ced hei hea ) and g d ( h a ea a m h , cla , and e e ); and he e h e e e en a i n he an n m f fig e e e en ing he ling cla She ee he hea a "c mic and imele " a he han "h man and hi ic," he g d a "ac i e" and " e a i e" in he na al ld, and he eli e a elf-effacing mani la f he c ea ed ld.24 21 See F anci R bic ek e al., The Ma a B k f he Dead, ci , 247 and e el 24 and 43; F anci R bic ek and D nald Hale , "A Ce amic C de F agmen : The Sac ifice f Xbalan e," in Ma a Ic n g a h , ed Eli abe h P Ben en and Gille G G iffin, ci , 274 fig 8.8; and Ba ba a and J in Ke , "S me Ob e a i n n Ma a Va e Pain e ," ibid., 253-256 The call him he "Fan a ic Pain e " 22 Sim n Rich e , La c? n' B d and he Ae he ic f Pain: Winckelmann, Le ing, He de ,,M i , G e he (De i : Wa ne S a e Uni P e , 1992) 23 G Si cell , "Bea in Sha d and F agmen ," J nal f Ae he ic and A C i ici m 48, n (1990): 22ff Am ng man e am le f he c n em a im ance f f agmen , ee Ma ice Blanch , The Infini e C n e a i n, an S an Han n (Minnea li : Uni f Minne a P e , 1993) 24 The e ema k e e made in a lec e, "B d Pa : Wh lene and F agmen a i n in Te ih acan A ," a he C llege A A cia i n mee ing f 1993 in Sea le See al , E he Pa , "A Rein e e a i n f Te ih acan and I M al Pain ing T adi i n," in Fea he ed Se en and Fl e ing T ee : Rec n c ing he M al f Te ih acan, ed Ka hleen Be in (San F anci c : The Fine A M e m , 1988) The e i an in e e ing m men hen Pa de ic i n f e e in Te ih acan "a ea im l bel ng a e and na e in gene al." The a e a na all and ainle l f agmen ed a fl ing a e B if he bel ng a e ?if he e e " gge a e i ali e and all- eeing"? hen he a e in a en e al n f agmen And if ne b d a ,c ff f m he b d hich i migh bel ng, i n be c ncei ed a a f agmen , hen i bec me i kie a me he ic im ' hea a e f agmen Migh a hea n be a h le? Migh i n be a c e ed e ence, an indi en ible and fficien ken, like he ile f f e kin King Da id e i ed f m hi gene al ? The e i me e idence f hi in he fac he hea a e ende ed in h ee dimen i n e en h gh Te ih acan le i "gene all fla " Hea ma be h le , and i ma be We e n e e kee hinking f hem a gan 25 Since he ling cla gi e hem el e he nl h le b die , he c ncl de hei ld a i elf "f agmen ed." Thi i again a e i n f a and h le Wha a bel ng in a h le? D e e e hea bel ng in a che ? Can' a h le be a f agmen ? And i n' e e line f iden ical le a ge me ic d f he e all cheme f he e e en ed ld f Te ih acan? One f he m eflec i e ecen acc n f hi blem i Whi ne Da i ' Ma king he Bl 26 S eaking f can nical Eg ian a , and ing an ea lie d he had i en, he ema k " egi e c m i i n "( fm e le iden ical fig e ing a " egi e g nd line") migh be aid "be a mean f claiming he ' egi e ed' gani a i n f he ld a a h a an ideal b e e en ing i a a fac f e e ience."27 Tha eem be a la ible in e e a i n, and i i cl el ela ed he ne E he Pa e ; b Da i g e n i i nece a hink al f he egi e c m i i n "d n de ic h gh b i i n and e i n " An image migh e e en a hing, 25 E he Pa ema k in Te ih acan ain ing, "B d a can be di a embled and ea embled a ill a e a a e ign , i h l king a if an ganic b d had been i len l m ila ed"; ee Pa , "S ill In i ible: The P blem f he Ae he ic f Ab C l ac i n f Re e en a i n in La e P ehi Calif f P e-C l mbian A nia P e , 1992) M hc ming in A Hi 27 He i Ancien Eg cha and I Im lica i n f O he e ," RES: An h l g and Ae he ic 19/20 (1990/1991): 122 26 Whi ne Da i , Ma king he Bl : The Scene f ic Eg e ie ian A f he b (Be kele : Uni f k, "Bef e The ," i a a h a ing hi d , The Can nical T adi i n in ian A (Ne Y k: Camb idge, Uni P e , 1989), and Da i , Ma king he Bl , ci , 39 This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Elkin : The e i n f he b d in Me ame ican a Fig e Sac ifice f he Jag a G d f he Unde ld F m F anci R bic ek e al., The Ma a B k f he Dead, The Ce amic C de : The C f C de S le Ce amic f he La e Cla ic Pe i d (Ne Ha en, C nn.: Yale Uni P e , 1981), 247 and e el 24 Ph :?J in Ke 1980 a id i b ch ing a b i e, "ma k" " e " i if he a i ch e n de ic i In he ca e a hand, he f he eli e a Te ih acan migh al be e e i n f a en e f f agmen a i n he jec n hei ld and i len l enac n hei bjec ? ld be an in ance f b i ing cann be de ic ed, in hi ca e inne "f agmen a i n"? he fig e ma be e ing diffe ence and e en "f agmen a i n " am ng hei a a en l nif m ank , in de e en a lid a ea ance, hich ld be a ca e f "ma king" i deemed n i e h di ec l The e ibili ie , hich I e elab a ed f m Da i ' acc n , a e j a fe f an inde e mina e n mbe f he f nif m eli e migh c me be een a a , and he hea migh c me be h le I h ld I am n ing an ne f he e eading , and in fac I find Pa ' eading ca i e and c n incing B c nce a e n in an in e e a i n, and he ill f en lead i h e ealing hem el e A chema like Da i ' he di inc ad an age f ening he ibili ie ; me f hem, ine i abl , ill n eem igh , b hei l gical e i alence can e hinking ab h e em l c nce ch a belie e, i a gen inel cl e eading f he e ac a he b d i ea ed: eci el he e i i c , e ac l he e i che he nding gl h b die f ame 28 We e n ea men f he b d i e ceedingl c m le , and all he e idence gge he ame i e f he Me ame ican b d ; b i h a ending a cl el a e a e able, e a e likel ne ine in he ld b le f We e n c nce f he b d The A ec ma e ial, f e am le, i e eciall ich, b he e i ence f We e n e ec i e h n i elf in he We e n chema e been ed h e he N?h a l e m 29 The Ma an ma e ial ma n eem a f ndamen all di ien ing a he Cen al Me ican ma e ial he e a b d a ma be an ide g a h, a fig e, an a ib e, " e en a gge i n f he e ing," and a ling i ic ign migh be "embedded" in an ?mage; b he ini iall clea e e a a i n f ic ial fig e and ic ial i ing in Ma an a e e en m e delica e e i n f he na e f he b d 30 Cl e eading 28 Thi i ela ed he e i n f d and image a di c ed in A h G Mille , "C m a ing Ma a Image and Te ," in W d and Image in Ma a C l e, ed William F Hank and D n S Rice (Sal Lake Ci : Uni f U ah P e , 1989), 176-188 29 See, f e am le, he We e n b d f m ed ill a e Me ame ican e m in Alf ed L e A in, The H man B d and Ide l g : C nce f he Ancien Nah a , an Thelma O i de M n ellan and Ba na d O i de M n ellan (Sal Lake Ci : Uni f B a f c ncl ding, I ld like ke ch he kind f in e iga i n i needed b ing cl e he l i n f he e blem Wha i called f , I 30 F he c nf i n and deba e ab i ing in Te ih acan, T la, and he E icla ic Pe i d, ee Ma in C h da , "The E icla ic P blem: A Re ie f an Al e na i e M del," e 219, and Jane " a " and " h le." U ah P e , 1988), This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 130-131 121 122 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 T in d ce I mean b "cl e eading" e can ec n ide he "f ll-fig e" Ma an gl h a i a ea , f e am le, in ne in c i i n a a f he e b 'a ah, " a e igh " If he llable a i de ic ed a a f ll-fig e gl h, i i kn n a he" a-man." In ne in ance, he a-man ick he he llable and h ld hem, f ming an image i h he ame ling i ic den a i n b an en i el an f med ic ial ignificance.31 The e and me f he f m f he emaining llable a e al e ed hen he a e "ca ied" in hi a Le me make a fe di c nnec ed b e a i n ab he ic ial g ing - n he e in de gge kind f in e e a i na e ible A Ma ani migh n ca e he 'a ign i ligh l diffe en hen i i ca ied b he " a-man" ( he f mal al e a i n d n affec n ac ic meaning, and he d n den e he a e f being ca ied) B an e e i ed c eal change , he an f ma i n he 'a ign nde g e hen i i be ca ied ma be ead a a e n e i ne ic ial e ing?I migh a , i e i changed hen i ake n me f he ignificance f a ic e (In Pei ce' " emei ic" he , he 'a llable gl h nde g e a ligh g a hic change hen i hif f m a m l mb lic ign a c mbined mb lic and ic nic ign.)32 Like i e, a Ma an ch la migh n n ice he a- ign' l ng h ked n e l k like a h k f m a f he llabic ign, b in ic ial e m i al h me gi e he a-man a kind f ling i ic ignificance: he h ked n e' lan h me make he ic ial b d m e e al; i in he h b id lang age i de e e , e migh a he h ked n e i a kind f "infi " in i n igh Pic gl h bl ck and he e h lding he a fa and enga a i n a ell a ic ial e f m a kind enac men f he ling i iall , he en i e f ll-fig e idea f a a fa d de e e c n ainmen " e ing igh ," and he f nnece a me a h ic ic M ch m e c ld be aid Ca he ine Be l , "Ea l W i ing in Cen al Me ic : In Tlilli, In Tla alli Bef e a.D 1000," e 19, b h in Richa d A Diehl and Jane Ca he ine Be l , ed , Me ame ica Af e he Decline f Te ih acan, a.D 700-900 (Wa hing n, D.C.: D mba and C llec i n, 1989) n Oak Re ea ch Lib a 31 F he f ll-fig e gl h I am de c ibing he e, ee Da id S and S e hen D H n, "Ma a W i ing," Scien ific Ame ican (A g 1989): 82-89; and ee Ian G aham and E ic Hie gl hic In c i i n (Camb idge, Ma : Peab d A chae l g and E hn l g , 1977), l 2, 32 Cha le Sande Pei ce, Elemen f L gic, b G amma , e cha e 3, in C llec ed Pa e f Cha Pei ce, ed Cha le Ha h ne and Pa l Wei (Camb Ha a d Uni P e , 1965), 156-173 a n E , Ma a M e m f k 2, S ec la i e le Sande idge, Ma : al ng he e line , ince he ligh l a ing line , d , and c e in each ign f ll a c m le ic ial l gic i n en i el a imilable he ling i ic e i emen , h gh i cann be nde da a f m hem The e i n d n he e " ic ial" "g a h l gical" elemen ? he m heme "elemen " in Da id Kelle ' e m33? f he P ean Ma an igna , ince Ma ani a e ill eng ed in deci he ing ling i ic meaning 34 In hi c n e le me e he e e i n c n i e a h ge n ened field, and he e i n a e a a e he ng ing blem f " d and ?mage" in Ma an die f m he e i n f he b d The "elemen " f he e ign ca ic ial meaning i hin, bef e, and de i e hei ling i ic f nc i n , and he m e la f hei f m and c mbina i n a e linked la ab he b d T cl e, he le h a f Ma an m n e ha e been iden ified in he a fe decade e e ecei e an anal i ld ide i h he la f b dil change Deca i a i n and bl dle ing a e nl he im le e a i n , e eciall hen he a e c m a ed he nea l inc m ehen ible c n l i n f he e-Pe en an h m hic "bi d m n e ,"35 he "Ca ac M n e " he "C l-F med M n e ,"36 he " k -band" b d f he Cele ial M n e 37 The fac e cann e name all he a f ch m n e h ld n de e f m a em ing a m e m ic anal i f he be ilde ing a c mbina ia f hei a The e m n e ma e a e n inci le cl e he We e n g ll , hich i he adi i nal m n i c m ed f nameable b d a f m a i animal ( hin e , g iffin , and cen a a e ead e am le ).38 B he e a e he inci le a k in Me ame ican image : he e a e al c n in , 33 Da id H Kelle , Deci he ing he Ma a Sc i (A in and L nd n: Uni f Te a P e , 1976), 14 34 Da id S a and S e hen H na ec en l king n a b k ill e a cha e n "g a h l g " ( e nal c mm nica i n, Feb a 1993) 35 Nich la M Hellm h, The S face f he Unde a e ld: Ic n g a h f he G d f Ea l Cla ic Ma a A in Pe en, G a emala (C l e Ci , Calif.: F nda i n f La in Ame ican An h l gical Re ea ch, 1987), l 2, fig 113ff 36 F he "C l-F med M n e ," ee Nich la M Hellm h, M n e nd Men chen in de Ma a-K n (G a : Akademi che D ck, 1987), 37 Bl d 38 he B 4-5 F he Ca ac and Cele ial m n e , ee Linda Schele, The f King , ci , 44-45 F he g ll , ee Jame Elkin , "On Vi al De e a i n and die f P a," Re e en a i n 40 (1992): 33-56 This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Elkin : The Fig e 6a-b D a ing f Ma a inci ed c llec i n, B el la ic "eccen a e al an f ma i n , in hich ic flin " migh ddenl lace he e b die b i db ganic c e f an head 39 The e he b die in a 39 Eccen ic flin i h m l i le head a e ill a ed, f e am le, in Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King , ci , i 25 and 26 e i n f he b d in Me ame ican a 123 l, a.D 350-550 Black a e ce amic P i a e kind f n ane b dding eg e i n: ma k ea ma k ea ing ma k , n and he b d a bec me n ane l an h m hic, and he e a e " e nified beak ," elb , hand , a e lilie , and e en " e nified bl d" ddenl g a head Le me gge he e e e la gel lef We e n m del behind: he e i h me and ea n he e, b This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 124 RES 26 AUTUMN 1994 eci li le f i D e eall e an en e f hen and h he " ea head f a Vi i n Se en " migh be c nnec ed b a " kele al d ag n" ( he hin S- ed c ll) " e nified bl d"?40 E en he e he mb lic en e i bec ming clea , he l gic f he b d i el i e And he e a e n he nl m de f "f agmen a i n"; an he i a lea a minen i he i e a ed ccl i n f med b b die in f n f b die b die all ing b die In ce amic hi a f hinking ab b die led me f he m in ica e c ea i n ; in me f hem a c m i i nm e been lanned in ad ance and hen f med b la ing d n cce i e la e f ma e ial, elli fa hi n, d cing a e e alm am n a en fab ic.41 In he ca e he c m i i n a e ain ed di ec l n he e el , and I ill cl e i h ne ch e am le The e de ailed anal e nde aken b Nich la Hellm h in he c e f hi di c e f he call he "Unde a e ld" e been ell b gh bea n ne f he m e in ica e Ma an iece , an inci ed i db l( de ail a e h n in fig 6).42 I a be ilde ing a ie f "ac ba ," " nake m n e ," g d , and he , in ndecidable a e f ining and ccl i n In ne lace, a fig e a ea halfck in a d ag n' m h (fig 6, igh ) I igh leg i ab e i , and he f m j nde and in f n fi he fig ei n n mall a ic la ed, b i i gi a ed, m h? be n f he ibili ie f b dil an f ma i n Wha c n i " h le b d " he e? Wha i a "f agmen "? I he c ale ce, i he diffe ence be een dina ical ccl i n, dec a i e e igenc , and mb lic ni n? Hellm h c ncl de a h gh acc n b a ing he a i made e f " kele ali a i n, me am h i i al and ling i ic n [and] delibe a e ambig i and 'inc m le ene ' c ea e he c nf ing alim e f fig e " Hellm h "inc m le ene " in a i n ma k , a I ld, b he e emain he nde l ing e i n f he infl ence f We e n hinking n he anal i a a h le Wha a e " kele ali a i n" and "me am h i " b in e en ial^, in ac abl We e n c nce ? E ac l c n i e a " n"? D e he fig e' dec a ed leg n i h he d ag n' ed ja ? And i he c incidence f "c m a able ma king " n he fig e and he d ag n en gh he fig e i "me am h ing in a a - e ile, a -h man a e," h ld e c ncl de, a Hellm h al d e , he i me el "held"?44 Bef e e can decide hi , e need decide h c n e e m ch a " n" and "c m a able." I he c l f he d ag n' ee h a fficien chin migh be elb Hellm h ann a e he f m in f n f he m h i h a e i n (" babl an a m?") and call he he an " niden ified b d a "43 Ce ainl di membe ed? I i nf lding, and being eg i i c lla ing, di a ea ing in he d ag n' The e kind f ic n g a hie e i n cann an e ed n il e e a be e f mal acc ched, inc m le e "elb " m e f agmen a han he dec a ed "elb " he leg? I he fig e ne b d and he d ag n an he ? And if , h d e line he d ag n, ince i b d i nl inc n i en l i ible and di inc f m he f m ? When f m e a n i h he fig e' hai ? Wha i needed i a de ailed, inch-b -inch l k a he image , ed i h an hi i g a hie in i ie find and nde and he We e n e m l gie f c i ical e m Nei he a eg al ne i fficien A he e ical in i in he igin and meaning f c nce ch a f agmen a i n, h lene , ain cann make c n ac i h he k , and a m ic b n he e ical anal i ill nl ehea e nn iced We e n ca eg ie f h gh In he end he e i n g a an ee e can ee ide acc med en e f he b d , e ie e me hing f he Me ame ican b d Cha le C hen' ma im i an 40 Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King , ci , anal i f i 122 41 See, f e am le, Linda Schele and Ma Ellen Mille , The Bl d f King , ci , i 73 and he dec m ed anal i , i 73a 42 Nich la M Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h n an Inci ed C lind ical T i d," in Ma a Ic n g a h , ed Eli abe h P Ben en and Gille G G iffin (P ince n: P ince n Uni P e , 1988), 152ff The a i n i f m 172 See al Da id F eidel and Linda Schele, "S mb l and P e : A Hi f he L land Ma a C m g am," in Ma a Ic n g a h , ci , 43 Nich la M Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h ," a en i n ble me de ail a e a ic la l effec i e a e ing ained hinking and b ing he e i en angene f he image 44 Nich la M Hellm h, "Ea l Ma a Ic n g a h ," 156 76-78 156 ng ing e n ibili , n a a k ha me de e mina e me h d and limi B elf- eflec i n and ci , This content downloaded from 198.40.30.37 on Mon, 26 Apr 2021 23:01:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms ci , ... "Le hink he e i n f Being." Le me gge e di ing i h be een hinking me hing, a Heidegge ld e aid? i , hinking di ec l a i , e n mall mean b a ing e hink ab h gh?f m hinking b mean f me hing Then... he e e ain ed in m n ch me); i i eading migh be in en ing l id cena i e en iginall l id, imagining eami h ain he e n ne a e en ? in gene al, in e e ing a ffe ing m ila ed b d he e n ne a in ended... e eading , and in fac I find Pa ' eading ca i e and c n incing B c nce a e n in an in e e a i n, and he ill f en lead i h e ealing hem el e A chema like Da i ' he di inc ad an age f ening he