English prepositions their meanings and uses r m w dixon

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi English Prepositions OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi English Prepositions Their Meanings and Uses R. M. W. DIXON Central Queensland University OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © R M W Dixon 2021 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2021 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2021932405 ISBN 978–0–19–886868–2 (hbk.) ISBN 978–0–19–886871–2 (pbk.) DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198868682.001.0001 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi Contents Preliminaries  vii Abbreviations and conventions  xv A story to tell  PART I  The Stage is Set Grammatical roles  23 Phrasal verbs  49 Prepositional verbs  76 PART II  The Players The mainstays: Of, for  99 Supporting artists: By, with, together, together-­with, except(-for), but(-for), despite, in‑spite-­of  137 The central spatial prepositions: At, to, toward(s), from  164 Enclosure: In, into, out, out-­of; within, without, inside(-of), outside(-of)  200 Connection and adjacency: On, upon, onto, off, off-­of; against; beside(s)  238 10 Superiority: Up, up-­to, down  277 11 Position: Over, under, above, below, beneath, underneath; behind, ahead(-of), in-­front(-­of), back, forth, forward(s), backward(s); beyond, near(-to), close-­to, far-­from; along, alongside, across, through, throughout  296 12 Distribution: Among(st), amid(st), between, in-­between; (a)round; about, concerning  341 13 Separation: Apart(-from), aside(-from), away(-from)  360 v OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi co n t e n t s 14 Temporal: Since, because(-of); until/till, up-­until/up-­till; during; after, afterward(s), before, beforehand; past; and more   370 15 Do it your way  399 Sources and notes  425 References  431 Index  435 vi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi Preliminaries Prepositions include the shortest words in English, yet they play a vital role in the language They serve to indicate how and where, when and why, purpose and association, inclusion, connection, and many other things Every clause must have core elements: a subject slot, filled by a noun phrase (NP)—such as The tall woman—and a predicate slot, filled by a verb phrase (VP)—such as has apologised This suffices for an intransi­ tive clause: [The tall woman]NP:SUBJECT [has apologised]VP:PREDICATE A transitive clause also includes an object slot, filled by another NP; for example: [The fat man]NP:SUBJECT [told]VP:PREDICATE [a story]NP:OBJECT It is convenient to have abbreviatory labels for these core functions in clause structure —‘S’ for intransitive subject, ‘A’ for transitive subject, and ‘O’ for transitive object Some verbs (such as apologise and arrive) only go into an intransitive predicate slot, others (such as tell and recognise) only go into a transitive predicate slot, while some (such as cook and break) may go into either slot (There is a third clause type, copula clauses; see sections 2.4b and 2.5.) One could just speak using core clauses, but this would produce a rather barren discourse We need to add trimmings, and this is achieved through peripheral constituents (PERI), each of which is an NP or a clause introduced by a preposition; for example, inside the bedroom, on Tuesday, for the queen, after we have eaten Do we really need prepositions? After all, one NP is recognised as being in subject function since it precedes the VP and another as being in object function since it immediately follows the VP Why couldn’t a peripheral NP just be placed after the object NP? For example: [The tall woman]NP:S apologised [her husband]NP:PERI This is unclear There are several ways in which the apologising could relate to the tall woman’s husband These are shown by inserting an appropriate preposition to introduce the peripheral NP: vii OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi preliminaries [The tall woman]NP:S apologised [to her husband]NP:PERI  (she said to her husband that she was sorry for something she had done which affected him; this is the ‘beneficiary’ sense of to; see ­section 7.2c) [The tall woman]NP:S apologised [for her husband]NP:PERI  (she offered an apology, on his behalf, concerning something which he had done; this is the ‘benefit’ sense of for; see section 5.3a) [The tall woman]NP:S apologised [about her husband]NP:PERI  (she expressed regret that, for instance, he was always so rude to all her relatives; see section 12.3c) [The tall woman]NP:S apologised [before/after her husband]NP:PERI  (the tall woman and her husband spoke in temporal sequence, one and then the other; these are the temporal senses of before and after; see section 14.4a) Every core clause may take a variety of peripheral additions, each introduced by its own preposition As another example, we can add the bridge as a peripheral NP after the transitive core The fat man told a story: [The fat man]NP:A told [a story]NP:O [the bridge]NP:PERI There are again a number of ways in which the bridge may relate to the storytelling, and these are shown by the inclusion of an appropriate preposition First, the bridge may be the topic of the story and then preposition about or concerning (section 12.3c) should be used: [The fat man]NP:A told [a story]NP:O [about/concerning the bridge]NP:PERI Alternatively, the bridge could refer to the location of the storytelling The fat man could place himself above or below or adjacent to the bridge: [The fat man]NP:A told [a story]NP:O [on the bridge]NP:PERI [The fat man]NP:A told [a story]NP:O [under/underneath/beneath the bridge]NP:PERI [The fat man]NP:A told [a story]NP:O [by/beside the bridge]NP:PERI viii OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi preliminaries Prepositions under, beneath, and underneath have slightly different senses and possibilities for usage; these are explained in section 11.1 By is a very common preposition with one of its senses ‘near to, not quite reaching’ (section 6.1a), having similar meaning to beside ­(section 9.4c) There are a handful of verbs which have three semantic roles For instance, give requires Donor, Gift, and Recipient Two of these can relate to subject and object functions, but for the third a peripheral NP, marked by preposition to is generally needed: [The student]DONOR:A gave [an apple]GIFT:O to the teacher]RECIPIENT:PERI There is an alternative construction: [The student]DONOR:A gave [the teacher]RECIPIENT:O [an apple]GIFT Here the Recipient NP, the teacher, moves next to the verb, taking on O  function The Gift NP, an apple, follows it without a preposition Grammarians differ as to what the function of an apple is in this sen­ tence Is it a ‘second object’, or a peripheral NP with zero marking? *** This book aims to provide an integrated account of the main prep­os­ itions of English, together with associated adverbs The prepositions are grouped together in terms of similar meanings and functions For instance, beneath and underneath are linked to over and under, and above and below, as varying expressions of ‘vertical position’; among(st), amid(st), between, and in-­between are exemplars of ‘distri­ bution’, while along, alongside, across, and through describe kinds of ‘passage’ For each preposition there is an account of its genetic origin and shifts of form and meaning over the centuries An instructive way to appreciate the meanings of prepositions is by studying instances where two prepositions may be used in the same frame with meanings which show some similarity but also a significant difference For instance, what is the difference between These elm trees have died out and These elm trees have died off (see section 9.2d-­2), and between Shut the door behind you! and Shut the door after you! (section 14.4e-­3)? This tech­ nique of comparison is employed throughout the book ix OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi s o u r c e s a n d n ot e s 1684: 40, 89), Brown (1844: 173), and Alford (1864: 147–8 ) Quotation from Strunk (1979: 77–8) See also Davies (1951: 114–8), Warburg (1962), and Burchfield (2004: 617–8) 15.3a  Much of the information in the section comes from Trudgill and Hannah (1982: 65–8) and Quirk et al (1985: 677–94) 15.4  Information on Japanese was kindly provided by Nerida Jarkey The work of Spanish students is quoted from Catalán (1996) 15.5  There is a book by McCulloch (2019) entitled Because Internet: Understanding how language is changing I am grateful to Kate Burridge for information on the new because X construction There are instances of prepositions to, for, and of—which are generally proclitic to the following word—becoming merged with the preceding word This applies for to, introducing a complement clause, for example going to > gonna, have to > hafta, want to > wanna (see Quirk et al 1985: 1616) In cricket, a bowler may take six wickets while conceding sixty runs and is then said to have six for sixty The fact that he has taken six wickets in an innings can be summed up by saying that he has a sixfa (< six=for) In England and Australia, cuppa (cup=of  ) is a short form for cup of tea A single preposition combines the meanings ‘at’ and ‘to’ in Boumaa Fijian; see Dixon (1988: 151–5) Acknowledgements As always, Alexandra Aikhenvald acted as a sounding board for all my notions, whilst also providing many ideas and nifty examples I also owe thanks to Kate  Burridge, Rob Bradshaw, Nerida Jarkey, Hannah Sarvasy and Michael Webster, Secretary of the Cabinet, New Zealand 429 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi References Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y 2011 ‘Versatile cases’, pp 1–43 of Language at Large: Essays on Syntax and Semantics by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W Dixon Leiden: Brill Alford, Henry 1864 The Queen’s English: Stray Notes on Speaking and Spelling London: Deighton and Bell Allen, R. E 1990 Editor of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 8th ed Oxford: Clarendon Press Barnhart, Robert  K 1988 Editor of Chambers Dictionary of Etymology Edinburgh: Chambers Bolinger, Dwight 1971 The Phrasal Verb in English Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Brown, Goold 1844 The Institutes of English Grammar, Methodically Arranged New York: S.S. and W. Woods Burchfield, R. W 2004 Fowler’s Modern English Usage, Revised Third Edition Oxford: Oxford University Press Catalán, Rosa Maria Jiménez 1996 ‘Frequency and variability in errors in the use of English prepositions’ Miscelánia: A Journal of English and American Studies 17: 171–87 Cowie, A.  P and Mackin, R 1975 Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English Vol 1, Verbs with Prepositions and Particles Oxford: Oxford University Press Davies, Hugh Sykes 1951 Grammar without Tears London: The Bodley Head Dixon, R.  M.  W 1982 ‘The grammar of English phrasal verbs’, Australian Journal of Linguistics 2: 1–42 Dixon, R. M. W 1988 A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian Chicago: University of Chicago Press Dixon, R.  M.  W 1991 A New Approach to English Grammar, on Semantic Principles Oxford: Clarendon Press Dixon, R.  M.  W 2005 A Semantic Approach to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press Dixon, R. M. W 2007 ‘Clitics in English’, English Studies 88: 574–600 Dixon, R. M. W 2014 Making New Words: Morphological Derivation in English Oxford: Oxford University Press Dryden, John 1668 Of Dramatick Poesie: An Essay London: J. Tonson Dryden, John 1684 An Essay of Dramatick Poesie The second edition London: Henry Herringman 431 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi references Ferrando, Ignasi Navarro  I 1999 ‘The metaphorical use of on’, Journal of English Studies 1: 145–64 Flexner, Stuart B 1987 Editor in chief of The Random House Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, 2nd ed New York: Random House Gove, Philip  B 1961 Editor in chief of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster Heaton, J. B 1965 Prepositions and Adverbial Particles London: Longmans Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey  K 2002 Chief authors of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Johnson, Samuel 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language London: J. and P.  Knapton, T.  and T.  Longman, C.  Hitch and L.  Hawes, A.  Millar, and R. and J. Dodsley Kennedy, Arthur Garfield 1920 The Modern English Verb Adverb Construction Stanford University Publications in Language and Literature Vol 1, No [Reissued by AMS Press, New York, 1967.] Lindstromberg, Seth 2010 English Prepositions Explained Revised edition Amsterdam: John Benjamins Live, Anna H 1965 ‘The discontinuous verb in English’, Word 21: 428–51 Lowth, Robert 1762 A short Introduction to English Grammar: With Critical Notes London: A. Miller and R. and J. Dodsley McCulloch, Gretchen 2019 Because Internet: Understanding How Language is Changing London: Harvill Secker Meyer, George  A 1975 The Two-Word Verb: A Dictionary of the VerbPreposition Phrases in American English The Hague: Mouton Mitchell, Bruce 1985 Old English Syntax, vols Oxford: Clarendon Press Mish, Frederick  G 2003 Editor in chief of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster O’Dowd, Elizabeth M 1998 Prepositions and Particles in English: A DiscourseFunctional Approach New York: Oxford University Press Pullum, Geoffrey  K and Huddleston, Rodney 2002 ‘Prepositions and ­prepositional phrases’, pp 507–661 of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Chief authors Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan 1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language Harlow: Longman Sinclair, John 2001 Founder editor in chief of Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Glasgow: HarperCollins Soukhanov, Anne  H 1992 Executive editor of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed Boston: Houghton Mifflin 432 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi references Strunk, William, Jr 1979 The Elements of Style, with Revisions, an Introduction, and a Chapter on Writing by E. B. White Boston: Allen and Bacon Sweet, Henry 1892 A Short Historical English Grammar London: Oxford University Press Thim, Stefan 2012 Phrasal Verbs: The English Verb-Particle Construction and its History Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton Trudgill, Peter and Hannah, Jean 1982 International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English London: Edward Arnold Tyler, Andrea and Evans, Vyvyan 2003 The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Van Dam, Johannes 1957 The Causal Clause and Causal Prepositions in Early Old English Prose Groningen: J. B. Wolters Van Dongen, W. A., Sr 1919 ‘ “He put on his hat” and “He put his hat on” ’, Neophilologus: A Modern Language Quarterly (Groningen) 4: 322–53 Warburg, Jeremy 1962 ‘Notions of correctness’, pp 313–28 of Randolph Quirk, The Use of English London: Longmans West, Michael 1953 A General Service List of English Words London: Longmans Wierzbicka, Anna 1993 ‘Why we say in April, on Thursday, at 10 o’clock: In search of an explanation’, Studies in Language 17: 437–54 Yañéz-Bouza, Nuria 2015 Grammar, Rhetoric and Usage in English: Preposition Placement 1500–1900 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 433 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi Index A (transitive subject) core function  37 about  5, 354–9 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 353, 358–9 in prepositional verbs  358 and after  386 and against  357 and (a)round  355 and at  357 and by  357 and concerning  355–6, 419 and for  354, 356–7 and of  5, 356–7, 412–13 and on  357 and over  357 and toward(s)  357 and with  354, 357 above  297–300, 309–12 and through  338 across  330–2, 398 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 332 and over  330 and through  332–3 after  18, 382–7, 391 in phrasal verbs  73, 385 in prepositional verb  382, 386 and about  386 and behind  387 and for  386, 413 afterwards  387–8, 418 against  3, 7–8, 267–72 in phrasal verbs  10, 73, 271 and about  357 and from  272 and on  7–8, 272 and over  309 and with  271–3 ahead(-of)  314–15, 317–18, 392 in phrasal verbs  75, 319 Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.  428 Alford, Henry  406, 429 Allen, R. E.  408 along 327–30 in phrasal verbs  73, 329 alongside 329–30 along-with 329 American English  71, 186, 189, 197, 203, 263, 350, 393, 410, 414–15 amid(st)  341–4, 419 among(st)  341–4, 415, 419 and with  343–4 apart-from  360–4, 415 in phrasal verbs  75, 361–2, 364 and together  361–2 apart-of 365 (a)round  350–4, 398, 415 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 352–3 and about  355 and over  353–4 aside-from  360, 363–5 in phrasal verbs  75, 363–4 at  13, 165–75, 188–9, 389, 397 in phrasal verbs  67, 169–70, 173, 188–9 at and about  357 at and by  146, 174–5 at and for  174 at and in  222–3 at and into  223 at and of  174 at and on  257–8, 414 at and to  4, 137–9, 188–9 at and with  175 away-from  360, 365–9, 393 in phrasal verbs  75, 367–9 in prepositional verb  367 and off  368–9 back  314–15, 318–20, 343 in phrasal verbs  75, 320 435 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi index backward(s)  314–15, 321–3, 419 Barnhart, Robert K.  425 because(-of)  17, 121, 376–8, 411, 420 and since  378, 411 before  383–6, 391–2 beforehand 383–4 behind  314–17, 392 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 316 and after  387 and beneath  317 below  297–300, 309–12 beneath 312–14 and behind  317 beside(s)  272–6, 365, 419 and by  275–6 between  341–2, 345–50, 396 beyond  323–5, 391–2 and within  236 Bolinger, Dwight  426–7 Boumaa Fijian  429 Bradshaw, Rob  428 Brown, Goold  406, 429 Burchfield, R. W.  429 Burridge, Kate  429 but(-for) 162 and except(-for)  162 by  13, 18, 137–43, 392, 414, 416 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 140–1, 148 and about  357 and at  146, 174–5 and beside(s)  275–6 and from  199 and in  146, 220–1 and of  146 and on  256–7 and through  337–8 and to  186 and up  287–8 and with  146 Catalán, Rosa Maria Jiménez  429 CC (copula complement) core function  34, 37 clause types  37–8 clitics  12–15, 25–6, 426 close-to 325–7 complement clause  37, 42–5, 80–84, 127, 426 complex prepositions  x–xii, 14, 31–3 concerning  355–6, 419 and about  355–6, 419 copula complement core function (CC)  34, 37 copula construction  34, 37, 113 copula subject core function (CS)  34, 37 core of a clause  vii–viii, 23–25, 37, 57 Cowie, A. P.  425 CS (copula subject) core function  34, 37 Davies, Hugh Sykes  429 despite 163 and in-spite-of  163 dictionary entries on prepositions  407–11 down  18, 277–82, 290–4, 398 in phrasal verbs  72–3, 278–80, 290, 293 and off  294 and out  293–4 and up  293–4 downward(s) 278 Dryden, John  406–8, 428–9 during  381–2, 397 Evans, Vyvyan  425, 428 except(-for) 162–3 and but(-for)  162 far-from 325–7 Ferrando, Ignasi Navarro I.  425 Flexner, Stuart B.  408, 425 for  1–2, 13, 100–5, 122–36, 375, 378, 393, 412, 427 in phrasal verbs  67, 130–1 in prepositional verbs  10–11, 126, 130, 386 and about  354, 356–7 and after  386, 413 and at  174 436 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi index and of  100–5, 133–6, 428 and on  256 and over  308 and to  186 forth  314–15, 320–1, 392, 419 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 321 forward(s)  314–15, 321–3, 392, 415, 419 in phrasal verb  75, 322 from  13, 165–7, 192–9, 394–5 in phrasal verbs  67, 198 in prepositional verbs  198 and against  272 and by  199 and of  198 and off  265–6 and out(-of)  230, 417 and with  199 Gove, Philip B.  407 Greenbaum, Sidney  426 Hannah, Jean  429 head of noun phrase  17, 426 Heaton, J. B.  425 Huddleston, Rodney  425–6 in  18, 166, 201–23, 389, 392, 396 in phrasal verbs  68–9, 202, 218–20 in prepositional verbs  202, 218, 220 and at  222–3 and by  146, 220–1 and of  220 and on  257, 259 and out-of  6, 212, 226 and to  223 and up  287 and with  221–3 in-between  345, 408–9 in-front(-of)  314–15, 318–19 inner peripheral noun phrase  23–7 inserting a preposition  38–9, 170, 223 inside(-of)  230–4, 396, 408, 419 and within  235 in-spite-of 163 and despite  163 instead-of 220 into 201–23 in phrasal verbs  68–9, 218–19 and at  223 and (up)on  259 and to  223 intransitive subject core function (S)  37 inward(s) 217 Jarkey, Nerida  429 Johnson, Samuel  425 Kazakh  400, 428 Kennedy, Arthur Garfield  426 Leech, Geoffrey  426 left movement  15, 25–8, 53, 59–65, 203–4, 230, 243, 282, 363, 427 Lindstromberg, Seth  425 Live, Anna H.  426 Lowth, Robert  405 McCulloch, Gretchen  429 Mackin, R.  425 major member, see pairings Meyer, George A.  426 ministerial titles  101, 133–6 minor member see pairings Mish, Frederick G.  407, 425 Mitchell, Bruce  425 modifying a preposition  46–7 near(-to) 326–7 Nevskaya, Irina  428 New Zealand ministerial titles  101, 134–6, 427 nominalisations  82–3, 89, 104–5, 107, 118, 126, 243, 302, 427 O (transitive object) core function  37 O’Dowd, Elizabeth M.  427 of  13, 67, 100–22, 402 in phrasal verbs  67, 94, 117 in prepositional verbs  113, 116–17, 126 and about  5, 356–7, 412–13 437 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi index and at  174 and by  146 and for  100–5, 133–6, 428 and from  198 and in  220 and on  256 and over  308–9 and to  186 off(-of)  18, 239–67, 393 in phrasal verbs  69–71, 263–5 in prepositional verbs  263 and away-from  368–9 and down  294 and from  265–6 and on  239–43 and out(-of)  265–6 and up  294 off-of  263, 410, 419 offward(s) 240 omission of noun phrase  25–6 omitting a preposition  39–45 on, upon  7–10, 18, 239–66, 390, 413–14, 425 in phrasal verbs  9–10, 69–71, 254–5 in prepositional verbs  11, 251, 254 and about  357 and against  7–8, 272 and at  217–18, 414 and by  256–7 and for  256 and in  257, 259 and into  259 and of  256 and off  239–43 and over  308–9 and to  258 and towards  258 onto 239–66 in phrasal verbs  69–71, 254–5 onward(s) 240 out(-of)  18, 201–5, 224–30, 419 in phrasal verbs  68–71, 202, 228–30 and from  230, 265–6, 417 and off  265–6 and in  6, 212, 226 and up  295 and within  235 outer peripheral noun phrase  23–4, 27–9, 40–2, 173, 175 outside(-of)  230–7, 408 and within  235 outward(s) 240 over  18–19, 297–314, 398 in phrasal verbs  74, 304, 306–7 in prepositional verbs  298, 306 and about  357 and across  330 and against  309 and (a)round  353–4 and for  308 and of  308 and on  308–9 and past  388 and through  338 and under  300–5 pairings 11–12 passive  17–18, 57–8 77, 138–9, 145–8, 158–9, 174, 221 past  383–5, 391–2 and over  388 peripheral function  vii–ix, 10–11, 23–33 phrasal prepositions  x–xii, 14, 120–1, 132 phrasal verbs  9–10, 49–75 transitivity of  57–9 and see entries for individual prepositions possession 108–11 prefixes corresponding to prepositions  18–19 preposition following NP  47–8, 301, 324, 351, 414 preposition insertion  38–9, 170, 223 preposition omission  39–45 preposition stranding  14, 29–31, 64–5, 78–80, 371–2, 404–7 prepositional verbs  10–11, 76–95 and see entries for individual prepositions 438 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi index prepositions also as adjectives  17 prepositions also as conjunctions  17 prepositions also as imperative predicates 17 prepositions also as verbs  17 Pullum, Geoffrey K.  425–6 Quirk, Randolph  415, 426, 429 round, see (a)round S (intransitive subject) core function 37 Sarvasy, Hannah  428 save(-for) 163 simple prepositions  x–xii, 14, 66 since  371–8, 394, 411, 418 and because-of  378, 411 Sinclair, John  408, 425 Soukhanov, Anne H.  407, 425 Spanish  419, 429 split infinitive  406–7 stranding a preposition  14, 29–31, 64–5, 78–80, 371–2, 404–7 Strunk, William, Jr.  406, 429 Svartvik, Jan  426 Sweet, Henry  428 Tazhibaeva, Saule  428 Thim, Stefan  427 through  18, 332–8, 393, 415 in phrasal verbs  74–5, 335–7 and above  338 and across  332–3 and by  337–8 and over  338 throughout  339–40, 397 till/until  371–3, 378–80, 394–5, 418 to  13, 165–7, 175–84, 193, 429 in phrasal verbs  67–8, 183–4, 188–9 in prepositional verbs  11, 182–4 and at  4, 187–9 and by  186 and for  186 and in  223 and into  223 and of  186 and on  258 and towards(s)  190 and with  187 together 160–1 in phrasal verb  75, 161 and apart from  361–2 together-with  3, 160–1, 357 toward(s)  189–92, 390, 415 and about  357 and to  190 and (up)on  258 transitive object core function (O)  37 transitive subject core function (A)  37 transitivity of phrasal verbs  57–9 Trudgill, Peter  429 Tyler, Andrea  425, 428 under  18, 297–307 in phrasal verbs  74, 306–7 and over  300–3 underneath 312–14 until/till  371–3, 378–80, 394–5, 418 up  13, 277–88 in phrasal verbs  72–3, 278–9, 282–4, 286 and by  287–8 and down  293–4 and in  287 and off  294 and out  294–5 upon 409 and see on, upon up-to  288–90, 393 in phrasal verbs  72–3, 279, 288 up-until, up-till  378–9 upward(s) 278 Van Dam, Johannes  427 Van Dongen, W. A., Sr.  427 Warburg, Jeremy  429 Webster, Michael  427 West, Michael  425 White, E. B.  406 439 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi index Wierzbicka, Anna  428 with  2–3, 13, 142–60, 391 in phrasal verbs  67, 155–7 in prepositional verbs  11, 157 and about  354, 357 and against  271–3 and among(st)  343–4 and at  175 and by  146 and from  199 and in  221–2 and to  186 within  230–6, 396 and beyond  236 and inside(-of)  235 and out(-of)  235 and outside(-of)  235 without  157–8, 230–1 Yañéz-Bouza, Nuria  428–9 440 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi Books by R. M. W. Dixon BOOKS ON LINGUISTICS Linguistic Science and Logic What is Language? A New Approach to Linguistic Description The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland A Grammar of Yidiñ The Languages of Australia Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? And Other Essays in Semantics and Syntax Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian A New Approach to English Grammar, on Semantic Principles Words of Our Country: Stories, Place Names and Vocabulary in Yidiny Ergativity The Rise and Fall of Languages Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development The Jarawara Language of Southern Amazonia A Semantic Approach to English Grammar Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol 1, Methodology Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol 2, Grammatical Topics Basic Linguistic Theory, Vol 3, Further Grammatical Topics I am a Linguist Making New Words: Morphological Derivation in English Edible Gender, Mother-­in-­law Style and Other Grammatical Wonders: Studies in Dyirbal, Yidiñ and Warrgamay Are Some Languages Better than Others? "We Used to Eat People": Revelations of a Fiji Islands Traditional Village The Unmasking of English Dictionaries Australia's Original Languages: An Introduction The Essence of Linguistic Analysis: An Integrated Approach OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi with Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Language at Large: Essays on Syntax and Semantics with Grace Koch Dyirbal Song Poetry: The Oral Literature of an Australian Rainforest People with Bruce Moore, W. S. Ramson and Mandy Thomas Australian Aboriginal Words in English: Their Origin and Meaning BOOKS ON MUSIC with John Godrich Recording the Blues with John Godrich and Howard Rye Blues and Gospel Records, 1890 - 1943 NOVELS (under the name Hosanna Brown) I Spy, You Die Death upon a Spear EDITOR OF BOOKS ON LINGUISTICS Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages Studies in Ergativity with Barry J. Blake Handbook of Australian Languages, Vols 1–5 with Martin Duwell The Honey Ant Men's Love Song, and Other Aboriginal Song Poems Little Eva at Moonlight Creek: Further Aboriginal Song Poems OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 15/09/21, SPi with Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald The Amazonian Languages Changing Valency: Case studies in Transitivity Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics Word: A Cross-linguistic Typology Studies in Evidentiality Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-linguistic Typology Complementation: A Cross-linguistic Typology Grammars in Contact: A Cross-linguistic Typology The Semantics of Clause-linking: A Cross-linguistic Typology Possession and Ownership: A Cross-linguistic Typology The Grammar of Knowledge: A Cross-linguistic Typology The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology Commands: A Cross-linguistic Typology with Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Masayuki Onishi Non-canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects with Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and Nathan White Phonological Word and Grammatical Word: A Cross-linguistic Typology ... properties: (i) The major member is far more common than the minor one (ii) The major member has a wider range of meanings and grammat­ ical possibilities; it is likely to feature in more phrasal... pairings for some of the most important prepositions whose basic meanings relate to space or time For each pair one mem­ ber can be considered major and the other minor, with the following properties:... publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted