Illegal but Common Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Illegal but Common  Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Illegal but Common: Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Muhammad Chozin June 2008 2 This thesis titled Illegal but Common: Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia by MUHAMMAD CHOZIN has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Gene Ammarell Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology Gene Ammarell Director, Southeast Asian Studies Drew McDaniel Interim Director, Center for International Studies 3 ABSTRACT CHOZIN, MUHAMMAD, M.A., June 2008, Southeast Asian Studies Illegal but Common: Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (144 pp.) Director of Thesis: Gene Ammarell Blast fishing is fishing method practiced by throwing a bomb made from mixed fuel-ammonium nitrate fertilizer (NH 4 NO 3 ) into sea in order to quickly catch large quantity of fish. However, it is tremendously destructive to coral reefs. It is estimated that more than 53% of Indonesia’s coral reefs in Indonesia have been threatened by destructive fishing including blast fishing. Particularly, in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, more than 75% of fishermen are practicing this fishing method. My research focus is on technological and socio-cultural aspects of blast fishermen society in an island within the Spermonde archipelago. Using participant observation, I looked at the society to observe how deep the practice of blast fishing is rooted in their cultures, beliefs, and political economy. I also conducted interviews with fishermen, government officers, and fish traders. By doing so, I tried to understand how the blast fishermen perceived themselves and others, how they dealt with the power of the state, and how they responded to the global economy. Finally, I examined fishermen’s opinions on the sustainability of their maritime resources including coral reefs and fish stocks. It seems that their awareness of environmental issues had no impact to their daily life. The desire to achieve economic gain and modernization overcame their desire for resource sustainability. Even though 4 they knew the negative impact of blast fishing practice in the long run, they continued it because they are “greedy.” Actually, exposure to the nearby city of Makassar’s modern life combined with a lack of formal education plunges them into a greediness situation in which they have only limited alternatives available with which to participate in the material consumption that surrounds them. The high demand from global markets for fish attracts them to use short-cuts in fishing. Moreover, the lack of law enforcement contributes the continuity of this practice. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Gene Ammarell Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology 5 The highest dedication is for my both moms: Muslichatin and Dyah Suprobowaty. You are my inspiration! 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As I finished this thesis, I would like to acknowledge the people and institutions which contributed to helping me finish this research. First, I would like to give my highest gratitude to the Ford Foundation International Fellowship Program (IFP) and Southeast Asian Studies Program of Ohio University. The Ford Foundation generously awarded me a scholarship to pursue a master degree at Ohio University; Southeast Asian Studies kindly awarded me a travel grant to conduct a field research for this thesis in summer 2007. Secondly, I would like to thank my academic adviser as well as my thesis chair, Gene Ammarell, who gave me a lot of academic support and assistance. To all my thesis committee members: Muhammad Iqbal Djawad from the Marine Center at Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, who provided me research assistance and advise, and Yeong-Hyun Kim who patiently read every single paragraph of my thesis and give me feedback. I will not forget all the people on the islands of Kodingareng, Barang Lompo, Balobaloang, and Sumanga who were willing to share their underground activities with me. Without their openness, it would have been impossible for me to write this thesis. Special thanks to Bukhari, my research assistant, who helped immeasurably in connecting me to important persons in the blast fishermen society. In addition, I would also like to thank student activists from HMI-MPO and Inninawa in Makassar who provided me warm space for discussions. To my colleague, Ridwan Alimuddin, who offered me preliminary information of blast fishing activities. 7 I extend my thanks to all of my friends at Ohio University who gave me friendship and warm discussions. From the bottom of my heart, I would like to honor my “thesis partner”, Lauri Hlavacs, with whom I share many readings and ideas; to Ryoko for being the best company at the Donkey café while I was writing this thesis, thanks for translating Japanese references! To my editors: Patricia Black, Molly Roth, and all people in writing center at Alden library. Special appreciation for Talinn Phillips (the director of writing center), who did a research on my English writing. Your interviews encouraged me to keep writing. Finally, to two others trio-Ford, Farid and Sandra: “We started together, and finally, graduated together!” Last but not least, to all PERMIAS (Indonesian Student Association) members whom I cannot mention one-by-one, a thousand thanks for being the warmest family in Athens. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract 3 Acknowledgments 6 List of Tables 12 List of Figures 13 List of Pictures 14 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER 2: COASTAL RESOURCES AS THE COMMONS 20 A. The Idea of Common Property 20 B. Conflicts of the Commons 22 CHAPTER 3: FISHERIES AND COASTAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA 28 A. Fisheries Development in Indonesia 28 B. Coral Reef Management 32 C. Destructive Fishing in Indonesia 37 CHAPTER 4: HISTORY OF BLAST FISHING IN INDONESIA 40 A. Blast Fishing Practice in the Colonial Era 40 B. Blast Fishing After Independence 42 C. Contemporary Blast Fishing Practices 43 CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODS AND STUDY AREA 45 A. Research Methods 45 9 B. Research Location 47 a). Spermonde Archipelago 47 b). Kodingareng Lompo 51 CHAPTER 6: BLAST FISHING IN KODINGARENG LOMPO 54 A. Creating an ANFO Bomb 55 a). Ammonium nitrate fertilizer (as munitions powder) 55 b). Kerosene (minyak tanah) 56 c). Detonator (lopis/lucis/dopis) 57 d). Water proof wick (sumbu) 57 e). Weight (laddo) 58 f). Bottle 59 g). Bomb cap (tomba) 59 h). Igniter/lighter (Ju'ju) 60 B. Procedure for Making Bombs 60 B. Fishing Boats 62 a). Perahu (larger motor boat) 62 b). Jolloro’/jolor (mid-size motorized fishing boat) 63 c). Lépa-lépa (small size outrigger boat) 63 D. Operating Blast Fishing 65 a). Preparation on the Main Boat 66 1. Pandega/kep (captain) 67 2. Patula’/pakaca (observer) 68 10 3. Pa'tunu (igniter) 68 4. Pabise (paddler) 69 5. Paguling (helmsman) 69 6. Paselang (diver) 69 7. Bas (machine technician) 70 b). Operating Bombs using the Lépa-lépa 71 E. Encountering Police Patrols 75 F. Fishing Grounds 76 G. Rumpon/rompong (Fish Aggregation Device/FAD) 76 H. Fishing Time 78 I. Blast Fishing Risks 79 J. Fish Captured 81 CHAPTER 7: SOCIETY OF THE BLAST FISHERMEN COMMUNITY 83 A. Patron-client Relationship in the Blast Fishermen Groups 83 a). Case: Life a Young Juragang 87 b). Case: Life of a Sawi 90 B. The Religious and Cultural Values 93 Pilgrimage to Mecca (haji) 98 C. The Role of Women 101 D. Blast Fishermen Relationship with other Fishermen 103 a). Blast Fishermen and Line Fishermen 103 b. Blast Fishermen and Cyanide Fishermen 104 [...]... practice of blast fishing potentially creates conflicts among fishermen The excessiveness of blast fishing in exploiting the common property of ocean’s resources directs the societies to have “conflict of the commons” (Hardin 1968) Hardin’s analogy of “conflict of the commons” among grazers in taking advantage of limited resources on land is appropriately parallel to the conflicts among fishermen in taking... advantage of ocean’s resources In fact, there have been some conflicts between blast fishermen and non -blast fishermen in the Spermonde archipelago recorded in Ansary (2002) and DFW (2003) 18 My research is based on field work within a blast fishing community who on an island in the Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Doing two month field research in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, I studied the. .. estimates that the regular blast fishing in one area will destroy approximately 50-80% of the coral reef surrounding it In South Sulawesi, especially in the District of Pangkajene Kepulauan, the main cause of the depletion of fish products is coral reefs destruction When the coral reefs are damaged, the fish lose their food and habitat Therefore, the unsustainable fishing practices like blast fishing, cyanide... resources? How deeply are they aware that blast fishing is illegal? What do they think of fishermen who are not blast fishing? What do people think of blast fishermen? How does the social system inform the practice of blast fishing? What is their connection with local and global markets and capital? Do they feel their life has improved? What do they think about government officials and policies? 20... AS THE COMMONS A The Idea of Common Property The idea of common property was discussed by Garet Hardin forty years ago in an influential theory regarding natural resource management In his article The Tragedy of Commons,” Hardin (1968) introduced the concept of the commons,” where people tend to exploit natural resources excessively due to their desire to fulfill their personal interests As Hardin... Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north -south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands signed at Tordesillas, Spain on June 7, 1494 (Davenport 1917) 22 fishermen in villages in Southern Thailand who had common fishing grounds had a common agreement over fishing their fishing areas They had an agreement of nonfishing areas within the inside edge of. .. As part of South Sulawesi, the Spermonde archipelago has long been inhabited by maritime cultures in Indonesia: Makassar, Bugis, and Mandar I wanted to more closely examine the islanders’ particular culture in contrast to the urban culture on the mainland where there are greater influences from other non-local cultures Finally, I analyzed how deeply the blast fishing practice is rooted in the culture... 2002, p 35) Fishermen then mix the bomb material with kerosene in the bottle and ignite it by using waterproof fuses A simpler bomb is created by placing matches in a bottle connected outside by a small wick Fishermen will explode the ‘bottle bomb’ once they have gotten close to the school of fish by lightning the wick and then throwing it directly into the school The impact of this kind of bomb is... for fishing, they reduced the cost required for fishing, reduced the amount of work, and reduced the number of fishing trips However, it increased the number of fish they caught With the US$1-2 cost of building a bomb, it may give them a catch when market value is US$14-40 (Briggs, 2003) That is why, even though it is illegal, many fishermen keep practicing this method However, in the long run, the practice... environmental problems in the long run The practice of blast fishing not only kills schools of fish but also kills coral reefs surrounding the detonation site The massive destruction of coral reefs damaged by bombs in Indonesia had been reported by Briggs (2003) He estimates that more than 53% of Indonesia s coral reefs are threatened by destructive fishing including fish bombing Citing from Chou (2000) . Illegal but Common: Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of. Common: Life of Blast Fishermen in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia (144 pp.) Director of Thesis: Gene Ammarell Blast fishing is fishing method practiced by throwing a bomb. Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Doing two month field research in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, I studied the strange life of destructive fishermen. I interviewed fishermen, fish businessmen,

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Mục lục

  • ABSTRACT

  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  • LIST OF TABLES

  • LIST OF FIGURES

  • LIST OF PICTURES

  • CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

  • CHAPTER 2: COASTAL RESOURCES AS THE COMMONS

    • A. The Idea of Common Property

    • B. Conflicts of the Commons

    • CHAPTER 3: FISHERIES AND COASTAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA

      • A. Fisheries Development in Indonesia

      • B. Coral Reef Management

      • C. Destructive Fishing in Indonesia

      • CHAPTER 4: HISTORY OF BLAST FISHING IN INDONESIA

        • A. Blast Fishing Practice in the Colonial Era

        • B. Blast Fishing After Independence

        • C. Contemporary Blast Fishing Practices

        • CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH METHODS AND STUDY AREA

          • A. Research Methods

          • B. Research Location

            • a). Spermonde Archipelago

            • b). Kodingareng Lompo

            • CHAPTER 6: BLAST FISHING IN KODINGARENG LOMPO

              • A. Creating an ANFO Bomb

                • a). Ammonium nitrate fertilizer (as munitions powder)

                • b). Kerosene (minyak tanah)

                • c). Detonator (lopis/lucis/dopis)

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