International low impact development conference 2018 getting in tune with green infrastructure

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Getting In Tune with Green Infrastructure Proceedings of the International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Nashville, Tennessee | August 12–15, 2018 Edited by Jon Hathaway, Ph.D., P.E Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 2018 GETTING IN TUNE WITH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 2018 August 12–15, 2018 Nashville, Tennessee SPONSORED BY Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Jon Hathaway, Ph.D., P.E Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE The materials are for general information only and not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S Patent and Trademark Office Photocopies and permissions Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481783 Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engineers All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-0-7844-8178-3 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved The International Low Impact Development Conference was held in Nashville, Tennessee, in August of 2018 The Proceedings presented here represent a portion of the timely, innovative, and diverse content that was presented at the conference The theme for this event was “Getting in Tune with Green Infrastructure,” so in addition to sessions focused on research, case studies, and municipal challenges, we highlighted the social aspects of stormwater management Sessions associated with this topic included ways to educate, engage, and incorporate the public in our design and management programs The 2018 LID Conference also included a number of “special sessions” proposed by the community to allow participant input into the conference program on topics that might be overlooked by the planning committee We are excited at the continued interest and growth in Low Impact Development globally, we hope that these proceedings provide the in-depth information that you are looking for and look forward to seeing you at the next LID conference in 2019! Acknowledgments Preparation and planning are the key to a successfully executed conference, so we would like to recognize the hard work of the Conference Steering Committee and also others that are not mentioned here Conference Chair Rebecca Dohn Metro Water Services, Nashville, TN Conference Co-Chair Crystal Bishop Tennessee Stormwater Association Technical Program Chair Jon Hathaway University of Tennessee Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technical Program Vice Chair Gale Fulton University of Tennessee, School of Landscape Architecture Local Host Chair Jennifer Watson Tennessee Stormwater Association © ASCE iii International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Committee Members Michael Clar, Tetra Tech James Lenhart, Contech Engineered Solutions Brian Bledsoe, University of Georgia Robert Traver, Villanova University Scott Struck, Geosyntec Consultants Finally, we acknowledge and thank the staff of the EWRI of ASCE, who, in the end, make it all happen Director, EWRI Brian K Parsons, M.ASCE Technical Manager, EWRI Barbara Whitten Conference Manager Mark Gable Conference Coordinator Nicole Erdelyi Sponsorship and Exhibit Sales Manager Sean Scully Registrar Susan Dunne Conference Scientific Committee Technical Program Chair: Jon Hathaway, University of Tennessee, Department of Civil Engineering Technical Program Vice-Chair: Gale Fulton, University of Tennessee, School of Landscape Architecture Bram Barth, Lose and Associates, Inc Eban Bean, University of Florida Brian Bledsoe, University of Georgia Robert Brown, Ecological Planning Group Ted Brown, Biohabitats Kathlie Bulloch, City of Houston, Texas Karina Bynum, TDEC Water Resources Michael Clar, Ecosite, Inc Jane Clary, Wright Water Engineers Brad Collett, University of Tennessee, Knoxville © ASCE iv International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Rebecca Dohn, City of Nashville, Tennessee Jay Dorsey, Ohio State University Hunter Freeman, WithersRavenel Kathy Gee, Longwood University Robert Goo, US Environmental Protection Agency Ruth Hocker, City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania Bill Hunt, North Carolina State University Mikael Isensee, Washington Conservation District, Minnesota Anand Jayakaran, Washington State University Matthew Jones, Hazen and Sawyer James Lenhart, Contech Engineered Solutions Keith Lichten, California Environmental Protection Agency Kelly Lindow, CityScape Engineering Bill Lord, North Carolina State University Andrea Ludwig, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Susan McCrary, Metropolitan St Louis Sewer District Trisha Moore, Kansas State University Elodie Passeport, University of Toronto Holly Piza, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District, Denver, Colorado Saya Qualls, Hazen and Sawyer Andrew Reese, Wood Group Amy Rowe, Rutgers University David Sample, Virginia Polytechnic Institute John Schwartz, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee David Smith, Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute Jonathan Smith, Tetra Tech Scott Struck, Geosyntec Consultants Robert Traver, Villanova University Steven Trinkaus, Trinkaus Engineering LLC Harris Trobman, University of the District of Columbia Bridget Wadzuk, Villanova University Ryan Winston, Ohio State University Jason Wright, Tetra Tech © ASCE v International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Contents Using a Compact Ceramic System to Filter Raw Water in Iraq: Challenges and Opportunities Riyadh J M Al Saadi and Ahmed Jalil Al-Bayati Water Quality Target Assessment Using LID TTT for Better SWM Designs in Ontario Steve Auger, Tim Van Seters, Amanjot Singh, and John Antoszek A 17-Year Performance Evaluation of a LID Subdivision 18 Michael Clar Decentralized Low Impact Development (LID) Practices Addressing the Security of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus 30 Marina Batalini de Macedo, César Ambrogi Ferreira Lago, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, and Marcio Hofheinz Giacomoni The Effects of Climate Change on Low Impact Development (LID) Performance—A Case of Study in Sao Carlos, Brazil 40 César Ambrogi Ferreira Lago, Marina Batalini de Macedo, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, and Marcio Hofheinz Giacomoni Precast Concrete and LID: A Super Bowl-Size Case Study 46 Claude Goguen Assessment and Determinants of Residential Satisfaction with Sponge-Style Old Community Renewal: A Case Study in Zhenjiang, China 51 Tiantian Gu, Dezhi Li, and Yanqing Wang pH Profiles around Pervious Concrete in Fresh Water 64 Qin Qian, Fernando Aleman, Hayden Rice, Andre Trottier, Liv Haselbach, and Harley Myler Deicer Impacts on Pervious Concrete Specimens: Phase IIa; Split Tensile Testing 71 L Haselbach, N Almeida, and M Ross Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Hydraulic Conductivity, Snow Depth, and Soil Properties of a Bioretention System 81 Alwish Ranjith John Gnanaraj and Jennifer Drake Laboratory Study on the Performance of Bioretention for Stormwater Management in Cold Climates 90 Hannah Kratky, Zhan Li, Xiangfei Li, and Tong Yu © ASCE vi International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Experimental and Model Study of Road-Bioretention System 101 Xiaoning Li, Xing Fang, Junqi Li, Jianlong Wang, Nannan Tu, Qingzhu Yang, Pengshu Li, and Yongwei Gong Analysis of Low Impact Development Using Continuous Simulation Hydrologic Modeling 110 Patrick L McMahon, Clive L Sorhaindo, and William K Barry Towards Dual Thinking of Ecology: Raingardens Design in Northern China 119 Xiaoying Meng, Can Wang, and Yubo Zou Memoir of a Reviewer: The Basics 125 Maria E Price Water Energy Nexus in the United States and Saudi Arabia Low Impact Development 130 Tony Rizk and Mary Rizk Monitoring Infiltration Movement through the Soil Profile in Urban Rain Gardens 140 Matina Shakya, Robert Traver, and Bridget Wadzuk Community Land Trusts: An Emerging Case Study in Ripple-Effect Infrastructure Economics 149 Jeremy Stand, Blaine Stand, Tara Stand, and Petr Stand Community Land Trusts: A New Model for Urban Equity and Environmental Resilience 159 Jeremy Stand, Blaine Stand, Tara Stand, and Petr Stand Improving the Design of Curb Openings in Green Stormwater Infrastructure 168 Sarah Stoolmiller, Ali Ebrahimian, Bridget M Wadzuk, and Stephen White Investigating the Impacts of Green Roofs’ Vegetation Properties on Their Function in Controlling Urban Runoffs 176 Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli Enhancing the Functionality of Pervious Concrete Pavements through Design and Maintenance 184 Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli Canadian Low Impact Development Retrofit Approaches: A 21st-Century Stormwater Management Paradigm 193 W R Trenouth and W K Vander Linden Understanding the Roles of Biodiversity and Functional Diversity in Provision of Co-Benefits by Stormwater Biofilter Plant Communities 203 B K Winfrey, E G I Payne, and R F Ambrose © ASCE vii International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Novel Irrigation Technologies for Urban Landscaping 213 Wei Zhang, Uriel Akiva, and Hailing Yang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Performance Evaluation of Combined LID Facilities on Runoff Reduction—A Case of Taipei Tech Campus in Taiwan 223 Chi-Feng Chen, Jen-Yang Lin, Chia-Chun Ho, and Chao-Ting Kuo LID Practices for Reservoir Water Quality Management: Case Studies in Taiwan 230 Jen-Yang Lin, Shyh-fang Kang, Wen-Yi Wei, and Shaw L Yu © ASCE viii International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Using a Compact Ceramic System to Filter Raw Water in Iraq: Challenges and Opportunities Riyadh J M Al Saadi, Ph.D.1; and Ahmed Jalil Al-Bayati, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE2 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Lecturer, Dept of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kerbala Univ., Iraq E-mail: riyadhsmz@gmail.com Assistant Professor, Kimmel School of Construction Management, Western Carolina Univ., Cullowhee, NC 28723, U.S E-mail: ajalbayati@wcu.edu ABSTRACT Filtering of raw water for drinking purposes is limited in rural areas in Iraq The limitation is mainly due to technical and logistical difficulties of the traditional method, as well as high initial and operation costs Therefore, a less complicated system is needed to overcome this problem As a result, a laboratory size compact ceramic system has been designed, constructed, and extensively tested The system mainly consists of a reservoir and two modules of rotating ceramic discs The discs have been made from red clay, sawdust, and water The laboratory results suggest the proposed system could be used in water filtration This system can be continuously operated with a constant flow rate and does not need the primary sedimentation water tanks that are typically used in the traditional method The proposed system can be manufactured with different filtration capacities to satisfy the needs of the served areas; however, a large filtration capacity system has not been tested previously A large capacity filtration system could help humanitarian aid organizations and military units since it is easy to transport and install The study discusses the design and cost of manufacturing large capacity systems, and compares the finding with traditional filtration systems This study also reviews the potential advantages of using the proposed system in rural areas in Iraq, as well as the challenges INTRODUCTION Most rural regions in the world suffer from deficient water The availability of potable water is a challenge in most rural and remote regions due to the fact that there are no existing traditional water treatment systems (TWTS) in these areas Traditional water treatment systems that use surface water are usually fixed and expensive to build and maintain These plants consist of the following components: surface water steel intake structure, sedimentation tank, filtration tank, alum mixer and tank (i.e., flocculating tank), and chlorination system, see Picture Several studies have been carried out to improve current filtration systems, as well as propose new systems Al-Kathily (2014), for example, conducted an empirical study aimed to eliminate sedimentation phase from TWTS Al-Kathily built a laboratory direct filtration unit that includes four main units: an axial flocculating unit, a filtration unit, injection unit for pumping coagulants and clay materials, and a backwashing unit In another study, Mahanna et al (2015) constructed an experimental pilot plant to improve turbidity removal and developed a simple regression model between turbidity and the sand filter’s depth The results of the proposed model showed a good correlation (r2 = 0.88) within the observed data, indicating that the most significant parameters that affect turbidity are sand media depth and filtration rate © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 california.html?_r=0 15 NIrappil F California regulators hope fines up to $500 deter water waste during state’s severe drought FOX News July 9, 2014 Available from: http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/07/09/california-regulators-hope-fines-up-to-500-deterwater- waste-during-state/ 16 ABC30News Federal meteorologist: California years away from running out of water July 8, 2014 Available from: http://abc30.com/news/federal-meteorologist-california-2-yearsaway-from-running-out-of-water/168870/ 17 YahooNews Dry as a Bone: Lake Mead’s H2O Situation Just Got a Whole Lot Worse July 16, 2014 Available from: http://news.yahoo.com/dry-bone-lake-meads-h2o-situation-justgot-132345544.html 18 takepart California’s Drought Will Cost $2.2 Billion and 17,000 Jobs This Year, but2015 Could Be Worse July 15, 2014 Available from: http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/07/15/californias-drought-will-cost-22-billion-and17000- jobs-year-2015-could-be-worse 19 Cox W North Carolina–Virginia Conflict: The Lake Gaston Water Transfer Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2007;133(5):456-61 doi: doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2007)133:5(456) 20 Burden D Nursery Trees Profile 2012 [August 16, 2013] Available from: http://www.agmrc.org/commodities products/forestry/nursery-trees-profile/ 21 Average Annual Precipitation by State [Retrieved July 12, 2014] Available from: http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-precipitation.php 22 USDA Quick Stats 2013 [Retrieved July 11, 2014] Available from: http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/results/52648D79-A0C7-3288-8E53-F9B4F8FEA84D 23 Kurn DM, Bretz SE, Huang B, Akbari H The potential for reducing urban air temperatures and energy consumption through vegetative cooling 1994 LBL 35320 Available from: http://www.osti.gov/scitech//servlets/purl/10180633-hLSlld/native/ 24 Huang YJ, Akbari H, Taha H The wind-shielding and shading effects of trees on residential heating and cooling requirements 1990 LBL-24131 25 Akbari H, Kurn DM, Bretz SE, Hanford JW Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees Energy and Buildings 1997;25(2):139-48 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S03787788(96)01003-1 26 Benefits of Trees: International Society of Arboriculture; [Retrieved 2013 December 21] Available from: http://www.treesaregood.com/treecare/resources/benefits_trees.pdf 27 NOAA Drought Information [Retrieved March 25, 2013] Available from: http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Drought 28 Hilaire RS, Arnold MA, Wilkerson DC, Devitt DA, Hurd BH, Lesikar BJ, et al Efficient Water Use in Residential Urban Landscapes HortScience 2008;43(7):2081-92 29 USDA Markets Trade & Policy - Nursery and Floriculture Industries [Retrieved July 12,2014] Available from:http://www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/economics/in_focus/agmarketing_if_flor.html 30 USDA Census of Horticultural Specialties (2014), Volume Special Studies Part 3, AC-12SS-3 31 Mokhtari M, Dehghani M (2012) Swell-shrink behavior of expansive soils, damage and control Electron J Geotech Eng 17:2673–2682 Available from: https://www.ejge.com/2012/Ppr12.225alr.pdf © ASCE 222 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Performance Evaluation of Combined LID Facilities on Runoff Reduction—A Case of Taipei Tech Campus in Taiwan Chi-Feng Chen1; Jen-Yang Lin2 ; Chia-Chun Ho3; and Chao-Ting Kuo4 Dept of Natural Resources, Chinese Culture Univ., Taipei, Taiwan Dept of Civil Engineering, National Taipei Univ of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (corresponding author) E-mail: jylin@ntut.edu.tw Dept of Civil Engineering, National Taipei Univ of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan Dept of Civil Engineering, National Taipei Univ of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved ABSTRACT National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech) in Taipei, Taiwan, gradually modified its campus as an eco-campus since 2000 Several low impact development (LID) facilities were designed and built in the campus In order to assess the performance of the LIDs, flow monitoring was started in 2014 The flow meter was set in a part of the eco-campus to measure the combined performance of permeable pavement, wet detention pond, and biodetention cells The total drainage area is 1.54 There are types of permeable pavements and the different permeable pavements presented high infiltration rate, ranged from 3*10 -7 to 7*10-5 m/s The 22 rainfall events were monitored in 2014 and 2015 The results of site monitoring is for the area with LIDs but no data for the area without LIDs For the reason, the SWMM model was applied and was verified with the observed data The results of the model showed that the combined LIDs could reduce 16.7% of runoff in the scenario of designed storm, which is a return year and 78.8 mm/hr rainfall, the standard of drainage system of Taipei City For a long-term simulation, the combined LIDs reduced 35.2% of runoff for the campus Even in the extreme typhoon event, the simulations showed that they can contribute 9.8% of runoff reduction With the site monitoring and model application, the performance of LIDs in the Taipei Tech campus is manifested and its reaction to different rainfall events is more clearly understood KEYWORDS: eco-campus, LID performance, runoff reduction, SWMM, Taipei Tech INTRODUCTION Using low impact development facilities (LIDs) to build a green campus became a mainstream in Taiwan because the Sponge City policy is widely promoted After building LIDs, their performances are concerned and onsite monitoring are designed and implemented There are many studies to evaluate performance of single LID units or multiple LID units to know about the differences between LID types in their runoff and pollution reduction However, it is rare to evaluate the performance of LIDs in a campus-scale because the drainage systems of campus was built before LIDs and the water routes in a campus are complicate with several outflows It is difficult to monitor the entire performance of LIDs in a green campus National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.) in Taipei city, Taiwan, started to reform the campus as a green and water campus in 2000 In 2010, the total LIDs were finished, including different LID types and the total number of LID units is 88 In this study, a part of the green campus with relative clear drainage system and only one outfall was regarded as a watershed and measured the efficiency of LIDs inside the watershed boundary In addition to measure the efficiency, a watershed model, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was applied With © ASCE 223 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 verified SWMM model, broad pictures could be known with difference rainfall scenarios Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved STUDY AREA Taipei Tech has east and west campus The study area is located in west campus, which area is 6.8 with 17.7% permeable and 82.3% impermeable surface before 2000 Since 2000 to 2010, the LIDs were built in west campus, including permeable pavement, green roofs, bioretention, infiltration swale, rainwater harvesting, and grass belt The total number of LIDs is 88, and the most is 32 grass belts Table summarized the LIDs in Taipei Tech west campus Table LIDs types and numbers in Taipei Tech west campus LID types numbers Rain garden 21 Bioretention Dry detention pond Wet detention pond Grass belt 32 Permeable pavement Green roof Infiltration swale Rain barrel 12 Total 88 Figure The study area and the measurement meters In order to measure the performance of these LIDs, a bounded drainage area is needed A partial area in west campus was surveyed with only one outfall and its total area is 1.54 with LID types Furthermore, 18 subwatershed was delineated in the study area according to their surface characteristics The area of each small subwatershed is 85 to 1609m2 In the outfall, a flow meter was set A rain gauge was built on the roof of a building near the outfall place The © ASCE 224 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved study area and the placement of measurement meters were depicted in Figure In the study area, the permeable pavement is one of the LIDs type The permeable pavement included different pavements for the sake of testing which one is the best The other reason is that the infiltration rate is needed in simulation modelling The results of hydraulic conductivity test were shown in Table The hydraulic conductivity is ranged at 3*10 -7 to 7*10-5 (m/s) Table The results of hydraulic conductivity test of permeable pavements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Observations and simulations The total 22 rainfall events were monitored in 2014 and 2015 Too small rainfall events resulted in no runoff in the drainage sewage and too large rainfall events ware not measured to prevent the flow meter from flushed away In addition, a SWMM model was applied in the study and to simulate the 22 rainfall events However, not all simulations results were qualified In the 22 events, the simulation of 13 events was accepted but the other events were not To decide the accepted simulation or not was depended on the results of statistic analysis, R2 and MAPE The 22 monitored rainfall events and the simulation results were summarized in Table The accepted simulation results of rainfall events in 2015 were shown in Figure Scenario design and results The flow observations were the runoff results with LIDs in campus; unfortunately, there was no flow observations before these LIDs built Therefore, we used the verified SWMM model to simulate the situation without LIDs in the study area to assess the runoff reduction efficiency of LIDs There were four rainfall scenario designed to compare the situations with and without LIDs The first scenario is the designed storm event, which is the designed storm for drainage © ASCE 225 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Year Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved 2014 2015 © ASCE Table The 22 montoried rainfall events and the simulation results month Date and Duration Total rainfall Simulation results time (min) (mm) R2 MAPE Accept 15 145 25.1 0.54 67 N 1525~1750 20~21 1435 310.2 0.80 43.1 Y 2210~2205 5~6 255 95.2 0.83 49.1 Y 2215~0600 70 17.2 0.53 34.2 Y 2010~2120 23 65 32.7 0.58 45.0 Y 1950~2055 29~30 190 23.7 0.78 68.4 N 2330~0240 195 23.9 0.60 75.4 否 1335-1650 22~23 735 54.7 0.34 75.3 否 2320~1135 11 50 25.6 0.50 40.9 Y 17:15~18:05 13 90 48.1 0.89 32.8 Y 1310~1440 19 65 36.8 0.71 49.9 Y 1550~1655 9 240 53 0.63 39.6 Y 1955~2355 22 440 96.4 0.79 45.8 Y 0235~0955 12 135 14 0.14 77.1 N 0105~0320 24 270 52.5 0.65 48.7 Y 0315~0745 23 330 24.3 0.06 60.8 N 1225~1755 5 210 17.8 0.45 57.6 N 0725~1055 12 280 54.7 0.77 48.2 Y 0330~0810 20 420 28.6 0.35 55.2 N 0935~1635 55 16.3 0.86 44.6 Y 1535~1630 18 210 94.2 0.74 45.8 Y 1550~1920 25 215 23 0.69 50.3 N 0550~0925 226 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 227 Figure The accepted simulation results of 2015 rainfall events (In the figures, line is simulations, dots is observations, and rainfall hydrograph.) Table Results of differenct scenario Total rainfall Duration Total runoff (mm) (hr) volume (m3) 5-years Without 118.2 1.5 1129.7 return period LID With LID 118.2 1.5 941.5 Annual Without 4034.4 62149.4 period (2010- LID 2011) With LID 4034.4 40329.3 Single event Without 52.5 4.5 263.6 (2015/02/24) LID With LID 52.5 4.5 182.5 Single event Without 94.2 3.5 690.5 (2015/08/18) LID With LID 94.2 3.5 499.4 scenario © ASCE LID Reduction (%) 16.7 % 35.2 % 31.8 % 27.7 % Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Figure Results of four scenario to compare the runoff performance with and without LIDs © ASCE 228 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved sewage system of Taipei City The second is the annual simulation and in this case we used the rainfall data of 2010 and 2011 The third and fourth scenario is the single rainfall events with different intensity and they are the real events of Feb 24 and Aug 18 in 2015, respectively The Figure showed the flow results with and without LIDs of different rainfall scenarios The Table was the detail data as well as the runoff reduction rate CONCLUSIONS In this study, a verified SWMM was used to assess the performance of LIDs in Taipei Tech campus With different scenarios, these LIDs can reduce 27.7%-31.8% runoff in the usual rainfall events compared with the situation without LIDs The annual simulation produced the highest reduction at 35.2% and the lowest reduction rate of 16.7% was occurred in short and high intensity rainfall event, the designed storm scenario Although the runoff reduction of the designed storm scenario is not good as long term simulations or normal rainfall events, these LIDs are capable of conserving some runoff and help to delay runoff into the public drainage sewage system © ASCE 229 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 LID Practices for Reservoir Water Quality Management: Case Studies in Taiwan Jen-Yang Lin1; Shyh-fang Kang2; Wen-Yi Wei3; and Shaw L Yu4 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Dept of Civil Engineering and Water Environment Research Center, National Taipei Univ of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: jylin@ntut.edu.tw Dept of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang Univ., New Taipei City, Taiwan E-mail: kangsf@mail.tku.edu.tw Dept of Water Quality Protection, Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, R.O.C E-mail: wywei@epa.gov.tw Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA E-mail: sly@virginia.edu ABSTRACT Taiwan has abundant rainfall but because its rivers are very short and with steep slopes, reservoirs have long been the main drinking water sources There are more than 90 reservoirs on Taiwan of which 20 are major drinking water sources Due to the sub-tropical climate and continuing development activities, many reservoirs are having or facing water quality issues relating to eutrophication, sedimentation, and other pollutant loadings It is imperative to protect the water quality of the reservoirs so a sustainable use of water resources could be achieved The National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT) Water Environment Research Center (WERC) research team has been contracted by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration to lead a three-year (2017–2020) study on reservoir water quality protection Three major reservoirs located in Northern, Central, and Southern Taiwan were chosen for the study Major work elements include: 1) a survey and assessment of the current pollutant loadings using conventional as well as innovative sampling methods such as auto mobile boats, sampling drones, etc.; 2) a strategy for water quality management under climate change scenarios; 3) use of “green” technology for pollutant reduction; and 4) decision support models and economic incentives The paper presents results regarding Task #1 and #2, i.e., reservoir pollutant sources and “hot spots”; loading estimates and their relationship with land use and other factors; and flows into the reservoirs under extreme weather conditions due to climate change and their impact on water quality The use of “green” practices such as bioretention cells (Task #3) for runoff and pollutant reduction is discussed On-site innovative treatment technologies, such as multi-soil-layering (MSL) systems are considered and planned for implementation in the reservoir watersheds KEYWORDS: reservoirs, water quality, innovative sampling methods, low impact development (LID), bioretention, multi-soil-layering systems INTRODUCTION Taiwan has abundant rainfall (exceeding 2,000 mm annually) but because its rivers are very short and with steep slopes, reservoirs have long been the main drinking water sources There are more than 90 reservoirs on Taiwan of which 20 are major drinking water sources Due to the sub-tropical climate and continuing development activities in the watersheds, many reservoirs are having or facing water quality issues relating to eutrophication, sedimentation and impact from other pollutant loadings For example, during major typhoon events, the turbidity levels in some reservoirs could increase ten-thousand-fold and cause the shutdown of water treatment © ASCE 230 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved plants Such occurrences appear to be more frequent in recent years, perhaps due to effects of climate change It is therefore imperative to protect the water quality of the reservoirs so a sustainable use of water resources could be achieved Figure Air view of Shimen Reservoir Figure GPS-Equipped Auto Mobile Vehicle Figure ARK Water Quality Monitoring Buoy with Max-RS485 Multi-parameter Water Quality Sonde The NTUT Water Environment Research Center (WERC) research team, composed of researchers from NTUT (Northern Taiwan Region), Chung Yuan Christian University (Central Taiwan Region) and Cheng-Kung University (Southern Taiwan Region), has been contracted by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration to undertake a three-year (2017-2020) study on reservoir water quality protection Major work elements include the following: A survey and assessment of the current pollutant loadings into selected major reservoirs using conventional as well as innovative sampling methods such as automatic sampling systems, auto mobile boats, sampling drones, etc A strategy for water quality management under climate change scenarios An assessment of the use of “green” technology, including LID practices and more recent innovations, for pollutant reduction at watershed sources, especially “hot spots” Use of decision support models and economic incentives in planning and implementing pollution control actions © ASCE 231 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved SURVEY/ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR POLLUTANT LOADING The Shimen Reservoir near Taipei City was chosen to represent the major water supply source in Northern Taiwan Shimen has an initial total capacity of 309 million m3 but has lost about 20% volume due to years of sedimentation accumulation Shimen has a watershed area of about 763 km2, with most of land use being agriculture and forest Urban development and tourism growth contribute to water quality concerns for the reservoir Major amounts of pollution, however, come from agricultural activities such as fruit gardens, crop fields, etc Recently, algal growth has been one of the main water quality concerns for the reservoir, together with elevated turbidity levels that threaten water treatment plant operations during major storm, e.g typhoon, events Figure is an air view of the Shimen Reservoir A major monitoring program was conducted of selected key tributaries to the Shimen Reservoir, to generate data on unit pollutant loading into the reservoir from various land uses in the watershed Both manual and automatic sampling methods were used on dry as well as wet days Data from the present study and those from previous studies were synthesized to provide estimates of unit pollutant loadings from various land uses Table lists results obtained for a major pollutant source, i.e., fruit gardens Of interest is the very high pollutant yields from dragon fruit, a popular fruit in Taiwan and from bamboo shoot gardens Table Unit Pollutant Loadings by Land Use for Shimen Reservoir Watershed The research team also has been testing some innovative technologies for water quality monitoring An auto-driven small boat that drags a monitoring device crisscrossing a lake surface has been tested by the Central Taiwan group of the research team (Figures and 3) On the other hand, the Southern Research Group has been testing the use of drone technology for water quality sampling in remote areas of the reservoirs Figure shows one such unit being © ASCE 232 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved tested and Figure shows the unit in action Figure Sampling Drone Unit Figure Sampling Drone in Action The pollutant loading data and the reservoir water quality data will be used to determine a loading reduction goal under the total maximum daily load (TMDL) scenario The reduction will then be allocated among point and nonpoint sources, with watershed hot spots (Figure 6) given priority, and will be implemented after an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of various strategies for pollutant load reduction Figure Shimen Reservoir Watershed Pollution Hot Spot Identification CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER MITIGATION STRATEGIES The water quantity and quality impact due to climate change scenarios was examined Basic data on extreme rainfall and temperature projections for future near - (2015-2039) and long – (2075-2099) term scenarios were obtained from the Taiwan Climate Change Information Platform (TCCIP) data service, the Taiwan Water Resources Agency 2012-13 Data Collection © ASCE 233 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved Projects and the “ Climate change adaptation and disasters mitigation strategies for Feitsui Reservoir” project (2013) A preliminary analysis was made regarding the impact of extreme weather events on Shimen Reservoir water quantity and quality As an example, Figure illustrates inflows to the reservoir under the near- and long – term scenarios Figure Shimen Watershed Flows under Near - and Long- Term Climate Change Scenarios Figure Schematic of a Multi-Soil-Layering System (MSL) Based on the flow and potential extreme water quality impact estimates, an adaptation and disaster mitigation strategy, which includes excessive erosion prevention, emergency transfer of water from less-affected reservoirs, etc., was recommended GREEN TECHNOLOGY FOR POLLUTANT REDUCTION For reduction of watershed nonpoint pollutant loadings, the present study considered the use of LID practices such as bioretention cells, swales, etc Bioretention cells were installed and tested at tea gardens in the Feitsui Reservoir watershed and were found to be quite effective in controlling nutrients (phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for Shimen Reservoir) and sediment (Lin et al., 2014) Another practice, the Multi-Soil- Layering System or MSL, has been widely used in Japan (Chen et al., 2009) is also being considered Demonstration sites for testing the © ASCE 234 International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved bioretention and the MSL system have been selected Figure below shows a schematic for a home MSL system and Figure a potential site for MSL system in the Shimen reservoir watershed Figure Potential Site for MSL System Installation The research Team is also examining the outlook for local environmental industry collaborating with foreign counterparts, or on its own, in developing high-efficiency nutrient (TP is target here) removal devices Such installations would be most cost-effective for providing onsite treatment for small point sources in rural areas CONCLUSIONS The study has augmented the existing data on point and nonpoint pollutant loadings into selected major water supply reservoirs in Taiwan Conventional as well as innovative methods such as auto mobile boats, sampling drones, etc have been used in monitoring efforts The collected data helped identify “hot spots” (high pollutant yield per unit area) in the watershed that can be targeted for priority control practices installation For Shimen Reservoir in Northern Taiwan, the hot spots are agricultural areas, especially fruit gardens Potential impacts on water quantity and quality due to climate change were examined Flows and pollutant loadings under the near- and long term extreme weather scenarios were estimated Disaster mitigation measures were recommended The use of green technology, i.e., LID practices such as bioretention cells and other technologies such as the multi-soil-layering (MSL) system were considered for controlling nonpoint pollution in the watershed Potential testing sites were presented and the expected mitigation results discussed ACKLOWLEDGEMENT The project is supported by a grant from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration REFERENCES Chen, X., Luo, A.C., Sato, K., Wakasuki, T and Masunaga, T An introduction of a multi-soillayering system: a novel green technology for wastewater treatment in rural areas Water and Environmental Journal, 23, 255-262 2009 City of Edmonton, Low Impact Development Best Management Practices Design Guide Edition © ASCE 235 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19 Copyright ASCE For personal use only; all rights reserved International Low Impact Development Conference 2018 1.0 2011 Lin, J.Y., Kang, S.F., Ho, C.C., Chen, C.F., Lee, T.C., Yu, S.L., The plan of water quality sustainable management for reservoirs (North District) 2017 Lin, J.Y., Kang, S.F., Ho, C.C., Chen, C.F., Lee, T.C., Yu, S.L., A study of the limited nutrient phosphorus for Shimen Reservoir 2014 Lin, T.F., Chang, C.H., The plan of water quality sustainable management for reservoirs (South District) 2017 Masunaga, T., Sato, K., Zennami, T., Fujii, S and Wakatsuki, T., Direct Treatment of Polluted River Water by the Multi-Soil-Layering Method J Water Environ Technol., 1, 97–104 2003 USEPA, Reducing Storm Water Costs through Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies and Practices EPA 841-F-07-006 2007 U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Low Impact Development for Sustainable Installations: Storm water Design and Planning Guidance for Development Within Army Training Areas 2012 You, S.J., The plan of water quality sustainable management for reservoirs (Central District) 2017 © ASCE 236 ... reserved INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 2018 GETTING IN TUNE WITH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE 2018 August 12–15, 2018. .. QmaxwithoutTC ,Tr  Qmaxwith ,Tr where: InfwithoutLIDmicro is the infiltration in the microdrainage area without LID, InfwithLIDmicro is the infiltration in the microdrainage area with LID, ΔInf(t)micro... clearing and grading, thereby minimizing the hydrologic impacts Site fingerprinting includes restricting ground disturbance by identifying the smallest possible area and clearly delineating it