Basics o f Figure Skating
Figure skating is an Olympic sport where individuals, pairs, or groups execute complex spins, jumps, and maneuvers on ice Competitors range from beginners to elite athletes at the senior Olympic level, participating in local, national, and international events The International Skating Union (ISU) oversees the judging and regulations for international figure skating competitions, making it a prominent feature of the Winter Olympic Games.
The International Skating Union (ISU) sanctions major international figure skating competitions, which often blend athleticism with show-business elements These competitions typically feature exhibitions where top skaters showcase their skills to entertain the audience Additionally, many skaters participate in ice skating exhibitions or shows throughout both the competitive season and the off-season, further highlighting their talents.
Figure skating has a rich history that dates back to prehistoric times, with archaeological findings confirming its existence In medieval Great Britain, early skaters relied on sticks for propulsion, as their rudimentary bone ice skates lacked the sharp gliding edges characteristic of modern skates.
Adding edges to ice skates was invented by the Dutch in the 13 th or 14th century These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom
The International Skating Union (ISU), established in 1892 in Scheveningen, Netherlands, is the global governing body for various competitive ice skating disciplines, including figure skating, synchronized skating, speed skating, and short track speed skating As one of the oldest international sports federations, the ISU is currently headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, and, as of summer 2008, comprises 63 member nations governed by an 11-member council.
The design of modern ice skates has largely remained unchanged, with significant advancements occurring primarily in the addition of steel edges and modifications to the height-to-width ratio of the metal blade These innovations, pioneered by a Dutchman, allowed skaters to move more freely and stably without the need for sticks for propulsion, revolutionizing the experience of ice skating.
In 1742, the formation of the Edinburgh Skating Club marked a significant advancement in ice skating's evolution This was furthered in 1772 with the release of the first instructional book on ice skating in London, which led to the division of the sport into two primary disciplines: speed skating and figure skating.
Jackson Haines, an American figure skater, is recognized as the founder of modern figure skating He made history by winning the inaugural Championships of America in 1864 and was the first to blend ballet and dance movements into his routines, moving away from traditional ice pattern tracing.
At the beginning of the
20th century, figure skating was lent a more athletic character through the developments of
Salchow was considered the greatest figure skater of his day by far, winning the world championships ten times The last years leading up to World
War I generally saw higher performance in all sports, figure skating included Figure skating reached its peak after the second
The resurgence of ice skating popularity, following World War, was significantly boosted by the construction of dedicated ice rinks These new facilities enabled more intensive training, resulting in enhanced performance on the ice.
Due to years of conflict, Europe, once the hub of figure skating and home to many top athletes, lost its dominance to the United States New elite skaters from the U.S and Canada emerged, showcasing a style that prioritized speed, endurance, and dynamic movements.
The tragic crash of Sabena Flight 548 in 1961 resulted in the loss of the entire United States Figure Skating team and their coaches, marking a significant turning point that ended the era of post-war American dominance in figure skating.
Modern figure skating consists of four main disciplines: single skating for men and women, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating Pair figure skating highlights the collaboration between partners, featuring impressive jumps where the female skater is often lifted by her male counterpart.
7 thrown by her male partner, has for years been won almost exclusively by pairs from the Soviet Union, and later Russia.
Vocabulary: spins — вращения; to perform a spin — выполнять вращение;
The International Skating Union (ISU) governs various disciplines of ice skating, including speed skating, single skating, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating During the off-season, athletes focus on training and exhibitions to enhance their skills Coaches play a vital role in shaping the competitive careers of skaters, emphasizing techniques such as the optimal height-to-width ratio of the metal blade for better performance Whether in competitive events or demonstrations, the artistry and athleticism of skating continue to captivate audiences worldwide.
- What are the functions o f the International Skating Union?
- Why is this sport associated with show-business?
- When does the history of figure skating begin?
- When did the ice skates take the modem form?
- What happened in the eighteenth century?
- Who is regarded to be the founder o f figure skating as it is known today?
- What were the tendencies o f figure skating development at the beginning o f the twentieth century and in the post-war time?
- What are the parts modem figure skating is divided in?
3 Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
Ice skating, an Olympic sport that includes intricate spins and jumps, is showcased at various levels of competition, from local to national and international events sanctioned by the ISU After their competitive careers, skaters often participate in exhibitions to display their skills The sport's roots stretch back to prehistoric times, with early skaters using steel-edged blades and sticks for propulsion Today, ice skating is experiencing a resurgence in popularity, with instructional books available to help enthusiasts trace patterns on the ice and enhance their technique.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1 The ISU regulates international figure skating judging and competitions.
2 Figure skating is an official event in the Winter Olympic Games.
3 The top-placing skaters perform for the crowd by showing off their various skills.
4 The primitive bone-made ice skates did not have sharp gliding edges like modem ice skates.
5 In Holand they experimented with the height to width ratio of the metal blade of the ice skates, producing a design that remains almost unaltered to this day.
6 It was with the publication of the first manual that ice skating split into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating.
7 Haines was known as the first skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into his skating.
8 The constmction o f new ice rinks, built completely for ice skating, allowed much more intensive training, and led to increased performance on the ice.
9 The USA skaters brought a style that emphasized more speed and endurance, as well as dynamic movements.
10.Modem figure skating is divided into four parts: single skating events for both sexes, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating.
5 Translate the words and word-combinations in brackets Translate the sentences fro m Russian into English.
1 (Международный союз конькобежцев) is the international governing body for competitive (коньковые виды спорта), including (фигурное катание, синхронное фигурное катание и конькобежный спорт), founded in Scheveningen Netherlands in 1892.
2 Major international competitions are sanctioned by the ISU These include the Winter Olympic Games where figure skating (входит в официальную программу) and (Чемпионаты мира).
Olympic figure skating includes three main disciplines: men's and women's singles skating, pairs skating featuring a male and female team, and ice dance, which also involves couples skating together.
4 History was made at the 2010 Olympics because China won its first (золотую медаль по фигурному катанию).
When selecting figure skating skates, it's essential to consider factors such as the athlete's age, the specific discipline of figure skating they participate in—whether it's single skating, pair skating, or ice dancing—and their skill level, which can range from amateurs and beginners to professionals.
Basic Elements of Figure Skating
There are four basic elements in figure skating - they are steps, spirals, spins and jumps.
Step sequences are essential in all four Olympic figure skating disciplines, featuring patterns that can be straight, circular, or serpentine These sequences incorporate a variety of turns, steps, and edge changes, serving not only as a fundamental component but also as transitions between different elements.
The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include:
• Three turns, so called because the blade turns into the curve o f the edge or lobe to leave a tracing resembling the numeral "3".
• Bracket turns, in which the blade is turned counter to the curve o f the lobe, making a tracing resembling a bracket ("}")•
• Rockers and counters, one-foot turns that involve a change of lobe as well as of direction.
• Mohawks, the two-foot equivalents of three turns and brackets.
• Choctaws the two-foot equivalents o f rockers and counters.
• Twizzles traveling multi rotation turns on one foot.
Other freeskating movements that can be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges.
A spiral is a figure skating element where the skater glides on a specific edge of the blade, with the free leg elevated above the hip This move can be executed while skating both forwards and backwards, and is characterized by the blade edge and the foot used A spiral sequence consists of one or more spiral positions and edges performed in succession.
Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage and other factors Some skaters are able to change edges during a
2 Use the link to watch sportsmen performing all the elements: http://www.tulup.ru/elements.html spiral, i.e from inside to outside edge Spirals performed on a "flat" are generally not considered as true spirals.
Spiral positions in figure skating vary, with the leg positioned either in front, to the side, or behind the body When the skate blade is held, it is classified as a catch-foot position, with the Biellmann position being the most recognized example of this technique.
The arabesque spiral is a fundamental position in figure skating, characterized by the free leg being extended behind the body at least at hip height, forming a minimum angle of 90 degrees While some skaters can achieve a vertical position of 180 degrees, this level of extension is not mandatory.
The spread eagle is a skating maneuver where the skater glides on both feet, with toes pointed outward and heels together This move can be executed on either inside or outside edges and is often utilized as an entrance to jumps, enhancing the complexity of the jump according to the Code of Points.
Points It is most commonly used an entrance to an axel jump.
The Ina Bauer is a captivating figure skating move, named after the renowned skater, which features a spiral position on two parallel blades In this elegant maneuver, one foot glides on a forward edge while the other leg extends backward on a different parallel edge The forward leg is slightly bent, contrasting with the trailing leg, which remains straight, showcasing both balance and artistry in figure skating.
Spiral sequences are required in ladies skating and pair skating They count as one of the required step sequences in the free skate.
Spins are essential in figure skating competitions, featured across all four Olympic disciplines The three fundamental spin positions are the sit position, camel position, and upright position Skaters execute spins by rotating on the rounded part of the blade located just behind the toe pick Spins can be performed individually or in sequences that blend various spin types.
Skaters can perform spins on either foot, with most rotating counterclockwise, although some skaters rotate clockwise or can do both A forward spin is executed on the left foot for those who spin counterclockwise, while a back spin is performed on the right foot.
In pair skating, spins may be performed side by side with both partners doing the same spin or combination spin at the same time Additionally, in pairs
Figure skating coach Gustave Lussi claims that the spin was actually invented by an Australian skater named Campbell, not Cecilia Colledge This innovation led to the term "Campbell spin," which eventually evolved into what is now known as the "camel spin."
12 and in ice dancing, there are pair and dance spins, during which both skaters rotate around j W the same axis while holding onto each other.
Jumps Д Jumps are one o f the most important elements o f figure skating.
Jumps involve the skater leaping into the Щ air and rotating rapidly to land after ô completing one or more rotations There are
There are various types of jumps in figure skating, categorized by the skater's takeoff and landing techniques, as well as the number of rotations performed Incomplete rotations or improper edge usage can negatively impact the jump's score Judges also consider factors such as height, speed, and the skater's coverage of the ice when evaluating performance.
Jumps can be rotated in clockwise or counterclockwise direction Most skaters are counterclockwise jumpers For clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise.
Figure skating features six distinct jumps that are classified as jump elements, all of which are landed on one foot using the right back outside edge with a counterclockwise rotation These jumps are categorized into two types: toe jumps and edge jumps, each distinguished by their unique takeoff techniques.
Toe jumps are launched by tapping the toe pick o f one skate into the ice, and include (in order o f difficulty from easiest to hardest):
Toe loops are executed by taking off from the back outside edge of either the left or right foot, utilizing the opposite toe pick for launch In contrast, toe walleys also involve a similar technique but initiate from the back inside edge of the right foot.
2 Flips, which take off from the back inside edge o f the right or left foot and are launched by the opposite toe pick;
3 Lutzes, which take off from the back outside edge o f the right or left foot and are launched by the opposite toe pick.
Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include:
Salchows are figure skating jumps that initiate from either the left or right back inside edge By allowing the edge to curve, the opposite leg aids in propelling the skater into the air, enabling a graceful landing on one foot.
2 Loops (also known as Rittberger jumps) take off from either the left or right back outside edge and land on the same edge;
3 Axels, which are the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge
The axel jump, known for being the most challenging of the six figure skating jumps, requires skaters to complete an additional half rotation during takeoff Consequently, it is also the jump that takes the longest for skaters to master.
Vocabulary: step sequence - дорожка шагов;
How Competitions Are Conducted
At major international and national skating competitions, skaters are grouped for practice sessions to ensure safety, with a maximum of 6 singles skaters, 4 pairs, or 5 ice dance couples allowed on the ice simultaneously During these sessions, each skater performs their program in turn while others remain on the ice, with the skater currently playing having the right of way Skaters receive at least one official practice on the competition ice before each segment, enabling them to familiarize themselves with the arena and address any music timing or sound issues Coaches must remain off the ice during these practices, observing from behind the rink boards Additionally, at international competitions (excluding the Olympics), skaters are restricted to designated practice sessions after receiving their credentials.
In figure skating competitions, the initial start order for the short program or compulsory dance is typically determined by random draw, although some events now use the reverse order of seeding Skaters are organized into warmup groups, where they share the ice for a brief warmup before each performs their routine individually After their performance, skaters await their scores in the "kiss and cry" area, while volunteers collect flowers and gifts from the ice Following every two groups, there is a scheduled break for ice resurfacing In later phases of the competition, the start orders and warmup groups are based on current standings, with either a random draw or reverse order of placement, depending on the specific competition rules.
Figure skating is governed by extensive regulations, with the U.S Figure Skating rulebook exceeding 700 pages This article focuses on the rules applicable to pairs and singles skaters competing in international events, such as the World Figure Skating Championships and the Olympics.
For years, figure skating competitions utilized the traditional 6.0 judging system, where judges compared skaters against each other and assigned scores for technique and presentation on a scale from 0 to 6.
2004, the International Skating Union adopted the International Judging System for use at international competitions.
In figure skating competitions, skaters earn points based on their technical elements and program components at each stage The scores from both the short program and free skate are calculated and combined to determine the overall Competition Score Ultimately, the skater with the highest total score is declared the winner.
In figure skating, each technical element, including jumps, spins, lifts, footwork, and spiral sequences, is assigned a score based on predetermined base values A technical specialist evaluates each element and rates the difficulty level for certain components, like spins and step sequences, on a scale from 1 to 4, with 4 representing the highest level of difficulty.
Judges evaluate the performance by assigning a Grade of Execution ranging from minus 3 to plus 3 for each element After totaling the scores of individual elements, deductions are applied for issues such as falls, time violations, and illegal elements, resulting in the final Technical Element Score.
Program Component Score: Judges also score each skater's skating skills, transitions (linking footwork and movement!, performance/execution, choreography/composition and interpretation o f the music Scores range from 0.25 to 10.
International judging is favored by many skaters and coaches for its detailed feedback, which enhances performance evaluation It also emphasizes the quality of elements, ensuring that skaters are appropriately rewarded or penalized based on their execution Additionally, this judging system is believed to reduce the subjectivity often associated with traditional judging methods.
Because the system rewards complexity, simple programs done with pure technique - which many fans enjoy - do not score well This may change over time as the rules are revised.
In international competition, judges' scores are anonymous The ISU believes that this offers judges protection to score as they see fit.
Vocabulary: practice session - тренировка; rink boards - бортики катка; short program - короткая программа; compulsory dance — обязательный танец; kiss and cry area - зона ожидания результатов; standing - место в турнирной таблице;
6.0 system - шестибалльная система оценки в фигурном катании;
International Judging System — новая судейская система, судейская система ИСУ;
W orld Figure Skating Cham pionships - Чемпионаты мира по фигурному катанию; presentation - артистизм; technical element score - очки за элементы;
20 program com ponent score - очки за общее впечатление; transitions (linking footwork and movement) — связующие элементы.
2.Answer the follow ing questions:
Do all the skaters practice at one and the same time?
Why are the skaters so few on the ice?
Do the skaters practice with the help of their coaches? Why do you think? How is the start order for the initial phase determined?
In the subsequent phases of competition what are the start orders and warm up groups determined by?
What is the current system o f judging figure skating competitions and when was it adopted?
What qualities o f the skater’s performance are evaluated in the current system?
What is included into the Technical Element Score?
What is included into the Program Component Score?
Why are the judges’ scores anonymous nowadays?
In major national or international skating competitions, safety concerns are paramount, and after a warm-up period, skaters must have the right of way on the actual competition ice surface To participate, athletes must be credentialed at the competition, and their performance may be determined by random draw Skaters take the ice together and are judged under a specific system that includes a Grade of Execution and a Competition Score, with the system rewarding complexity in their routines.
4 Translate the follow ing sentences into Russian:
1 At each step o f the competition, each skater receives points for technical elements and program components.
2 Every element - every jump, spin, lift, footwork or spiral sequence - gets points.
3 The scores o f the individual elements are added up, deductions for things like falls, time violations and illegal elements are taken, and the resulting number is the Technical Element Score.
4 At international competitions except for the Olympic Games, skaters are not permitted to skate except on the officially designated practice sessions once they have been credentialed at the competition.
For years, figure skating competitions utilized the traditional 6.0 judging system, where judges ranked skaters against each other and assigned scores for both technique and presentation on a scale from 0 to 6.
In the later phases of the competition, the order of participants and their warmup groups are established based on their current standings This can involve either a random draw within each group or having competitors skate in reverse order of their standings, depending on the specific rules of the competition.
7 Many skaters and coaches like the international judging because of the detailed feedback it gives.
8 In 2004, the International Skating Union adopted the International Judging System for use at international competitions.
9 There is usually a break to resurface the ice after every 2 groups.
After performing, the skaters patiently await their scores in the kiss and cry area, while volunteers, often children, gather flowers and gifts left on the ice.
5 Translate the following sentences into English:
1 Новая судейская система (также Судейская система И СУ)— действующая система оценок для мужского и женского одиночного фигурного катания, парного катания, спортивных танцев на льду и синхронного фигурного катания.
The proposal to replace the century-old grading system emerged following the controversy at the 2002 Winter Olympics, where a judge's vote in figure skating was annulled, leading to a historic re-awarding of gold medals.
3 Вместо выставления двух ôобщихằ оценок (за сложность программы и за её представление) судьи оценивают все элементы в программе по отдельности.
4 Ничьи, хоть и крайне редко, но бывают Ничьи по одной программе разрешаются оценкой за технику в короткой программе и оценкой за компоненты — в произвольной Ничьи по сумме нескольких программ — последней откатанной.
5 Новые споры разгорелись после второго места Евгения Плющенко на Олимпийских играх 2010 и третьего места Бриана Жубера на Чемпионате мира 2010 Дискуссии вызвало недовольство необъективно низким оцениванием четверных прыжков.
6 Короткая программа в фигурном катании— первая часть соревнований в одиночном (мужском и женском) и парном катании.
7 По результатам короткой программы, 24 лучших участника (в парах — 16 пар) затем исполняют произвольную программу.
8 В произвольной программе спортсмен и тренер имеют относительную творческую свободу в определении последовательности исполнения элементов, выборе оптимального варианта подхода к этим элементам, а также создании цельной по замыслу оригинальной композиции.
9 Все спортсмены пытаются выполнить максимально разрешенный набор элементов, поскольку за каждый из них начисляются баллы.
10.Так как каждый элемент имеет свою базовую стоимость, а количество элементов ограничено, кроме того, ограничено время, то имеется множество комбинаций элементов, варьируя которые, возможно набрать в программе наибольшее количество баллов.
6 M ake the summary o f the text in Russian and translate it back into English
Figure Skaters
Interview with Joannie Rochette (one of the top-skaters nowadays, Canada).
Q: Джоанны, у Вас в этом году появилось две новые программы
Joannie shared that her short program, "Summertime," was initially created as an exhibition piece by choreographer Shae-Lynn The essence of the program is to evoke a sense of relaxation and comfort, mirroring the atmosphere of an exhibition performance.
Q: Вы выбрали ôаранхуэлъский концертằ для свободной программы, несмотря на то, что последние два сезона Вы также останавливались на
23 испанских мотивах, например, в прошлом году Вы выбрали композицию ôДон Жуанằ Феликса Грея.
Joannie: At first we also thought that it might be too similar in style, but the
“Concierto de Aranjuez” is a very classical music, Spanish, but classical, while last year’s program was more a Flamenco.
Q: Ранее Вы сказали, что этим летом Ваши тренировки отличались от обычных Что именно изменилось?
Joannie improved her on-ice training significantly this year, as she was able to train more effectively without the injuries that previously plagued her during the summer With increased training hours, she had the opportunity to practice her jumps more frequently, leading to better performance overall.
Q: А почему раньше Вы не могли тренироваться на льду дольше?
Joannie has increased her on-ice jumping practice from two to three hours, which she believes has significantly boosted her confidence While she has always engaged in off-ice stretching, her coach emphasizes that the extra time on the ice is crucial for improvement Previously, their training focused primarily on quality, but they have now shifted to also prioritize quantity This change aims to enhance muscle memory, enabling Joannie to perform jumps automatically without overthinking each one.
Q: Заметно, что сейчас Вы катаетесь намного более уверенно.
Joannie acknowledges that skating is a unique sport requiring both athleticism and artistry She emphasizes the importance of repetition in mastering elements, something she hadn’t focused on previously While she was always active off the ice, she realized the need to enhance her skills on the ice, particularly in improving her edges and loosening her stiff upper body With dedicated practice, she has made significant progress.
Q: Был ли в Вашей практике момент, когда Вы почувствовали, что происходят какие-то изменения?
Joannie began to believe in her skating abilities towards the end of September, following a challenging summer program with Lori Nichol that included complex jump exits Initially, during her first run-through, she managed to land two triples, which she thought was impossible, and struggled at the Skate Canada test skate in Vancouver However, with increased practice and repetitions, her performance improved significantly Joannie focused on changing her mental approach to competitions, aiming to reduce stress and maintain a calm demeanor Although stress remains a factor, she emphasizes the importance of being happy on the ice and showing a smile, even as someone who is not naturally expressive.
Sau khi giành chiến thắng tại hai cuộc thi Grand Prix và phá kỷ lục của nhà vô địch thế giới hiện tại Mao Asada, bạn đã trở thành một trong những ứng cử viên hàng đầu để tiến vào vòng chung kết Grand Prix và giành chiến thắng tại Giải vô địch Thế giới Liệu thành công này có phải là điều bất ngờ đối với bạn không?
Joannie acknowledges the strong competition posed by Yu-Na Kim and Mao Asada, recognizing their role in elevating the standards of female figure skating She expresses admiration for both skaters but notes that neither performed at their best during the competition in Paris While her victory has boosted her confidence, she feels it doesn't equate to surpassing Mao, as she simply capitalized on the opportunity presented to her Joannie emphasizes her focus during the performance, contrasting it with her past nervousness, and concludes by expressing her satisfaction in delivering a solid program after Mao's routine, despite the challenges of following such a strong competitor.
Q: Ранее Вы заявили, что одной из главных Ваших целей в этом сезоне является улучшение очков за общее впечатление Появились ли у Вас какие- то новые цели после победы в соревнованиях Гран-При?
Joannie expressed that she did not achieve all her goals at Skate Canada, particularly regarding some jump exits She felt less confident and struggled with her footing during that event Although her recent practice sessions have been somewhat weaker, she is satisfied with her ability to focus on her program and perform as she did in training Looking ahead to the Grand Prix Final, Joannie emphasizes that her goals remain unchanged, as she does not set specific placement targets Instead, she is simply pleased to qualify for the Final, which she views as a positive outcome.
Q: Благодарю за Ваше интервью и желаю успехов в оставшихся соревнованиях сезона.
The exhibition program showcases the athletes' skills through a series of impressive performances, while the free program allows them to demonstrate their creativity and technical prowess Muscle memory plays a crucial role in executing complex routines, making thorough run-throughs essential for success Athletes aim to rise the bar with each performance, striving for higher component scores that reflect their overall impression Ultimately, their goal is to go to the final, where they can compete for top honors.
Sotnikova bags Ju nior W orld title
2011 W orld Ju n io r Figure Skating Cham pionships
Adelina Sotnikova of Russia showcased her exceptional skills at the Junior Worlds, securing the title with a commanding performance Her teammate, Lisa Tuktamysheva, followed closely behind, earning the silver medal with a gap of 5.85 points, while Agnes Zawadzki from the USA rounded out the podium with a bronze medal.
At the Junior Worlds, Russia emerged as the top-performing nation, securing five medals, including two golds and three silvers Japan and the USA followed with two medals each, while Canada, China, and Sweden each earned one medal.
Sotnikova showcased her skills as the third skater in the final flight, starting her routine to "Rondo Capriccioso" with an impressive triple Lutz-triple loop combination worth 12.10 points She followed this with a double Axel-triple toeloop, executed three additional clean triples, and performed two level-four spins The only minor error was stepping out of the landing on her triple flip Ultimately, she achieved a score of 115.45 points for the performance, bringing her total to 174.96 points overall.
"Overall I skated well for myself," the 14-year-old from Moscow said
Despite making one mistake, I am thrilled to have won my first Junior Worlds It’s hard to express my emotions right now, but I feel fortunate to achieve victory on my first attempt, and I believe I truly deserved this win.
"When I came here I didn't think about that this is the Junior World Championship," she explained "It was like an ordinary competition for me and I was calm."
The equally talented Tuktamysheva produced five triples and two level-four spins in her stylish program to Asturias She earned 110.51 points which added up to 169.11 points.
The 14-year-old skater recognized the intense competition, stating, "I performed well in the short program, but my free program didn't go as planned While I'm pleased with second place, I know I could have won if I had executed my technical elements better Nonetheless, I remain optimistic about my future opportunities."
"I had intended to showcase my triple Lutz-triple toe combination, but it didn't go as planned," she lamented "There was also an unexpected pop on the Salchow, which turned into a double However, even if I had executed the Salchow perfectly, it wouldn't have changed the outcome Given the opportunity, I would immediately return to the ice to perform my program again."
History of Curling
When Winter muffles up his cloak, And binds the mire like a rock;
When to the loughs the curlers flock
—Robert Burns, "Tam Samson's Elegy" (1787)
In winter, curling is a popular pastime, where players compete to slide stones on smooth ice, aiming to get closest to a target This friendly competition often involves different groups within the parish, including various trades and occupations Curling is not only a healthful and innocent activity but also a source of enjoyment that brings the community together without causing any harm.
—Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account o f Scotland" (1781-1799)
Curling, often referred to as the "Roarin' Game," gets its name from the sound of a granite stone gliding across the ice While the precise origins of curling remain uncertain, it is widely recognized as one of the oldest team sports in the world.
Pieter Bruegel, a 16th Century Flemish artist, depicted a game resembling curling on frozen ponds in his paintings The earliest written record of this activity dates back to 1540, when John McQuhin, a notary in Paisley, Scotland, documented a challenge between John Sclater, a monk from Paisley Abbey, and Gavin Hamilton, a representative of the Abbot The account noted that Sclater successfully threw a stone across the ice three times, demonstrating his readiness for the contest.
What is clear, however, is that what may have started as an enjoyable pastime of throwing stones over ice during a harsh Northern European winter, has
36 evolved into a popular modem sport with its own World Championships attracting fans and large television audiences.
Curling originated on frozen lochs and ponds, and while it remains a seasonal pastime in some regions, all official national and international competitions are now held in climate-controlled indoor rinks to ensure optimal ice conditions.
The origins of curling can be traced back to Scotland, where the first recognized curling clubs were established In the 19th century, as Scots migrated to colder regions around the globe, particularly to Canada, they brought the sport with them, leading to its widespread popularity in these new locales.
The first Rules were drawn up in
In 1838, the Grand Caledonian Curling Club was established in Edinburgh, formally adopting the "Rules in Curling" and becoming the sport's governing body Four years later, during a demonstration at Scone Palace by the Earl of Mansfield for Queen Victoria, the Queen became enamored with the game Consequently, in 1843, she granted permission to rename the club to the Royal Caledonian Curling Club (RCCC).
International curling events began in the 19th century in Europe and North America, but the first official international competition for men's teams occurred during the 1924 Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix Great Britain triumphed over Sweden and France, and in 2006, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) retroactively recognized this event as the Olympic debut of curling, awarding medals for the competition.
In 1957, a meeting in Edinburgh marked a significant step towards establishing an international organization necessary for Olympic medal recognition in curling Although no immediate progress was made, the following year, Scotland and Canada achieved a notable milestone by initiating the Scotch Cup series, featuring their national men's curling champions.
Interest in other countries was generated, and the USA (1961), Sweden
(1962), Norway and Switzerland (1964), France (1966) and Germany (1967) expanded the Scotch Cup entry The 1959-67 results now are recognized in the curling history of the men's world championship.
In March 1965, the success of the Scotch Cup series prompted the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland to convene a meeting in Perth, where representatives from six countries—Scotland, Canada, the USA, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland—agreed to establish a global administration for curling.
37 committee of the Royal Club, to be called the International Curling Federation (ICF)
In March 1966, a draft constitution for the International Canoe Federation (ICF) was reviewed by representatives from seven countries, including France, which joined the original six Consequently, the Federation was officially established on April 1 of that year.
1966 The constitution was approved in March 1967, at Perth, and a set of rules for international competition was proposed At the Federation's annual meeting in
1968 in Pointe Claire, Quebec, these rules were adopted, but are subject to amendment and revision each year.
In 1982, a pivotal amendment to the Constitution established the Federation as an independent governing body for curling globally, while the Royal Caledonian Curling Club was recognized as the Mother Club of Curling.
In 1991, the name of the Federation was changed to the World Curling Federation (WCF)
During the meeting of the IOC Executive Board held June 22-23,
In 1993, during a meeting in Lausanne, the Organizing Committee of the Nagano Olympic Winter Games (NAOC) officially confirmed the inclusion of Curling in the program for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games in 1998 Initially, eight teams for both men and women competed in Nagano, but this number increased to ten starting from the Salt Lake City Olympic Winter Games in 2002.
In May 2000, the WCF Secretariat moved from Edinburgh to Perth, Scotland.
The first World Wheelchair Curling Championship was held in January
In March 2002, the International Paralympic Committee officially recognized Wheelchair Curling as a medal sport for mixed-gender teams Subsequently, the Organizing Committee for the 2006 Torino Paralympic Winter Games incorporated Wheelchair Curling into their event program.
In 2002, significant international events were introduced, including the World Senior Championships for both men and women, as well as the Continental Cup The Continental Cup is a competitive event modeled after golf's Ryder Cup, featuring a matchup between Team North America, comprising Canada and the USA, and Team Europe, which is now known as Team World.
In 2003, Curling was featured on the programmes of the World University Winter Games and the Asian Winter Games for the first time.
The growth of the sport in Asia was recognized with the World Women’s Championship held in Aomori, Japan, in 2007 and Gangneung, Korea, in 2009
In 2008 the first World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was staged in Vierumaki, Finland Mixed doubles curling marks a break from traditional curling,
38 as teams are comprised o f two players — one male and one female The Championship has grown from strength to strength and is now an annual fixture on the WCF calendar.
International Olympic Committee (IOC) - Международный Олимпийский Комитет (МОК);
International Curling Federation (ICF) - Международная федерация керлинга (ИКФ);
World Curling Federation (WCF) - Всемирная федерация керлинга (ВКФ); World Wheelchair Curling Championship - Чемпионат мира по керлингу среди инвалидов-колясочников;
The Continental Cup - Континентальный кубок по керлингу;
World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship - Чемпионат мира по керлингу среди смешанных пар.
2 Answer the follow ing questions:
- Why was curling described as the “roaring” game?
- What is the first written evidence o f the existence of the game? What other evidence do we have?
- In what way has the game changed since the time o f its origin?
- What country did curling come from? What was one of the key factors o f its wide spread?
- How did the first curling club acquire the status o f a Royal club?
- When did curling acquire the status o f an Olympic sport? What country won the first gold in curling?
- How was the International Curling Federation created?
- When was the constitution for the ICF adopted? Has it undergone any changes since that time?
- How is ICF called now? When did it change its name?
- When was the first World Wheelchair Curling Championship held?
- What is the Continental Cup?
- What important step in the development of the game was made in 2008?
3 Give the English equivalents for: Гранитный камень; состязание между и ; бросать камень; соревнования проходят в закрытых помещениях, где тщательно поддерживается
The necessary temperature for ice coverage is crucial for curling enthusiasts as they strive to establish official game rules Curling aims to gain recognition as an Olympic sport, especially during the Winter Olympics, by expanding the participant list and including mixed doubles competitions in the event program.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) The sport which has started as an enjoyable pastime o f throwing stones over ice during a harsh Northern European winter, has evolved into a popular modem sport with its own World Championships.
2) Nowadays all National and International competitive curling competitions take place in indoor rinks with the condition o f the ice carefully temperature-controlled.
3) The first curling rules were drawn up in Scotland.
4) Interest for curling in other countries was generated, and the USA, Sweden, Norway and Switzerland, France and Germany expanded the Scotch Cup entry.
5) In March, 1966, in Vancouver, Canada, a draft constitution for the ICF was considered by seven countries, and the Federation was declared to be established as o f April 1,1966.
6) During the meeting of the IOC Executive Board held June 22-23,
1993 in Lausanne, the Organizing Committee of the Nagano Olympic Winter Games (NAOC) officially agreed to include Curling in the programme o f the XVIII Olympic Winter Games in 1998.
7) The Continental Cup is a competition run along the same lines as g o lfs Ryder Cup, with Team North America (Canada and USA) versus Europe (now Team World).
Curling S heet
According to the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling, the playing surface, known as the curling sheet, is a meticulously prepared ice area that measures between 146 to 150 feet (45 to 46 m) in length and 14.5 to 16.5 feet (4.4 to 5.0 m) in width, ensuring it is as flat and level as possible.
The house, marked at each end of the curling sheet, features three concentric rings distinguished by color, representing the four-foot, eight-foot, and twelve-foot diameters These rings serve as visual aids for aiming and determining which stone is closest to the center, although they do not influence scoring; a stone must at least touch the outer ring to score Each house is centered at the intersection of the center line, which runs lengthwise down the sheet, and one of the tee lines, positioned 16 feet (4.9 m) from and parallel to each backboard, effectively dividing the houses into quarters.
The button is the focal point of each house, located at the intersection of the center line and the tee line Additionally, two hog lines are established, positioned 37 feet (11 meters) from each backboard and running parallel to it.
Hacks, positioned twelve feet behind each button, provide throwers with a stable point to push against during their throw In indoor rinks, there are typically two fixed hacks—rubber-lined holes located on either side of the center line The inside edge of these hacks is no more than 3 inches (76 mm) from the center line, with the front edge aligned along the hack line.
A curling sheet, with dimensions - CL: Centreline • HOL: Hogline • TL: Teeline
• BL: Backline • HA: Hackline with Hacks • FGZ: Free Guard Zone
Ice used in curling is typically created by refrigeration plants that circulate a brine solution through pipes at the bottom of shallow water pans Each curling club usually has an ice maker responsible for maintaining the ice quality During major events like the Brier or national championships, ice maintenance becomes crucial, as ice makers must continuously monitor and adjust ice and air temperatures along with humidity levels to provide a consistent playing surface To achieve this, multiple sensors are embedded in each sheet of ice to track surface temperature, while additional probes in the seating area measure humidity and those in the compressor room monitor brine temperatures The ideal surface temperature for curling ice is approximately 23 °F (-5 °C).
Properly preparing the playing surface involves spraying water droplets onto the ice, which freeze to create a pebble texture As the stone slides over this pebble, its rotation influences the direction it curls, either inward or outward Throughout the game, the degree of curl may vary as the pebble wears down.
In curling, the playing area, known as the curling sheet, features key elements such as the house, which is the target area for scoring Players deliver a stone, the sport's essential equipment, aiming to land it within the house The centre line and tee line help define the playing field, while the quarter sections of the house assist in scoring The button marks the center of the house, and the hog line indicates the limit for delivering the stone Additionally, players utilize a hack for a stable starting position during their throws.
In curling, a thrower is the player responsible for delivering the stone, while the hack line marks the starting point for their throw The free guard zone allows for strategic plays, and an icemaker is essential for preparing the ice surface for optimal gameplay The Brier, also known as the Tim Horton’s Brier Canadian Curling Championships, is the prestigious men's curling championship held in Canada.
2 Answer the follow ing questions:
- What are the dimensions of the curling sheet?
- What does the house consist of? What are the rings used for?
- What lines are painted on the ice sheet?
- What is a hack? What are hacks used for?
- Who is responsible for the ice? How is the quality of the ice controlled? - How is ice prepared?
An ideally smooth and level playing surface; influence on the score count; a throw not counted; crossing the center line of the rink with the center line of the house; pushing off during a throw; maintaining the ice in the required condition; regulating the temperature of the ice and air; monitoring humidity levels; built-in sensors; stone rotation; reducing the roughness of the ice surface.
4 Translate the words and word-combinations in brackets Translate the sentences front English into Russian.
The playing surface measures 15 feet in width and 138 feet in length, extending from one rubber footrest to another where the curling delivery starts The house, which is 12 feet in diameter, features concentric rings at 8 feet, 4 feet, and 1 foot from the center, all painted onto the ice.
In curling, a player must release the stone before its front edge crosses the hog line, which is located 33 feet from the hack and 93 feet from the center line at the opposite end of the rink.
The central line of the curling sheet runs lengthwise down the center of the ice and serves solely as a visual aid, as it is not utilized in curling rules Some sheets may lack a central line between the two scoring lines, while others may not have a central line at all.
The ice surface is covered with small ice bumps instead of being smooth, achieved by spraying warm water on the prepared ice This technique provides the stones with a grip, allowing them to curve during rotation; without these bumps, curling the stone would be impossible.
During the first four throws of each end, known as the Free Guard Zone rule, teams are prohibited from removing stones positioned between the hog line and the tee line, as long as those stones are not within the house.
6) Зона (curling sheet), в которой происходит перемещение (curling stones), ограничена (side lines) и (back lines) Ширина боковых линий не входит в размеры игровой площадки, ширина задних линий входит в размеры игровой площадки.
7) Отталкиваясь от (hack), игроки двух команд поочередно разгоняют камень и посылают его в противоположный конец площадки Запрещены "заступы": камень необходимо выпустить до того, как он пересечет ближнюю к игроку (hog line).
8) По льду равномерно (spray) небольшие (water drops), которые образуют на поверхности (pebble).
5 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling.
The rings serve as a visual aid for aiming and assessing the proximity of stones to the center, but they do not influence the scoring To score points, a stone must at least make contact with the outer ring.
3) The centre and the tee line divide the houses into quarters.
4) The centre o f each house, at the intersection of the centre line and the tee line, is known as the button.
5) Two hog lines, are drawn 11 m from, and parallel to, each backboard.
6) The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan o f water.
7) Most curling clubs have an ice maker, whose main job is to care for the ice.
8) Each sheet o f ice has multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature.
9) A key part o f the preparation o f the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice, which form pebble on freezing.
10) Any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside; the amount of curl can change during a game as the pebble wears.
6 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) Игра в кёрлинг проводится на площадке с ледовой поверхностью.
2) Площадка для игры в кёрлинг имеет форму прямоугольника, на поверхность площадки наносится специальная разметка.
3) Зона игровой площадки, в которой происходит перемещение спортивных снарядов, ограничена боковыми линиями и задними линиями.
Curling Equipment
The curling stone, also known as a rock in North America, is a heavy disc-shaped stone defined by the World Curling Federation Weighing between 38 and 44 pounds (17 to 20 kg), each stone features a handle on top for ease of use.
The curling stone, measuring 910 mm in height with a minimum height of 4.5 inches (110 mm), features a handle secured by a vertical bolt at its center This handle enables players to grip and rotate the stone, allowing it to curl on well-prepared ice as it slows down To distinguish between teams, the handles are typically colored, with red and yellow being common choices in major tournaments The only part of the stone that contacts the ice is the running surface, a narrow ring measuring 0.25 to 0.50 inches (6.3 to 13 mm) wide and approximately 5 inches (130 mm) in diameter, designed with convex sides and a concave interior to ensure smooth gliding.
In competition, an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations, the game's most frequent cause of controversy
The electronic detection system ensures that the thrower's hand remains in contact with the handle as it crosses the hog line, signaling any violations through lights at the handle's base By eliminating human error and the requirement for hog line officials, this technology is essential for high-level national and international competitions However, its price of approximately $650 each makes it inaccessible for most recreational curling players.
The curling broom, also known as a brush, serves two primary functions: it sweeps the ice in the stone's path to influence its trajectory and provides balance support for the player during the stone's delivery.
In the past, brooms used in curling were made from corn strands and resembled traditional household brooms, while elderly curlers often used brushes as an alternative Today, brushes have completely replaced corn brooms across all levels of curling, commonly referred to simply as brooms Modern curling brushes feature heads made of fabric, hog hair, or horsehair, and their handles are typically hollow tubes constructed from fiberglass or carbon fiber, making them lighter and stronger than the old wooden dowels This design allows for faster sweeping and enables curlers to apply more downward force on the broom head with less shaft flex.
Curling shoes differ from regular athletic footwear primarily due to their unique soles; the slider shoe is intended for the sliding foot, while the non-sliding shoe is designed for the hack foot.
The slider shoe features a specialized Teflon sole, enabling smooth gliding on ice It is primarily used by the thrower during delivery and by sweepers or the skip for quick movement down the sheet While stainless steel soles were once popular, modern options include advanced materials like Teflon for enhanced performance.
Lateral blocks of rubber on the sole enhance the performance of sliding shoes, which can be made temporarily non-slippery with a slip-on gripper when not in use Ordinary athletic shoes can be transformed into sliders by attaching a Teflon slider or using electrical or gaffer tape on the sole or over cardboard, making this option ideal for casual or beginner players.
The non-sliding shoe, also known as the hack foot shoe, is specifically designed for throwers to wear on their hack foot during delivery, providing optimal grip It typically features either a standard athletic shoe sole or a specially applied layer of rubbery material, ensuring the thickness matches that of the sliding shoe Additionally, the toe of the hack foot shoe is often equipped with a rubberized coating or a protective flap that extends over the toe, minimizing wear as it drags on the ice behind the thrower.
Curling pants, made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery.
A stopwatch to time the stones while sweeping to get a feel of the speed o f the stone Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom itself.
Curling gloves and mittens, to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom.
In curling, the running surface refers to the滑动 surface of the stone, which is crucial for its movement The eye on the hog is a built-in sensor that determines whether the player has released the stone before it crosses the hog line Players use a curling broom, or brush, to sweep the ice, enhancing the stone's speed and altering its trajectory Proper footwear is essential, with curling shoes designed specifically for the sport; these include slider shoes for gliding and non-sliding shoes, also known as hack foot shoes, for stability Additionally, gaffer tape is often used for securing equipment due to its strong adhesive properties.
What is the purpose of the handle? Why are the handles of the curling stones o f different colours?
What do you call the part o f the stone in contact with the ice?
What are curling stones made of? How much do they cost?
- What is the eye on the hog used for? Is its use mandatory?
- How does a curling brush look like? What is it made of?
- What are the two types of the curling shoes? What are they used for?
The English equivalents for the following curling terms are: curling stone; circumference of the granite base of the stone; imparting spin during the throw; trajectory of the stone's glide; violation of the rule crossing the scoring line; judge at the scoring line; delivery; brush head; brush handle; sliding foot; foot used for pushing off; skip; sweeper; attachment (for the slider).
4 Translate the words and word-combinations in brackets Translate the sentences.
The rotation of a stone significantly influences its curling direction; a stone that rotates clockwise will curl to the right, while a stone rotating counterclockwise will curl to the left.
The integrated electric sensor embedded in the stone is a cutting-edge system designed to ensure impartial judging in curling It utilizes advanced technology to detect a magnetic strip frozen into the ice at the scoring line and monitors when a bare hand touches the stone's handle The circuitry within the stone's handle activates green lights to indicate a valid release, while red lights flash to signal a rule violation.
Choosing the right curling brush is crucial, as using the wrong one can make it difficult to effectively sweep the ice Consider the material of the brush head, whether synthetic or hair, as each offers distinct advantages and disadvantages Additionally, pay attention to the handle, which comes in various compositions; manufacturers are continuously working to create handles that are both lighter and stronger for optimal performance.
In curling, the type of footwear you choose is crucial for your performance You have the option to invest in specialized curling shoes or use a slider that can be attached to the soles of your regular shoes.
5 Игроки (competing teams) поочередно (throw) по гладкому льду двадцатикилограммовые (stones), снабженные (handle), стремясь попасть в (button).
6 (Brooms), которыми (sweep) перед камнем, - тоже не обычные (Broom head) сделана из синтетического материала и может (flex) во всех плоскостях
7 Специальная в керлинге и обувь Скользкий ботинок со скользящей галошей называется (slider) (бывает из пластика, бывает из тефлона), на другую ногу — (antislider) с устойчивой (sole).
8 (Curling stones) начали оборудовать (eye on the hog) Они определяют (stone trajectory) во время броска и сообщают о (rule violation) изменением цвета индикатора.
5 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) The curling stone as defined by the World Curling Federation is a thick stone disc weighing between 17 and 20 kg with a handle attached to the top.
Gameplay Part 1
International competitive games are ten ends, so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends
However, there is a movement to make the games only eight ends Most tournaments on that tour are like the vast majority of recreation games, and are eight ends An
In a curling match, each team alternates throwing two stones down the sheet, totaling sixteen stones per game A team may concede if the game is deemed unwinnable If the teams are tied at the end of regulation play, additional ends will be played until a winner is determined The team with the highest score after all ends are completed is declared the winner.
In international competition, teams have 73 minutes to complete their throws, along with two 60-second
The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery
The skip plays a crucial role in determining the necessary weight, turn, and line of the stone, which are influenced by the game's tactics, including strategies such as taking-out, blocking, or tapping another stone.
The weight of the stone is its velocity, which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm.
The turn is the rotation of the stone, which gives it a curved trajectory.
The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn.
The skip uses a broom to communicate tactics such as weight, turn, and line on the ice For specific shots like takeouts, guards, or taps, the skip clearly indicates which stones are involved.
Prior to delivery, it is essential to ensure that the stone's running surface is thoroughly cleaned and the path on the ice is swept, as any dirt can affect the stone's trajectory and compromise the shot This process is known as a "pick up" or "pick."
In curling, the thrower delivers the stone from the hack while the skip, positioned behind the button, strategizes on tactics, weight, turn, and line The other two players may sweep in front of the stone to affect its path, and when the skip takes their turn, the third player assumes the skip's responsibilities.
The thrower's gripper shoe, featuring a non-slip sole, is placed against one of the hacks; right-handed curlers position their right foot against the left hack, while left-handed curlers do the opposite Once in the hack, the thrower aligns their body, ensuring their shoulders are square to the skip's broom at the far end for accurate line alignment.
In curling, the stone is positioned in front of the foot at the hack The thrower begins by pulling the stone back to the toe, with some experienced curlers lifting the stone during this motion They then lunge forward, pushing the stone while sliding the foot in front of the gripper foot, which remains behind The power generated from this lunge is crucial for the throw.
The weight of the stone significantly affects its travel distance in curling Although it's not mandatory, many curlers choose to slide out from the hack when delivering the stone Maintaining balance during this process can be enhanced by using a broom held in the free hand, positioned with the back facing down to facilitate a smooth slide.
As the thrower approaches the hog line and their momentum decreases, the stone is released with a slight twist of the handle, either clockwise or anti-clockwise, transitioning from the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock position at the moment of release Typically, the stone achieves a turn rate of approximately 2.5 rotations before it comes to a stop.
In curling, a stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line and must clear the far hog line to remain in play; if it fails to do so, it is considered "hogged." An exception occurs if a stone rebounds off another stone past the hog line and does not come to rest beyond the far hog line While the release rule is seldom enforced in casual club play, it is strictly monitored in major tournaments The "eye on the hog" sensor in the stone signals legal throws, with red lights indicating a stone that must be immediately removed from play.
In curling, the game revolves around key vocabulary that enhances understanding of strategies and gameplay The term "end" signifies a segment of the game, while a "shot" refers to the delivery of the stone When the teams are tied, it often leads to a "timeout" or an "extra end" to determine the winner The "skip," or team captain, plays a crucial role in strategizing each "delivery," focusing on the "weight" and "line" to ensure precision Techniques such as "takeout" and "guard" are vital, with the former aimed at removing an opponent's stone from the house and the latter protecting the team's stones Players, including the lead, second, third (vice-skip), and fourth (skip), each have distinct responsibilities It's essential to avoid a "pick up," which indicates a poor shot, and to utilize equipment like the "gripper" to maintain traction on the ice, while being cautious not to "hog" the stone, which would disqualify it from play.
2 Answer the follow ing questions:
How many ends does a curling game consist of? What does an end consist of?
What is the delivery o f the stone determined by?
The process of the game involves taking turns to throw stones, and the game concludes when one team takes the lead in case of a tie The team with the highest score wins In the extra end, each team is allowed an additional one-minute timeout Players can knock out a stone, block a stone, or move a stone along an arched trajectory on the stone's sliding surface Players are assigned numbers based on the order of their throws, and they maintain balance using a broom while imparting spin to the stone by slightly turning the handle A stone may come to a stop or be removed from play.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) An end consists of each player from both teams throwing two stones down the sheet with the players on each side alternating shots, for a total o f sixteen stones.
2) If the teams are tied play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie.
In a 10-end game, each team is permitted two 60-second timeouts If the game goes into extra ends, teams receive an additional 10 minutes of playing time to finish their throws, along with one extra 60-second timeout for each additional end played.
The skip plays a crucial role in determining the necessary weight, turn, and line of the stone, influenced by the current game tactics, which may include strategies such as taking out, blocking, or tapping another stone.
5) The turn is the rotation of the stone, which gives it a curved trajectory.
6) The line is the direction o f the throw ignoring the effect of the turn.
7) All in all there are four players in a curling team, with team members named for the usual order in which they play.
8) When the skip throws, the third (vice-skip) takes his role standing behind the button and giving instructions to other sweepers.
Gameplay Part 2
After the stone is delivered, its path is influenced by two sweepers following the skip's instructions Sweeping serves two main purposes: reducing friction beneath the stone and minimizing curl As stones slow down, they tend to curl more; therefore, early sweeping helps increase distance and straighten the path, while sweeping after lateral movement can enhance sideways distance The pressure and speed of the brush head are crucial for slightly increasing the moisture layer that forms under the stone.
A crucial strategy in curling is understanding the optimal timing for sweeping Sweeping the ice in front of the stone typically helps it travel further and straighter However, there are instances where these changes in trajectory may not be beneficial For example, if a stone has excessive weight, it may still need to be swept to achieve the desired outcome.
57 to prevent curling into a guard The team must decide which is better: getting by the guard but traveling too far, or hitting the guard.
In a curling game, much of the communication involves the skip and the sweepers, with the skip calling the shot's line and the sweepers managing the weight The skip assesses the stone's path and directs the sweepers to maintain its trajectory, while the sweepers gauge the stone's weight to ensure it travels the correct distance and relay this information back to the skip Some teams utilize a stopwatch to time the stone's travel from the back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid, and many teams employ a Number System to indicate the estimated stopping zone of the stone among ten playable areas.
The new sweeping system in curling, popularized by the Randy Ferbev rink, helps sweepers predict the travel distance of the rock in play This system categorizes the rock's position with numbers: 1 to 3 for the free guard zone, 4 to 6 for the rings in front of the tee line, 7 for the button, and 8 to 10 for the rings behind the tee line Occasionally, the number 11 is used to signify a stone that passes through the house and is out of play By utilizing this numerical system, sweepers can communicate more effectively about the rock's expected endpoint, allowing the skip to provide clearer instructions to the deliverer on the required throwing strength.
In curling, sweepers typically position themselves on opposite sides of the stone's path, although this can vary based on their individual strengths Effective sweeping relies on speed and pressure; the broom should be gripped with one hand one third from the top and the other one third from the head The broom's angle against the ice is crucial for maximizing force The pressure applied can range from light brushing to remove debris, ensuring the stone's path remains unaffected, to intense scrubbing for optimal control.
In curling, sweeping is permitted anywhere on the ice up to the tee line, but only for a team's own stones Once a team's stone crosses the tee line, only one player from that team may sweep it However, when a stone crosses the tee line, a player from the opposing team is allowed to sweep it, but this is the only situation where an opponent can sweep According to international rules, this opposing player must be the skip, or if the skip is delivering the stone, then the sweeping player must be the third.
Occasionally, players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part This is often referred to as "burning" a stone Players touching a stone
In curling, players are expected to be aware of their own infractions It is important to note that touching a stationary stone when no stones are in play does not constitute an infraction This action is commonly used to indicate the location where a stone should be struck for removal.
In the game involving stones, when a player touches a stone, the rules provide different remedies: the stones may either be placed as they are after the touch, returned to their original positions as if untouched, or the touched stone may be removed from play Typically, the decision made should be the one that disadvantages the touching team the most.
Vocabulary: sweeper - игрок, натирающий лед перед скользящим камнем, таких игроков в команде два;
Number System - система условного деления поля для керлинга на зоны, каждой из которых соответствует определенный номер; То burn a stone — задеть находящийся в игре камень; infraction - нарушение правил.
2 Answer the follow ing questions:
- Why is the sweeping so important? What is its purpose?
- What is Number System and how is it used during the game?
- How should the sweeper grip the broom?
- What are the rules of sweeping?
- What are the ways o f solving the situation in case of burning the stone if it is considered to be infraction?
Under the guidance of the skip; friction; the stone's movement along a curved trajectory; a thin layer of water formed beneath the stone; the trajectory of the stone's movement; playing area; the player delivering the stone; the angle of the brush relative to the ice surface; the leading edge of the stone; crossing the center line of the house; touching a stone in play; declaring a rules violation; displacement of a stationary stone; contact with a moving stone.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) Sweeping is done for two reasons: to reduce friction underneath the stone, and to decrease the amount o f curl.
2) When sweeping, pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone.
3) When the ice in front of the stone is swept, a stone will usually travel both farther and straighten
4) A stone may have too much weight, but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard.
5) The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track.
6) The sweepers are responsible for judging the weight of the stone, ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip.
Many teams utilize the Number System to communicate the expected stopping position of the stone within 10 designated zones Numbers 1 to 3 represent the free guard zone, 4 to 6 indicate the rings in front of the tee line, 7 signifies the button, and 8 to 10 refer to the rings behind the tee line Additionally, the number 11 is occasionally used to denote a stone that is thrown through the house and out of play.
Once a team's stone crosses the tee line, only one player from that team is permitted to sweep it Additionally, when a stone crosses the tee line, a player from the opposing team is allowed to sweep it as well This is the sole instance in which a stone can be swept by a member of the opposing team.
9) Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in play is never an infraction.
When a stone is touched during gameplay, the appropriate remedies include either placing the stones in their final positions after the touch, restoring them to their original positions as if the touch had not occurred, or removing the touched stone from play entirely.
5 Translate the sentences into English:
Trước khi viên đá vượt qua đường trung tâm của ô nhà, tất cả các cầu thủ trong đội thực hiện lượt đánh đều có thể thực hiện cú quét Sau khi viên đá đã vượt qua đường này, chỉ có đội trưởng hoặc người thay thế của anh ta, tức là phó đội trưởng, mới được phép quét trong ô nhà.
2) Игроки одной команды не могут выполнять свипинг по отношению к камням другой команды (за исключением случая пересечения линии центра ôдомаằ камнем команды соперников).
3) Натирание поверхности игровой площадки при свипинге должно сопровождаться перемещением головки щётки или метёлки по льду из стороны в сторону.
During a sweeping action, players are prohibited from touching the stones on the playing surface with their bodies or equipment If a player from the team executing the shot contacts their moving stone with any part of their body or broom, that stone may be removed from play, and the shot will be deemed invalid However, the opposing team's skip has the option to allow the shot to stand by placing the touched stone at a potential stopping position and positioning other stones accordingly.
If a player from the team executing the stone delivery moves a stationary stone that obstructs the path of the moving stone, the opposing team's skip has the option to either nullify the delivery and return all stones to their original positions or to accept the delivery while maintaining the current positions of all stones on the playing field.
6) Скип определяет необходимую траекторию движения камня и дает соответствующие указания свиперам.
7) Растирая лед перед камнем, свиперы они растапливают его тонкий верхний слой и тем самым еще уменьшают трение камня В результате камень, скользит дальше и закручивается не так сильно.
Types o f Shots
Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows:
Guards are strategically placed in the free guard zone to protect the shot-rock, which is the stone nearest to the button, and to complicate the opposing team's shots These guard shots can be categorized into centre-guards, positioned along the centre line, and corner-guards, located on either side of the centre line.
Draws are thrown only to reach the house Draw shots include raise and angle-raise, come-around, and freeze shots.
Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel, hit- and-roll and double shots.
In curling, the four-rock rule prohibits the removal of guard rocks—stones in the free guard zone—until four stones have been played (two from each team) If an opponent's stone removes a guard rock, the guard rock is returned to its original position, and the opponent's stone is taken out of play, with no chance for replay This rule, known as the free guard zone rule, replaced the previous three-rock rule that was briefly implemented in Canada.
The Free Guard Zone rule was introduced in curling to counteract the prevalent strategy of "peeling," where teams would knock out opponents' guard stones, often resulting in a lack of scoring opportunities and a less engaging game Leading teams frequently utilized this tactic to maintain their advantage, allowing them to blank ends and prolong their control This strategy gained traction in Canada as ice-making techniques improved and brush technology advanced, giving players more control over the stones However, the 1990 Brier exemplified the negative impact of this approach, as many fans found the game dull due to the constant peeling The subsequent introduction of the Free Guard Zone in 1991 aimed to enhance the excitement and competitiveness of curling matches.
Curlers have adapted to the Free Guard Zone rule by employing a strategy known as the "tick" game, exemplified by renowned curler Kevin Martin from Alberta This technique involves making a shot aimed at nudging the guard to the side, effectively repositioning it and creating advantageous opportunities during the game.
In curling, executing a shot that renders the guard difficult or impossible to use while keeping it in play is a complex maneuver This tactic is akin to peeling the guard but presents a greater challenge; hitting the guard too hard results in it being removed from play, while not hitting it hard enough allows the opposition to utilize it strategically The precision required increases the likelihood of missing the guard altogether, making this shot a rare attempt by only the top teams, unlike the more common peel shot of the past.
In curling, the last-rock advantage, known as the hammer, is crucial for scoring Teams typically determine who gets the hammer for the first end through methods like a coin toss, a "draw-to-the-button" contest, or by comparing win-loss records in tournaments After the first end, the hammer is awarded to the team that did not score in the previous end, and if no points are scored, the hammer remains with the same team Having the hammer makes it easier to score, with teams often aiming for two or more points If only one point is possible, the skip may choose to blank the end to retain the hammer for the next round, while scoring without the hammer is known as stealing and is significantly more challenging.
In curling, a "guard" is a stone positioned in front of the house to protect other stones from being knocked out The "free guard zone" allows for strategic plays without interference from opposing stones The "shot-rock" is the stone closest to the center of the house, while "centre-guard" and "corner-guard" refer to guards placed along the central line and to the sides, respectively A "draw" is a shot aimed at placing a stone in the house without contacting opponents' stones The "raise" and "angle-raise" shots involve pushing one's own stone forward, with the latter causing it to bounce off at an angle The "come-around" shot slides past a guard to remain protected, while a "freeze" shot places a stone tightly against another "Takeouts" aim to remove an opponent's stone from the house, and a "pee" shot knocks out an opponent's stone while also leaving the thrower’s stone out of play The "hit-and-roll" shot strikes another stone at a slight angle and rolls away, while a "double" takeout eliminates two opposing stones The "free guard zone rule" governs the use of guards, and the "hammer" gives the advantage of the last shot A "blank end" occurs when no points are scored, and to "steal" means to score points without the opponent's stones in play.
2 Answer the follow ing questions:
- What are the main types of shots in curling?
- What is the essence of the free guard zone rule? Why was it introduced?
- What is the strategy developed by the curlers in response to the free guard zone?
- What is the hammer? What does scoring without a hammer mean?
Here are the English equivalents for the curling terms: "set shot"; "the stone closest to the center of the house"; "guard"; "free guard zone"; "a shot that removes the opponent's stone from play while also removing its own stone"; "a shot after which another stone from the team rebounds at an angle"; "a shot where the thrown stone pushes another of its own stones forward to the desired position"; "a high-precision shot where the stone stops almost next to an already placed stone"; "knockout shot"; "wrap-around shot"; "advantage of the last shot"; "blank end"; "steal points"; "knocking out opponent's stones"; "the team that starts the game"; "the team with the advantage of the last shot"; "to throw a stone at the center of the target."
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1) Guard shots include the centre-guard, on the centre line and the comer-guards to the left or right sides of the centre line.
2) Draw shots include raise and angle-raise, come-around, and freeze shots.
3) Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel, hit-and- roll and double shots.
4) Until four stones have been played (two from each side), stones in the free guard zone may not be removed by an opponent's stone.
When guard rocks are removed during play, they must be returned to their original positions prior to the thrown shot, while the opposing stone is permanently removed from the game and cannot be replayed.
6) This rule, a relatively recent addition to curling, was added in response to a strategy o f "peeling" opponents' guard stones
7) The team with the hammer could peel rock after rock, which would blank the end, keeping the last rock advantage for another end.
Before a curling game, teams determine who will have the hammer in the first end through various methods, including a coin toss, a "draw-to-the-button" contest where a player from each team aims to get closest to the center of the rings, or by comparing each team's win-loss records.
8) In the event that neither team scores, the hammer remains with the same team.
9) Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing, or a steal, and is much more difficult.
5 Translate the sentences into English:
1) Если говорить о том, какие бывают типы бросков, то самый распространенный из них дро - установка камня на нужную позицию без соприкосновения с другими камнями.
A highly effective and complex variation of the takeout is the hit-and-roll In this technique, the thrown stone strikes another stone at a shallow angle and then rolls slightly away, allowing it to hide behind another stone for strategic advantage Executing a successful hit-and-roll is challenging, even for top players and skilled teams, as it demands precise throwing and meticulous sweeping.
A variation of a throw is the lift, where a thrown stone propels another stone forward to reach a specific point This can be considered a type of throw because the technique and throwing method are nearly identical to those used in a standard throw, although the initial throwing speed is slightly higher due to some energy loss during the collision.
In curling, when a thrown stone strikes another stone directly, it is referred to as a direct raise, while an angled strike is known as an angled raise The latter is more complex, and it becomes even more impressive when an angled raise is combined with a take-out, where the delivered stone not only enters the house but also displaces one or more of the opponent's stones.
5) Зона игровой площадки между зачётной линией и линией центра ôдомаằ, исключая границы ôдомаằ, определяется как зона ôсвободных защитниковằ.
Quy tắc "vùng bảo vệ tự do" áp dụng trong mỗi end trong quá trình thi đấu bốn viên đá đầu tiên (tức là hai viên đá của mỗi đội) Cụ thể, các viên đá nằm trong "vùng bảo vệ tự do" không thể bị đánh ra khỏi sân bởi viên đá của đối thủ Nếu bị đánh ra, các viên đá trong vùng này sẽ được trả về vị trí ban đầu và lượt thi đấu sẽ bị hủy bỏ Từ lượt thi đấu viên đá thứ năm trong end, quy tắc "vùng bảo vệ tự do" sẽ không còn hiệu lực.
7) Ситуация, при которой камень, расположенный в зоне ôсвободных защитниковằ, после попадания в него разыгрываемым камнем, выбивает камень в ôдомеằ и остаётся в его пределах, не является нарушением правила зоны ôсвободных защитниковằ.
In high-level team play, it can be so disadvantageous to score a single point while holding the hammer that teams may opt to end the round with a score of zero if possible For instance, they might use their last shot to knock out the opponent's only stone in the house, ensuring their own stone also exits, or deliberately throw their stone too hard when the house is empty This strategy is known as an empty end, allowing the same team to retain the advantage of the last throw.
Scoring
In competitive curling, it is common for a losing team to concede before all ends are completed if they believe they cannot win However, in playoff games at national and world championships, a team must complete all eight ends before conceding Typically, a match concludes when the losing team has fewer rocks available than the points needed to tie the game in the final end.
When a team realizes that winning a game is highly unlikely, they often shake hands with the opposing team to acknowledge their defeat This gesture typically occurs towards the end of the game, signaling the conclusion of the match.
In the Winter Olympics, a team may concede after finishing any end during a round-robin game, but can only concede after finishing eight ends during the knockout stages
In curling, conceding a game carries no negative stigma, unlike in many other sports In competitive settings, teams are often required to concede when a tie is mathematically impossible Additionally, in more casual play, continuing the game when victory is unattainable is generally viewed as poor etiquette.
In curling, most rule decisions are made by the skips, although official tournaments may involve officials in some cases Scoring disputes are primarily resolved by the third, or vice skip, and only the thirds from each team are allowed in the house during scoring determinations A common scenario requiring external decision-making occurs when the thirds cannot agree on which stone is closest to the button; in such cases, an independent official measures the distances with a specialized device If no independent officials are present, the thirds are responsible for measuring the distances themselves.
The winning team in the game is determined by the highest total points after ten ends Points are awarded at the end of each round, where each team throws eight stones The team with the stone nearest to the button wins that end and receives one point for each of its stones that is closer to the button than the opponent's closest stone, while the positions of the other stones do not affect the scoring.
In scoring, only stones that are located within the house are counted, which is defined as the area within a 12-foot (3.7 m) zone; any part of a stone's edge that touches this zone qualifies it as being in the house.
A stone that is positioned just inside the house but has a rounded bottom may not touch the ring, as the ring can pass beneath it; however, it still counts in the game This type of stone is referred to as a "biter."
It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button
In the game, determining whether a rock is actively biting can be challenging, as specialized devices for this assessment are only available after an end is completed Consequently, teams often make strategic decisions based on assumptions about the rock's position, which may later prove to be incorrect.
The score is marked on a scoreboard, of which there are two types; the baseball type and the club scoreboard.
The baseball-style scoreboard, designed for televised games, offers a clear and straightforward reading experience It features columns numbered 1 to 10 (or 11 for potential tie-breaking ends) along with a total score column Below, two rows display each team's score for the current end and their cumulative total in the right-hand column.
The traditional club scoreboard, commonly found in curling clubs, features a central row displaying all possible accumulated scores Team rows indicate the specific end during which each team achieved their respective scores For instance, if the red team scores three points in the first end, known as a three-ender, a '1' is placed next to the number '3' in the red team's row.
In curling, if a team scores two points in the second end, a "2" is added next to the "5" in the red team's row, reflecting a total of five points (3+2) This scoring system ensures that only one team can earn points in each end However, confusion may occur during a blank end, where neither team scores; these blank ends are typically recorded in the far-right column for the team with the hammer or in a designated area for blank ends.
Eight points - all the rocks thrown by one team counting - is the highest score possible in an end, and is known as an "eight-ender" or "snowman"
Scoring an eight-ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult; in curling, it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball.
In curling, the term "to run out of rocks" describes a situation where a team lacks enough stones to achieve a tie Competitions often follow a round-robin format, where multiple teams compete in succession The knockout stage, or playoff games, determines which teams advance Each team includes a third, also known as the vice skip or vice captain, who plays a crucial role A "biter" refers to a stone that rests on the very edge of the house Scores are displayed on an electronic scoreboard, and achieving an eight-ender, or "snowman," represents the highest score possible in a single end.
- What is the usual rule for conceding the game?
- What are the rules if conceding a game for the round-robin games? And for the knockout stages?
- Who is responsible for solving scoring disputes?
- What are the rules of scoring points in curling?
- What is the difference between two types of scoreboard?
- What is “snowman” in curling?
The English equivalents for the terms are as follows: losing team; to admit defeat; violation of game etiquette; dispute resolution; scoring system; highest score achieved; stone position; electronic scoreboard used in baseball; final score; total score.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
In competitive games, a match typically concludes when the losing team has exhausted its supply of rocks, meaning they possess fewer stones in play or available than the points required to equalize the score in the final end.
2) In the Winter Olympics, a team may concede after finishing any end during a round-robin game, but can only concede after finishing eight ends during the knockout stages.
3) All scoring disputes are handled by the third, or vice skip.
In curling, points are tallied at the end of each end based on the positioning of the stones After both teams have thrown their eight stones, the team with the stone nearest to the button claims victory for that end This winning team earns one point for each of its stones that is closer to the button than the closest stone of the opposing team.
5) An independent official measures the distance from the button to the closer edge of the stone using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button.
6) Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring.
Curlers
Curlers Are Finicky When It Conies to Their Olympic Ice
At the Vancouver Olympic Centre, ice technician Hans Wuthrich aims to create uniquely bumpy ice surfaces, contrasting with the smooth and fast designs of other Winter Olympics venues like the bobsled track and speed-skating oval.
Wuthrich, an expert in ice making, is responsible for crafting the curling playing surfaces, and his meticulous work will be closely examined, more so than the efforts of the four other icemeisters at different arenas, with every detail being analyzed carefully.
“Most people who have never been involved in curling have no idea how much is involved,” Wuthrich said.
Curlers require a flawlessly level surface coated with tiny frozen water droplets to perform optimally They are acutely aware of environmental factors, often concerned about how uneven air flow from overhead ventilation can impact the ice Even minor disruptions, such as a speck of dirt or a warm hand touching the ice, can divert a 44-pound curling stone from its intended path.
Wuthrich, a Swiss-born curler and landscaping business owner in Manitoba, emphasizes that even the tiniest details can significantly impact the sport of curling, noting that while other athletes may feel similarly, curling requires a more precise approach.
Four raised curling sheets — 150 houses at each end — will be built atop a slab of ice on a rink.
Wuthrich plans to utilize high-density foam for the border, ensuring minimal water absorption He will layer approximately three-quarters of an inch of ice on top Once the raised sheets are finished, they will be separated by blue carpet designated for competitors and officials.
Flat ice is crucial for curling, as even minor imperfections can impact gameplay When water freezes, it expands by over 9%, which can affect the ice surface Additionally, refrigeration pipes embedded in the rink's concrete can create subtle waves in the ice To ensure optimal conditions, curling sheets are meticulously leveled using a blade that measures cuts to the hundredth of an inch.
“Once you get it absolutely perfect, contoured, then you do the pebbling,” Wuthrich said.
It is what makes curling ice truly different — a top layer of raised, flat-topped dots. feet long, with bull’s-eye targets known as
The ice is treated with tiny water droplets from a sprinkler system, creating approximately 40 different sizes and types of pebbling, as explained by Wuthrich The selection of pebbling size is based on the rock size and the pressure it exerts on the ice Pebbling reduces friction, enabling curling stones to glide more smoothly across the surface However, as the stones gradually wear down the pebbles, resurfacing is necessary between matches to maintain optimal playing conditions.
“They almost melt them but not quite,” Wuthrich said.
As the pebbling wears down, increased friction causes the stones to curl more, significantly impacting their trajectory However, the primary factor influencing the stone's direction is the sweeping performed by curlers, which guides the stone to its intended resting place.
“Ice is fastest when you have it up at about 28, 29 degrees,” Wuthrich said
“Normally we keep curling ice about 23, 24 degrees If you have a brush going in front of it, the friction o f the brush, you’re actually heating up the surface, right?
So now you’re getting your rock to travel faster.”
In the precision sport of curling, athletes are cautious about making contact with the ice using their knees or hands, as body heat can potentially affect the ice surface Additionally, they are concerned about dirt from shoes and even lint from carpets, which could compromise the quality of the playing area.
“There’s always going to be an excuse o f some kind,” Wuthrich said good- naturedly.
There will be no excuses from Wuthrich He is the one icemeister allowed to have bumps on his ice, as long as they are perfectly done.
The English equivalents for the terms are as follows: ice surface; ice maintenance and pouring specialist; curling player; knock a stone off its intended path; cooling pipes; slides on the ice (referring to the stone); desired stopping place of the stone; curling sheet; a surface made up of tiny ice droplets; ice surface renewal; the layer of ice droplets wears away, becoming smooth.
2 Make a summary o f the text using active vocabulary.
How one woman fell in love with curling
Writer Patricia Pearson's first attempt at curling revealed that mastering this iconic Canadian sport is much harder than it looks
Have you ever frantically mopped every tiny stain in your hallway, feeling as if it were a life-or-death situation? If not, you might not understand the intensity of being a sweeper in curling I recently discovered this when my cousin, who joined a local curling league, encouraged me to give it a try.
“What do you like about curling?” I asked Barb, who is in her early 50s, and also plays golf.
Enjoying a cozy Sunday afternoon in winter is a delightful experience, especially when you can savor a hot chocolate and Grand Marnier after an invigorating day of heartwarming activities.
Curling can be a challenging sport for beginners, but Canada offers a solution with over 1,000 clubs hosting clinics annually for newcomers These clinics provide an excellent opportunity to learn the basics without disrupting ongoing games, allowing newcomers to confidently step onto the ice.
I arrived for my first lesson at Toronto’s High
On an unexpectedly warm fall day at Park Club, I found myself in a T-shirt, longing for shorts, while women in the lounge donned gloves and fleece jackets, preparing for their Thursday game They understood that once on the ice, the temperature would drop significantly, bringing a brisk chill.
The lounge offered viewing windows that showcased a five-sheet rink comparable in size to a bowling alley Opposite, large windows overlooked the tennis lawn, evoking a sense of Victorian elegance.
England The club, almost a century old, has a fabulous great-auntie feel, with its card tables, and trophies in display cases It made me want to drink
Canada Dry and play bridge.
History o f Olympic Snowboarding
Snowboarding, which began to gain popularity in the 1980s, officially joined the Winter Olympics in 1998 during the Games held in Nagano, Japan This relatively recent addition has since become a significant part of the quadrennial event.
Before its inclusion in the Olympics, snowboarding faced significant controversy, particularly regarding the 1998 Games Many snowboarders were frustrated when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) assigned oversight of the event to the International Skiing Federation (FIS) instead of the International Snowboarding Federation (ISF), which had been sanctioning snowboard events well before the Nagano Games This decision led to widespread disappointment among the sport's supporters.
Teije Hakonsen, a renowned snowboarder from Norway, expressed his disappointment by announcing a boycott of the 1998 Winter Games and all subsequent events As one of the top athletes in the sport, Hakonsen's decision highlighted the dissatisfaction within the snowboarding community regarding the Olympic representation.
The Nagano Games faced significant controversy when Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati won a gold medal but was stripped of it three days later due to a positive marijuana test Rebagliati's team contended that the positive result was due to second-hand smoke inhaled at a send-off party in Canada and claimed it did not impact his performance Ultimately, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) reversed the decision, recognizing that marijuana is not considered a performance-enhancing drug, and Rebagliati was reinstated as the rightful medal holder.
The Olympic snowboarding competition features six events: men's and women's halfpipe, men's and women's parallel giant slalom, and men's and women's snowboard cross Initially, only the halfpipe and parallel giant slalom were included, with snowboard cross being introduced later at the 2006 Winter Games in Torino, Italy.
Halfpipe snowboarding, inspired by skateboarding, is an exhilarating sport where riders navigate a U-shaped bowl, known as the halfpipe Participants transition from one side to the other, executing impressive jumps and tricks while soaring through the air.
The parallel giant slalom features the top 16 riders competing in head-to-head matches, structured in a bracket format In this exciting event, rider 1 competes against rider 16, rider 2 faces rider 15, and the matchups continue until only two riders remain.
The snowboard cross event features four riders competing to reach the finish line, but the challenging course presents numerous obstacles and narrow pathways that complicate board control As a result, crashes frequently occur during this thrilling race.
Snowboarding remains a relatively new addition to the Olympic Games, suggesting that changes are likely in future Winter Games Anticipated adjustments may include new rules or the introduction of additional events, ensuring that the excitement surrounding snowboarding continues to grow in the coming years.
International Skiing Federation (FIS - Federation Internationale de Ski) - Международная федерация лыжного спорта;
International Snowboarding Federation (ISF) - Международная федерация сноуборда; halfpipe — хаф-пайп (дословно - половина трубы); parallel giant slalom - параллельный гигантский слалом; snowboard cross - сноуборд-кросс.
When was snowboarding added to the list of the official Olympic Games?
When and where did the XVIII Winter Olympics take place?
Why did the bid for inclusion o f snowboarding in the Games become the center of controversy? Under the jurisdiction of which federation was snowboarding before those games?
How many are there Olympic snowboard events? What are they?
What was the last event added to the list o f the Games?
What kind o f sport was the predecessor to the halfpipe snowboarding?
How do the riders move?
What does the parallel giant slalom consist in?
What does “a bracket format” mean?
How many riders are there in the snowboard cross?
What make the course difficult?
3 Give the Russian equivalents for:
The quadrennial event seeks inclusion under the jurisdiction of the International Olympic Committee, with the FIS and ISF responsible for sanctioning snowboard events Athletes face the risk of being stripped of their gold medals due to the use of performance-enhancing drugs The competitions feature thrilling formats, including a two-race face-off match in a u-shaped bowl and halfpipe, structured in a bracket format to determine the ultimate champion.
4 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1 Snowboarding is a relatively recent addition to the list o f official games in the Winter Olympics: it became a part o f the quadrennial event only in the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano, Japan.
Snowboarders expressed frustration when the International Olympic Committee assigned oversight of the snowboarding event to the International Skiing Federation, rather than the International Snowboarding Federation, despite the latter already sanctioning snowboarding competitions.
Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati initially won a gold medal but had it stripped three days later after testing positive for marijuana However, since marijuana is not classified as a performance-enhancing drug, he ultimately regained his medal.
4 Currently, there are six Olympic snowboard events: men's and women's halfpipe, men's and women's parallel giant slalom, and men's and women's snowboard cross.
Halfpipe snowboarding originated from skateboarding, featuring riders who traverse a U-shaped bowl, known as the halfpipe During their runs, they execute jumps and perform various tricks while airborne, showcasing their skills and creativity.
6 Parallel giant slalom is where the top 16 riders o f the event battle it out in two-race face-off matches.
7 A bracket format means rider 1 faces rider 16, rider 2 faces rider 15, and so on.
8 In snowboard cross the course is in no way easy since there is a series of different obstacles that they have to pass through.
9 Aside from the obstacles, the course is also narrow making it difficult for riders to control their boards and, consequently, crashes are not uncommon in this event.
10 Originally there were only two snowboard events: halfpipe and parallel giant slalom.
5 Translate the sentences into English:
In the early 1990s, the International Snowboard Federation (ISF) was established, uniting snowboard associations from Europe, Asia, and America To this day, the ISF continues to organize annual world championships featuring events held across all continents.
2 Сноуборд был впервые включён в программу зимних Олимпийских игр в 1998 году на Олимпиаде в японском Нагано.
3 Международный Олимпийский комитет (ЮС) официально передал сноубординг под юрисдикцию Международной лыжной федерации (FIS) несмотря на то, что с 1989 г существует Международная федерация сноубординга (ISF), которая и должна представлять интересы райдеров.
Canadian athlete Ross Rebagliati won a gold medal in the downhill skiing event on February 8, 1998, but was subsequently stripped of his title after testing positive for marijuana It is important to note that marijuana is not a substance that enhances athletic performance.
5 В хафпайпе спортсмены, двигаясь внутри специального желоба, должны совершать различные прыжки и акробатические трюки, которые оцениваются судьями Оценивается сложность трюков, амплитуда, на которой они были сделаны, и стиль исполнения.
6 Соревнования по параллельному гигантскому слалому состоят из двух этапов: квалификационного и финального, - в которых спортсмену предоставляется по две попытки: на левой и на правой трассе.
7 За грубые технические ошибки в сноубордкроссе (неправильное прохождение трассы) и за преднамеренные задержки соперника (толчки, удары и т.д.) спортсмен дисквалифицируется.
Snowboard Equipment
To enhance your snowboarding experience, it's essential to equip yourself with the right gear Proper apparel not only boosts your performance across different snowboarding styles but also allows you to execute tricks more effectively and comfortably throughout the day.
To effectively dress for winter activities, layering is essential as it enables you to adjust to temperature fluctuations and manage overheating during intense exertion The key components of a successful layering system include warmth, lightweight materials, moisture management, and the appropriate number of layers Typically, a three-layer system is recommended for winter sports, consisting of a base or inner layer, a middle or insulating layer, and an outer layer for protection against the elements.
The base layer, or inner layer, includes underwear and socks that trap warmth and wick moisture away from the skin, ensuring comfort during snowboarding The middle layer, typically a fleece jacket or similar clothing, adds insulation and helps transfer moisture to the outer layer Finally, the outer layer shields against wind and rain while allowing excess moisture to escape, providing comprehensive protection in harsh conditions.
What follows are basic guidelines on what snowboarding clothes to wear and why you should wear it.
The base layer is the first layer of clothing worn next to the skin, specifically designed for snowboard gear to retain body heat while keeping you warm and dry Optimal materials for the base layer include advanced wicking fabrics that effectively draw moisture away from the body, with synthetic options like polypropylene being the most effective choice for this purpose.
Wool blends can be effective for base layers, but they may cause discomfort for those with low itch tolerance It's essential to choose a base layer that provides full coverage, including a long-sleeved top, socks, and full-length leggings or long johns Additionally, avoid cotton, as it loses its insulating properties when wet and remains damp.
When selecting snowboarding apparel, it's essential to choose the right base layer based on the temperature; thermal or polypropylene underwear is recommended for optimal warmth and dryness These materials effectively wick moisture away from the skin, transferring it to the next layer Additionally, ensure that any thermal body shirt you purchase has long sleeves for better insulation.
Thermal underwear is the best apparel to use as a first level of clothing Polypropylene thermal underwear is readily available and does not scratch.
Socks are the crucial inner layer for achieving a proper boot fit in snowboarding, as they help keep your feet warm, dry, and comfortable while providing cushioning against impacts Opt for thinner, synthetic snowboard socks instead of thicker ones, as soft boots already offer insulation and thick socks can lead to sweating and faster heat loss It's advisable to invest in specialized snowboarding socks that offer additional features, and ensure they extend at least halfway up the calf for optimal support.
The mid-layer of snowboarding clothing functions as insulation, utilizing materials that trap warm air close to the body while transferring moisture to the outer layer Wool and fleece are ideal choices for this layer, with fleece being particularly effective due to its lightweight and breathable properties This allows fleece to efficiently draw moisture away from the body, ensuring comfort during rides.
Adjust the middle layer of your snowboard gear based on the temperature and your activity level On warmer days, this layer can effectively function as your outer protective layer.
For optimal warmth while snowboarding, a fleece or wool sweater serves as an essential second layer Fleece is particularly valuable due to its lightweight nature and breathability, which helps regulate body temperature by allowing perspiration to evaporate However, it's important to note that fleece does not provide adequate protection against wind or rain.
Q *f' Put on your snowboarding pants on top of your base layer.
When selecting snowboarding pants, prioritize comfort and avoid any pinching in the crotch area Opt for pants that provide warmth and dryness, featuring essential padding on the knees and rear to prevent moisture from melting snow.
Q These are special boots that will work together with your snowboard bindings to keep your body connected to your board Snowboard boots come in all regular shoe sizes However,
Different boots of the same size can fit your feet and ankles quite differently Investing in quality boots is essential, as they can provide long-lasting comfort and support, so it's important to carefully consider your options when making a purchase.
The outer layer of your winter clothing acts as a protective barrier against harsh mountain conditions, while also being breathable to let perspiration escape For optimal comfort and protection, choose windproof and waterproof apparel that ensures both warmth and ventilation.
To prevent heat loss and protect against extremely low temperatures, it's essential to wear a comfortable hat or beanie, ideally one with ear flaps Up to 90% of your body's heat can escape through your head, making proper headgear crucial For added protection, consider using a snowboard helmet.
Protect your eyes from harmful UV rays, snow, wind, ice, and tree branches with high-quality snowboarding goggles Designed for optimal functionality, these goggles provide UV protection and shield your eyes from wind, ensuring they stay securely in place even during falls Additionally, they can be comfortably worn over your hat and fastened for a secure fit.
Halfpipe Snowboarding
A halfpipe is a U-shaped structure designed for riders to transition between walls while executing jumps and snowboarding tricks Originating from skateboarding, halfpipes have become a staple in snowboarding, found in resorts and snowboard parks globally Below, we will explore the schematic of a typical halfpipe.
These are the elements of a halfpipe:
Is the center flat floor of the halfpipe
The vertical parts of the walls between the lip and the transitions
The horizontal flat platform on top of the wall
The beginning of the halfpipe where you start your run
Before attempting to ride a halfpipe, it's essential to have strong edge and turning control, as this terrain is not suitable for beginners Being comfortable riding fakie is also crucial, as it will be a frequent part of your experience in the halfpipe Smooth jumping will aid in transitioning between the flat and wall sections of the pipe To ease into your runs, consider starting further down the pipe, and as your skills improve, you can gradually progress to higher sections.
When riding the halfpipe for the first time, it is important that you practice first You can do this by simply traversing the transitions o f the halfpipe
It is a weird sensation going up and down the same slope when all you are used to are one way descends.
Once you have mastered the basics, you can start practicing real turns on the slope This involves rolling your edges, which means you'll ascend with one edge while descending with the opposite edge To improve your technique, practice slide turns by gradually moving higher up the transition.
As you ascend the wall, you'll reach a point where you can almost take off, so make a small jump at the lip and turn mid-air Remember to keep your knees bent and close to your body while airborne Aim to gain more height with each jump, focusing on the lip to ensure a safe landing; you want to avoid landing nose-first on the platform.
Well, those are the basics of riding the halfpipe As you are able to jump higher and higher you will probably want to start showing o ff some tricks.
Olympic Halfpipe Rules The basics
The objective of halfpipe snowboarding is for athletes to execute intricate acrobatic tricks while maintaining flawless form Snowboarders utilize the halfpipe's slopes to gain speed and perform a variety of aerial maneuvers, including jumps, twists, and rotations, all choreographed to their selected music Competitors must navigate from the starting line to the finish line, showcasing their skills throughout the routine.
At the finish line, five judges assess the performance, ensuring a clear view of the program They evaluate each routine using a standardized set of criteria, which includes overall impression, technical merit, the height and rotation of tricks, as well as any falls and standard air Each competitor is awarded a score ranging from 0 to 10 by each judge, reflecting their performance quality.
In the preliminary rounds, each snowboarder is allowed two runs, with their highest score determining the 12 competitors who advance to the finals During the finals, each rider again has two runs, and their best score is used to calculate the final results.
The vocabulary related to skateboarding and snowboarding includes key terms such as "flat" for platform, "transition" for the transitional area, and "vertical" for vertical elements The "platform" or "deck" refers to the upper surface, while "entry ramp" indicates the access point to a half-pipe A "fakie" is a trick where the board is controlled from the nose, and a "turn" signifies a change in direction Additionally, "slope" describes the inclined surface used in these sports.
2 Translate the follow ing words and word combinations into Russian:
The halfpipe features essential elements such as entry ramps, transitions, and vertical walls, allowing snowboarders to master techniques like riding fakie and traversing slopes Riders can enhance their skills by rolling edges and leaving the lip of the wall, which is crucial for performing routines with technical merit Mastering these preliminaries is key to progressing to the finals in competitive snowboarding.
3 Translate the sentences into Russian:
1 A halfpipe is basically a U-shaped bowl that allows riders to move from one wall to the other by making jumps and performing snowboarding tricks on each transition.
2 Elements o f a snowboard halfpipe include the deck (platform), vertical walls (verts), transitions (trannies) and flat.
3 A halfpipe is no beginner’s terrain: you will need excellent edge- and turning control before you try your first run.
4 It is a weird sensation going up and down the same slope when all you are used to are one way descends.
5 Rolling edges means ascending the transition with one edge and descending with the opposite edge.
6 Getting more and more air the rider must concentrate on the lip to avoid digging his nose into the platform.
7 Most o f the tricks performed by the snowboarder take place above the walls and feature jumps, twists and rotations set to music chosen by him or her.
8 The judges form their scores based on a standard set o f criteria, including overall impression o f the routine, technical merit, the height of tricks, rotation, falls and standard air.
9 Each snowboarder receives two runs in the preliminaries, with the best score used to determine the 12 snowboarders who will move on to the finals.
10 Half pipe is the only Olympic snowboarding event that is judged on standard criteria rather than time.
4 Translate the sentences into English:
1 Происхождением хафпайп обязан скейтборду - спорту, изобретшему рампу, форма которой напоминает разрезанную пополам трубу в продольном сечении.
2 На Олимпиаде 2002 года в сноубордическом хаф-пайпе судейство осуществлялось 5-ю судьями по следующим критериям: прямые прыжки (straight airs), вращения (rotations), амплитуда (amplitude), общее впечатление (overall impression).
3 Каждый судья мог поставить 10 баллов, то есть максимальная возможная оценка заезда 50 очков (5 судей х 10).
4 Стандартные размеры хаф-пайпа растут вместе с ростом уровня катания мастеров пайпа: новый стандарт хаф-пайпа, названный
"супер-пайп", был использован в 2002 на Олимпийских играх в Солт-Лейк-Сити как в мужской, так и в женской категориях.
5 Росс Пауэрс (Ross Powers) получил свое золото частично за то, что его прыжки были огромной амплитуды - он вылетал до 4.5 метров.
6 Выполнение сложных трюков в начале заезда намного рискованнее, чем в конце, потому что просто заваливается весь заезд - сложно набрать скорость после падения.
7 Основным трюком является "грэб", когда райдер вылетает в воздух и берет доску рукой.
8 Сначала в качестве хаф-пайпов выступали овраги , в дальнейшем же райдеры начали вручную рыть "траншеи" для катания, и наконец траншеи выросли в хаф-пайпы похожие на те, что мы видим сегодня.
9 Шон Уайт получил золотую медаль на Олимпийских играх в Ванкувере, выполнив опасный дабл мактвист 1260 (double McTwist
1260), чем заработал безусловную почетную победу, восторг публики и 48,4 балла от судей за второй заезд.
10 После двух отборочных соревнований в финал выходят 16 мужчин и
8 женщин, где места определяются уже по сумме попыток.
5 M ake the summary o f the text in Russian and translate it back into English.
World Snowboard Stars
The name Seth Wescott is a familiar name in snowboarding This American
Snowboarder bom in Durham, North
Carolina on June 28, 1976 is a competitive athlete who had gained numerous recognitions in various snowboarding contests.
Seth Wescott, the son of a track and field coach and a modern dance college professor, grew up in Farmington, Maine, alongside his sister Influenced by his athletic family, Wescott began his journey in winter sports at the age of 3 with cross-country skiing, later transitioning to alpine skiing until the age of 8, when he embraced snowboarding In addition to snow sports, he also participated in soccer and track and field during his childhood.
After graduating high school in Carrabassett Valley Academy, he went to Western State College in Colorado Wescott joined snowboarding competitions in
Since 1991, he has consistently achieved victories and earned medals, initially focusing on men's halfpipe However, after facing challenges in securing a spot on the 1998 US Olympic Team for halfpipe, he transitioned to snowboard cross (SBX), a discipline that has gained significant popularity in the snowboarding community.
The 31-year-old athlete has achieved remarkable success in snowboarding, securing the top rank in the 2002 Winter X Games Ultracross division and winning the 2003 Grand Prix Snowboard Finals He also triumphed at the 2005 World Snowboard Championships for SBX and was crowned the Jeep King of the Mountain from 2006 to 2007 Notably, he holds the Guinness World Record for the most X-Games medals, with a total of seven His impressive medal haul includes bronze medals from 1991, 1998, and 2001, along with silver medals earned in 2003, 2004, and 2005.
Wescott, a passionate SBX enthusiast and big mountain rider, played a pivotal role in promoting SBX globally, leading to its inclusion in the 2006 Winter Olympics As a member of the 2006 US Snowboarding Team in Turin, Italy, he achieved remarkable success by winning a gold medal in his debut competition.
A serious opponent (athlete) aims to gain recognition in snowboarding competitions As a newcomer transitioning to snowboarding from athletics, they aspire to excel in snowboard cross (abbreviated) Their ultimate goal is to be listed in the Guinness World Records and to win a gold medal.
3 Insert missing words and translate the sentences into Russian.
1 This American Snowboarder bom in Durham, North Carolina on June 28,
1976 is a athlete who h a d num erous in various snowboarding contests.
2 Being surrounded by role models in the field o f sports, Seth himself was not a in the world o f winter sports.
3 in cross-country skiing as young as 3 years old, W escott _in alpine skiing until he was 8 before h e _ into snowboarding.
4 Wescott joined snowboarding competitions in 1991, and has not _ wins and medals ever since.
Focusing mainly on men's halfpipe, he transitioned to snowboard cross (SBX) as it gained popularity, driven by his frustration over not qualifying for the 1998 US Olympic Team in the halfpipe event.
6 H e _ the Guinness Book o f World Record’s _ for the most number o f X-Games medals.
7 Wescott is one of the few individuals who prom oted _ to gain interest all over the world.
8 The veteran is a part o f the 2006 US Snowboarding Team in Turin, Italy, where h e _ the gold medal in his debut competition.
9 Aside from snowboarding and skiing, he also played other sports like soccer and _ while growing up.
10 The 31-year old athlete _ 1st in the 2002 Winter X GamesUltracross division, 2003 Grand Prix Snowboard Finals, 2005 World Snowboard Champs for SBX, and Jeep King o f the Mountain for 2006 to 2007.
Gretchen Bleiler is not your ordinary snowboard enthusiast Bom on April 10,
1981 in the Glass City of Ohio, Toledo,
Bleiler is recognized as one of he most accomplished female snowboarders o f all time.
Bleiler always wanted to dream big, figuring out how to make it to the Olympics.
Gretchen Bleiler initially explored swimming and diving before transitioning to hockey, but after her parents' divorce at age 10, she and her mother relocated to Aspen and then Snowmass Village, where skiing was incorporated into her school's physical education program By 11, she switched from skiing to snowboarding, inspired by her three brothers—Chad, Scott, and Andy—who were also passionate about the sport Driven by her desire to match their skills, Gretchen embraced snowboarding, recognizing it as a pathway to achieving her dreams She quickly progressed in the sport and began mastering the halfpipe after joining the Aspen Valley Snowboard Team.
Gretchen became a professional snowboarder in 1996, quickly establishing herself as a pioneer and role model in the sport She achieved remarkable milestones, including holding the record for the most wins in halfpipe competitions in 2003, 2005, and 2006, and being the first female to land a Crippler 540 in competition In 2003, she was one of only four women invited to the Arctic Challenge and secured the Overall Grand Prix Title, US Open Champion, and Gold at the X-Games Halfpipe Additionally, she claimed 1st place at the FIS World Cup in Italy and continued her success with gold medals at the 2005 X-Games and Gravity Games, as well as the US Open Halfpipe championship In 2006, she won 1st place at the FIS World Cup in Switzerland and four out of five Grand Prix events, helping to secure her spot on the Olympic team for Turin Her impressive career culminated in a silver medal at the 2002 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy.
In addition to her impressive collection of medals, she has received several prestigious accolades, including the Female Rider of the Year in 2003, the Colorado Female Athlete of the Year Award in 2004, the Female Snowboarder of the Year at the Action Sports Awards in 2006, the Teen Choice Award for Best Female Action Sports Athlete in 2007, and the ESPY Award for Best Female Action Sports Athlete in 2008.
Gretchen is not only passionate about snowboarding but also enjoys mountain biking and surfing As a prominent promoter for Oakley and K2, she actively supports outdoor sports while serving as an advocate and spokesperson for environmental organizations dedicated to combating global warming.
Bom in Haute-Savoie in Bonneville, _
On January 4, 1978, in France, Karine discovered the thrilling world of snowboarding at the age of eleven, thanks to her supportive parents, both educators Unlike many parents who favored skiing, her mother, an English teacher, and her father, a geography teacher, encouraged Karine's passion for snowboarding, fostering her love for the sport from an early age.
Karine, her eldest brother Jerome is also into snowsports, working as a ski guide at a local school in France.
Karine made history in 1998 by becoming the first female snowboarding champion, securing a gold medal in the Giant Slalom at the Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan Her success continued at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, where she earned a silver medal in the Parallel Giant Slalom In 2003, she dominated the Boardercross event, clinching first place at the FIS World Cup in Germany, as well as winning top honors at the World SBD Championships in Austria and the French National Championships By 2004, she solidified her status as a top competitor by ranking first at the Jeep King of the Mountain competition and the FIS World Cup in Boardercross.
16 and 1-17 In the same year Karine finished second at the Winter 2004 X-Games for the Snowboarder X discipline.
After achieving numerous victories in snowboarding, Karine underwent surgery for a torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and decided to retire from competitive sports Transitioning to mountaineering, she is now among the 46 new trainee mountain guides in her country Currently based in Chamonix, Karine stands out as one of fewer than 20 qualified female mountain guides in France, fully embracing her new passion for climbing.
A ir to Fakie Любой трюк, в котором райдер заезжает на кикер в своей стойке, а триземляется в свитче (фэйки) Без вращения.
Alley оор Это трюк в пайпе, при котором райдер делает 180 градусов, вращаясь в сторону верха пайпа (вращение против часовой стрелки на левой стенке и по шсовой на правой стенке).
Backside handplant задней рукой с грэбом передней.
[(ля сноуборда — та часть, где находятся пятки бордера, для бордера — та :торона, к которой он находится спиной.
Backside A ir Любой трюк с backside стенки пайпа.
Backside Rotation Зращение по часовой для регуляра (левая нога впереди) или против часовой
1ля гуфи (правая нога впереди) При езде в свитче соответствующие ôменения.
Backside T urn Ловорот, выполняемый на переднем канте, то есть поворот направо для )егуляра или налево для гуфи.
The backside wall refers to the left side for regular riders or the right side for goofy riders when you are at the top of the pipe looking down As you descend the pipe, the jackside wall will be behind you.
Blindside Это вращение, при котором бордер при приземлении не видит его и ему фиходится смотреть через плечо (или ещё как-то) Считается более сложным грюком и оценивается соответственно.
Boned Гермин для выражения стильности трюка Например, при грэбе method райдер не просто схватил его, а сделал стильную вытяжку - "boned out а method" Bone — выпрямить/отставить одну или обе ноги.
Bonk Стукнуть по какому-то предмету сноубордом Скажем, хвостом по краю пайпа Примерно то же, что kiss в скейте.
The Caballerial, commonly referred to as "Cab," is a trick involving a 540-degree spin from fakie (switch) that lands in the rider's regular stance It can also refer to spins with an odd number of half rotations (180, 540, 900, etc.) from switch off a simple kicker, or spins with an even number of half rotations (360, 720, 1080) from switch in a pipe This trick is named after skateboarder Steve Caballero For related tricks, check out Half-Cab and Gay Twist.
C anadian Bacon Грэб, при котором задняя рука проходит за задней ногой и хватает задний край между креплениями (вчитываемся внимательно :) ), передняя нога выпрямляется.
Chicken Salad A ir Задняя рука проходит между ногами и хватает задний край между креплениями, передняя нога распрямляется Так же рекомендуется вытяжка доски наружу.
C rail Air Задняя рука хватает передний край перед передней ногой, задняя нога распрямляется.
C rippler Смещённое вращение, когда райдер делает 180 флип То есть, райдер вращается в воздухе на 90 градусов, делает флип и докручивает 90 градусов, выезжая в своей стойке, (в пайпе).
Method Air с вытянутой задней ногой.
Crooked Сор A ir Фрирайд версия Mosquito Air.
Disaster Джибб трюк, при котором райдер приходит на рейл(чаще всего поперёк рейла/бокса) после большого пролёта.
Double G rab Исполнение двух разных грэбов во время одного прыжка.
Duckfoot ип стойки, при котором ноги развёрнуты в разные стороны (положительный отрицательный углы), как у утки.
Iggplant, при котором райдер делает флип вместо 180, чтобы войти в пайп
"рюк исполняется forward to fakie или fakie to forward в свитче.
80 invert на одной руке, при котором передняя рука стоит на стенке пайпа, а рашение делается backside.
Elgeurial(BFM ) avert, при котором заход на стенку осуществляется в свитче, делается плант адней рукой и после этого бэксайд вращение на 360 градусов.
Fakie ада не в своей стойке, хвостом вперёд.
F at ермин, используемый, когда говорят о круто выполненном трюке,
[апример: "Fat Air" Так же используется "large", что значит очень мплитудный трюк.
)бшее название трюков, исполняемых на плоском склоне, без перил. Тикеров и т.д.
Fresh Fish Air ackside вариант Stale Fish.