International low impact development conference china 2016 LID applications in sponge city projects

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Applications in Sponge City Construction Proceedings of the International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 EDITED BY Haifeng Jia, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE; Shaw L Yu, Ph.D.; Robert Traver, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE; Huapeng Qin, Ph.D.; Junqi Li, Ph.D.; and Mike Clar, P.E., D.WRE Beijing, China June 26–29, 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE CHINA 2016 LID APPLICATIONS IN SPONGE CITY PROJECTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE CHINA 2016 June 26–29, 2016 Beijing, China SPONSORED BY Chinese Civil Engineering Society Chinese Water Industry Society Chinese Academy of Engineering—Division of Civil, Hydraulic, and Architecture Engineering Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE EDITED BY Haifeng Jia, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Shaw L Yu, Ph.D Robert Traver, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE Huapeng Qin, Ph.D Junqi Li, Ph.D Mike Clar, P.E., D.WRE Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE The materials are for general information only and not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S Patent and Trademark Office Photocopies and permissions Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481042 Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Civil Engineers All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-0-7844-8104-2 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America Front cover: The editors would like to thank the Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning & Design Institute for its permission for using the cover photo International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved The 2016 International Low Impact Development (LID) Conference was successfully held at the China National Conference Center in Beijing, China during June 26-29, 2016 The conference brought together experts and scholars from more than 23 countries and regions to Beijing, China A total of nearly 800 papers were submitted, of which 576, through rounds of peer reviews, were selected and presented at the conference There were topical tracks, special sessions and keynote presentations The major theme of the conference was theory and practice of LID and green infrastructure (GI) application, which provided timely and valuable information for the implementation of the “Sponge City” projects, a major urban water management initiative, in China The conference papers were reviewed by members of the program committee and selected authors were invited to submit their papers for possible publication in the ASCE Proceedings Manuscripts submitted were reviewed by proceeding editors listed below: Haifeng Jia, Tsinghua University Shaw L Yu, University of Virginia Robert Traver, Villanova University Huapeng Qin, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Junqi Li, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Mike Clar, Ecosite Inc The papers approved for inclusion in the Proceedings are grouped into the following major tracks:  LID and Urban Planning & Design  LID/GI Research & Development  Urban Water Infrastructure System Design & Optimization  LID/GI Practices – Case Studies and Recent Advances Acknowledgements We acknowledge the sponsorship and financial support provided for the conference Efforts by all the authors, editors and assistance by EWRI and the ASCE Publications are greatly appreciated © ASCE iii International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Urban Hydrology and Water Systems Temporal and Spatial Variations of Extreme Precipitation and Flood Thresholds in Qinghe Basin in Beijing, China Li Lu, Xuebiao Pan, Lizhen Zhang, and Xingyao Pan The Effects of Low Impact Development Practices on Urban Stormwater Management 12 Na Li, Qian Yu, Jing Wang, and Xiaohe Du The Impact of Focused Recharge with LID Devices on Groundwater Dynamics and Water Quality under Natural Rainfall Conditions 21 Zhonghua Jia, Qing Xu, Wan Luo, and Shuangcheng Tang Assessment of Stormwater Management and Storage Capacity for Urban Green Space in Shanghai City 27 Bingqin Yu, Shengquan Che, and Jiankang Guo Index System of Urban Rainwater Collection and Utilization in Beijing City under Low Impact Development 37 Anping Shu, Xing Zhou, Donglian Kong, Lu Tian, and Li Huang Verification of the Effectiveness of BMP Techniques in a Long Time Period Using Trend Analysis 45 Zijing Liu and Yuntao Guan Application of LID Attribute Index Evaluation Method in the Design of Urban Stormwater Control 57 Jiangyun Li, Wang Sheng, Qing Chang, and Yi Zhou Comparative Analysis of Different Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods Used in a Raingarden in Auckland, New Zealand 66 Tingting Hao, Asaad Shamseldin, Keith Adams, and Bruce Melville Concurrent Potential for Flooding Risk Reduction of Decentralized Rainwater Management System 76 Donggeun Kwak, Minju Lee, Soyoung Baek, and Mooyoung Han Urban Runoff Simulation and Analysis Modeling of Streamflow in an Underdrain System of Vegetated Dry Swales 85 Sidian Chen, Huapeng Qin, and Shuxiao Li © ASCE iv International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Stochastic Long Time Series Rainfall Generation Method 92 Yi Zhou, Yu Shang, Jiangyun Li, and Qiufeng Tang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Effects of Low Impact Development Practices on the Mitigation of Nutrient Pollution in Deep Bay, China 100 Sidian Chen, Mingfeng Zheng, Huapeng Qin, and Xueran Li Modeling of Bioretention Systems’ Hydrologic Performance: A Case Study in Beijing 108 Meishui Li, Xiaohua Yang, Lei Chen, and Zhenyao Shen Estimating Water Quality Capture Volume for LID Designs Using a Mechanical Wash-Off Model 118 Qi Zhang, Fang Yang, and Zhijie Zhao Distribution Analysis for Non-Point Source Pollution Control Programs Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis Methods 126 Zijing Liu and Yuntao Guan Study on Spatial Characteristics and Load of Urban Non-Point Source Pollution Based on Geostatistical Model .137 Sheng Xie, Kai Yang, Yong Peng Lyu, Chen Zhang, Yue Che, and Lei Ding Rainfall-Storage-Pump-Discharge (RSPD) Model for Sustainable and Resilient Flood Mitigation 152 Duc Canh Nguyen and Moo Young Han Runoff Characteristics on LID Combination Type in the New Development Site Using XPSWMM 162 Donggeun Kwak, Hyunwoo Kim, and Mooyoung Han Runoff LID Control Technology Isolation and Characterization of a PYR-Degrading Bacterial Consortium for Bioaugmentation in Bioretention Systems 172 Dongqi Wang, Zhangjie Yang, Jiaqi Shan, Enyu Liu, Guodong Chai, Chan Li, Xiaohua Lin, Wen Dong, Huaien Li, and Jiake Li Evaluation of the Effects of Low Impact Development on Base Flow in an Urbanized Watershed Using HSPF .179 Qi Zhang, Zhijie Zhao, and Huapeng Qin Groundwater Replenishment Analysis of Rainfall Collected via an Ecological Detention Facility .186 Fengqing Guo, Yuntao Guan, and Tanaka Hiroaki © ASCE v International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Reinvent of a New Public Toilet Wastewater Treatment System Using Forward Osmosis as the Key Unit: A Resources Close-Loop Model in Urban LID 194 Yangyu Xu, Lu Zhou, and Qibo Jia LID-Based Ecological Planting Groove for Road Runoff Purification Research 204 Xuexin Liu, Xueping Chen, Shaoyong Lu, Xinzhu Xiong, Shuohan Gao, and Yaping Kong Green Building and Green Roofs How to Construct Green Roofs on the Tops of Existing Buildings: A Case Study in Shanghai 214 Tianqing Luo, Yining Su, and Libin Chen Behavior of Soil Moisture in a Retentive Green Roof System .223 Saerom Yoon, Juyoung Lee, and Mooyoung Han Impact Study of Thermal Environment on Integration of Extensive Green Roof Techniques in Northwestern Arid Regions of China 231 Yajun Wang, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Dafang Fu, and Junyu Zhang Sponge Cities and Landscapes Traditional Pattern of Mountain-Water-City and Its Contemporary Enlightenment: Changshou District of Chongqing as a Case 241 Lu Guo Landscape-Scale Simulation Analysis of Waterlogging and Sponge City Planning for a Central Urban Area in Fuzhou City, China 251 Shaoqing Dai, Jiajia Li, Shudi Zuo, Yin Ren, and Huixian Jiang Adaptation to Water: A Study on Bamboo Landscape System with Low Impact Development 261 Renwu Wu, Jun Zheng, Yan Shi, Fan Yang, and Zhiyi Bao A Balance of Landscape Architectural Planning and Design among Antiterrorism Concern with Nature, Cultural, or Socio-Economic Ecosystem Services 267 Kaitai Lin Case Studies Optimization Study of Urban Stormwater Runoff Control BMPs Scheme Based on SUSTAIN 278 Yifan Zeng, Xiaodong Long, Zimu Jia, Weihua Zeng, and Jianbin Shi © ASCE vi International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Comparison of Stormwater Management in the Community Park between China and Singapore: A Case Study of Hillside Eco Park and Crescent and Pioneer Hall 289 Mo Wang, Dong Qing Zhang, Ya Wang, Jin Su, Jian Wen Dong, and Soon Keat Tan Effects of Land Use and Rainfall Characteristics on River Pollutions: A Case Study of Xili Reservoir Watershed in Shenzhen, China 304 Lixun Zhang, Bo Zhao, and Yuntao Guan Low Impact Stormwater Management Development at Rutgers University 318 Seth Richter, Christian Roche, and Qizhong Guo Sponge City Construction and Management Strategies Low Impact Thinking of the Spongy City Construction in Built-Up Areas from the Perspective of Sustainable Urban Design .328 Xili Han, Wenqiang Zhao, Linus Zhang, and Peter Siostrom Challenges and Future Improvements to China’s Sponge City Construction .339 Hong Wang, Xiaotao Cheng, Li Man, Na Li, Jing Wang, and Qian Yu A CFD-Based Level Sensor Location Optimization Method for Overflow Discharge Estimation in CSOs 352 Hexiang Yan, Kangqian Zhao, Gislain Lipeme Kouyi, Tao Tao, Kunlun Xin, and Shuping Li Value and Rational Use of Landform Resources in Low Impact Development .363 Dehua Mao, Wen Liu, and Min Yang The Application of Adaptive Design Strategies in Urban Green Stormwater Infrastructure Development 372 Wei Zhang, Jack Ahern, and Xiaoming Liu Hydrologic Design and Economic Benefit Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Shanghai, China 381 Shouhong Zhang and Xueer Jing A New Approach to Urban Water Environment Protection: Leasing Mode and Its Risk Management of Urban Rivers and Lakes Pollution Control Projects under Public-Private Partnership Model 390 Zhixuan Wu, Lu Zhou, Yi Zhou, and You Zhou © ASCE vii International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Temporal and Spatial Variations of Extreme Precipitation and Flood Thresholds in Qinghe Basin in Beijing, China Li Lu1; Xuebiao Pan2; Lizhen Zhang3; and Xingyao Pan4 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Agricultural Meteorological Dept., College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture Univ., P.O Box 100193, Yuanmingyuan Xi Rd No 2, Haidian District, Beijing; Dept of Beijing East-to-West Water Diversion Project, Beijing Water Authorities Bureau, P.O Box 100192, Qinghe Rd No 189, Haidian District, Beijing E-mail: lillylug@163.com Agricultural Meteorological Dept., College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture Univ., P.O Box 100193, Yuanmingyuan Xi Rd No 2, Haidian District, Beijing (corresponding author) E-mail: panxb@cau.edu.cn Agricultural Meteorological Dept., College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agriculture Univ., P.O Box 100193, Yuanmingyuan Xi Rd No 2, Haidian District, Beijing Email: zhanglizhen@cau.edu.cn Beijing Water Sciences and Technology Institute, P.O Box10004, Chegongzhuang Xi Rd No 21, Haidian District, Beijing E-mail: 041087@163.com ABSTRACT Extreme weather frequently causes torrential rains and flooding in modern cities, e.g., Beijing, which are much sensitive and fragile to flooding disasters because of high population density In this study, we aimed to quantify the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme precipitation in Qinghe Basin in Beijing and to develop optimal flood management thresholds by using precipitation records from 1986 to 2014 in two sites of the region The time that maximum precipitation occurs in a year differed temporally and spatially and mainly concentrated in July and August Extreme precipitation amount covered 41.7% of total precipitation in a month during flood season Rain days of rainstorms were on average 1.7 d and 87% of them concentrated in July and August and were more in upstream than that in downstream Precipitation intensity (SDII) during flood season was on average 11.7 mm d1 and highest (15.1 mm d1) in July SDII during critical flood control period increased in upstream during recent 30 years and implied a high flood risk in the future The spatial distribution of precipitation intensity was significantly different Our results at basin level would help city authorities designing optimal flood control constructions, drainage facilities, and warning systems KEY WORDS: climate variation; flood control; precipitation intensity; rain events; urban area INTRODUCTION Meteorological and secondary disasters happened frequently due to the extreme weather under climate change in the world especially during 21 century Under climate change, the maximum of total precipitation and extreme rain events from 1950 to 2014 occurred in 1990s and 2000s, and the extreme rain events would continuously increase according to the report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014) Since meteorological disasters cause significant social and economic losses, governments, civil societies, organizations and the public therefore pay great concern to the managements of the disasters for the alleviation of the negative influences of climate changes Extreme weathers frequently cause torrential rains and flooding in modern cities, e.g Beijing © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 and Shanghai, which are more sensitive and fragile to flooding disasters because of high population density The average annual cost of natural disasters was 200 to 400 billion Yuans from 1949 to 1989 and gradually increased due to the climate changes The safety of big cities, including managements, lives and properties, is greatly threatened by seeping in streets, rainwater intrusion into underground facilities and other damages caused by extreme precipitation events “Metropolis Disease” due to extreme precipitations were frequently reported by public media For example, a heavy rain of 170 mm in one day, with a maximum precipitation of 541 mm in Hebeizhen in Fangshan District, attacked Beijing on July 21, 2012, which broke a historical record of single rain station in Beijing Nearly 600 million m3 rainwater concentrated in a 2000 km2 area in Fangshan District during 10 hours, which equaled that the Kunming Lake in Summer Palace was poured down once every minutes The highest rainstorm warning grade with “Orange Degree” and “Level II” of Flood Control Emergency were announced The direct economic losses were as high as 11.8 billion Yuan, and 119.28 million populations were greatly affected Total 9.48 million people were transferred to safe regions in emergency, and 79 people were died during this terrible event More than 10 thousands of houses collapsed, 940 enterprises were discontinued, and 361 kilometers embankments were damaged The huge losses from this extreme precipitation event were partially due to the limitation knowledge on the relationship between extreme rain and flood occurrence in a big city Temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation intensity in relation to the land use types and population density would significantly affect the alarm threshold However, such important studies are lagged Average annual rainstorm days in China showed a slight but not significant increasing trend in the past half century (Zhi et al., 2006; Min and Qian, 2008; Feng et al., 2008; Zou et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010) The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation over total rainfall events increased in most of China, while the rainfall days tended to be decreasing, and annual rainstorm days slightly increased with high differences in temporal and spatial distribution (Zhai et al., 2005; Wang and Zhai, 2008) Heavy rainfall in summer reduced in the north of China (Wang and Yan, 2009) The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events decreased in North China (Alexander et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2012) The frequency of precipitations during 1954 to 2006 reduced in North China; however, that of heavy rain did not too (Tu et al., 2010) The extreme precipitation intensity and frequency of big cities in north of China were increased more than in surrounding agricultural areas (Wang and Zhai, 2009) Although the extreme precipitation amount, days and intensity in Beijing showed a downward trend from 1981 to 2010 (You et al (2009), the highest precipitation intensity occurred in 2012 That implies increased variations of precipitations in Beijing, thus, it is necessary to explore the temporal and spatial variations of precipitations in relation to flood control based on the capability of flood discharges at a basin level The objectives of this study therefore were to (a) quantify the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme precipitations with frequency, amount and intensity in the basin of Qinghe River in north of Beijing city, where is one of four rivers in the capital urban center with a drainage area of 175 km2, a length of 28.7 km, an elevation range from 24.4 m to 500.3 m, and a stream length of 23.7 km; and (b) develop an extreme precipitation threshold (index) for the flood control of Beijing city in relation to the real basin situation, in which the hydraulic structures and embankment of Qinghe River are 20 years of flood recurrence period Considering natural and social factors, the study would help to design an optimal construction of Sponge Cities and provide scientific support to emergency warning and response activities © ASCE International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Based on the daily rainfall data of Shanghai from 1984 to 2013 and properties of the specific sit, with a runoff coefficient of 0.9 and first flush depths of mm, Eqs (1)—(3) were coded into a spreadsheet and used to simulate the hydrologic operation of rainwater harvesting systems under different water demand scenarios Given the continuous simulation results, Eqs (4)—(10) were employed to calculate the performance index and to provide detail insights of performances for different storage unit sizes under different water demand scenarios Fig shows the performances for different storage sizes when collected rainwater is only used for toilet flushing Overall, higher stormwater capture efficiency, tap water replacement rate, and water supply reliability may be obtained with larger storage unit sizes However, beyond a size of about 70 m3, further increases in storage capacity only translate to marginal increases in stormwater management and tap water saving performances Benefit-cost rate increases with storage capacity when the storage capacity is between 0~10 m3, and reaches the highest value of 2.1 when storage capacity is about 10 m3 But when the storage capacity is larger than 10 m3, the benefit-cost rate decreases and drops to the critical point (1.0) at the storage capacity of about 80 m3 It indicates that the economically feasible storage capacity under this demand scenario should be a value less than 80 m3, and the economically optimal design storage capacity under this scenario is about 10 m3 Figure Performances of RHS with different storage unit sizes (toilet flushing only) The performances for different storage sizes under the other two water demand scenarios can be found in Figs and Similar analysis about the stormwater management and water saving performances and economic benefits can be carried out as showed in the previous paragraph For the water damand scenario of lawn irrigation only, beyond a size of about 50 m3, further increases in storage capacity only translate to marginal increases in stormwater management and water saving performances, and the economically feasible and optimal storage unit sizes are 3.2 m3 per day), as well as the relatively small contributing roof area (1000 m2) For a rainwater harvesting system with larger contributing roof areas and smaller water demand rate, the stormwater capture efficiency is expected to drop while the water supply reliablility and tap water replacement rate will be increasesd Opposite features can be found in Fig 3, the stormwater capture efficiency stays around 50% when size of storage unit increases from 60 to 400 m3, however, the water supply reliablility and tap water replacement rate may reach 100% when the storage unit size is larger than 200 m3 It is mainly caused by the relatively small water demand rate (