CHUYÊN đề SUMMARY ôn học SINH GIỎI QUỐC GIA

CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY I ĐỐI TƯỢNG Dành cho học sinh ôn thi học sinh giỏi Quốc Gia II MỤC TIÊU Cung cấp lý thuyết viết cơ bản như cấu trúc cách viết một bài tóm tắt hoàn chỉnh,cung cấp các kỹ thuật viết.I. HOW TO ORGANIZE A SUMMARY 1. STEPS TO WRITE A SUMMARY Always start with a summary statement including an action verb and the main idea of the whole text Only retain the details that support the main idea Paraphrase the main supporting details (Use your own words) Do not copy the original Maintain cohesion and coherence Do not include your own opinion or interpretation in the summary Demostrate the academic style with an awareness of formality, collocation. (less common lexical items) + Đọc hiểu ý chính bài text Câu đầu tiên cần đề cập Summary statement (cần thông tin tham chiếu) “The extractarticlepaperstudypasage… “ In the extract, the authorwriter According to the extract, + Action verbs (discusscompareproposedefinecompare….) : cần chọn động từ cho thích hợp

CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY I/ ĐỐI TƯỢNG Dành cho học sinh ôn thi học sinh giỏi Quốc Gia II/ MỤC TIÊU Cung cấp lý thuyết viết cấu trúc cách viết tóm tắt hồn chỉnh,cung cấp kỹ thuật viết viết topic sentences, paraphrasing,collocations… thực hành viết số dạng thường gặp nhằm giúp học sinh hoàn thành tốt phần summary đợt thi học sinh giỏi Quốc Gia III/ THỜI GIAN GIẢI QUYẾT CHUYÊN ĐỀ ( 60 tiết) CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA - HOW TO ORGANIZE A SUMMARY STEPS TO WRITE A SUMMARY Always start with a summary statement including an action verb and the main idea of - the whole text Only retain the details that support the main idea Paraphrase the main supporting details (Use your own words) Do not copy the original Maintain cohesion and coherence Do not include your own opinion or interpretation in the summary Demostrate the academic style with an awareness of formality, collocation (less I common lexical items) + Đọc hiểu ý text Câu cần đề cập Summary statement (cần thông tin tham chiếu) “The extract/article/paper/study/pasage/… “ In the extract, the author/writer According to the extract, + Action verbs (discuss/compare/propose/define/compare/….) : cần chọn động từ cho thích hợp + Main ideas of the whole text HOW TO PARAPHRASE TIPS AND NOTES Summary is the first part in the writing section of the NEC, making up 15 out of 60 points You will be required to paraphrase and summarize an academic passage of about 350 words You should finish this part less than 15 minutes DO: - Concentrate on the full comprehension of the passage Sometimes, the main idea remains until the way lasr sentence such as the one in the NEC 2015 You can spend up to to minutes if you are not sure about its central content after reading once or - twice Highlight keywords and paraphrase them for later writing Outline your writing if - necessary Write in one paragraph only Start with a topic sentence that covers all the main contents of the passage A - conclusion is optional Calculate wisely how many words you will write to cover one paragraph and divide it - into sentences as there is limitation on word number Choose words and phrases that suit the tone and diction of the original passage Use of wide range of grammatical structures and vocabulary Exclude details and examples DON’T : CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA - Copy too many words in the original passage However, key concepts can be maintained, for instance, the word “adjunct” in NEC 2016 Try to diversify by using - your own words and various sentence structures Change the order of the original passage Add your own opinion and interpretation The author’s point of view must be maintained HOW TO SHARPEN YOUR SUMMARIZING SKILL The best thing about the summarizing skill is that you can practice it while simultaneously practicing your reading skill, so you can “kill two birds with one stone” While reading any kind of reading, you should pay attention to its idea organization, tone and diction Moreover, highlight the keywords and phrases In the long run, this will develop for you a “systematic” mindset which will enable you to easily recognize the general idea and structure of any passage at first glance, but for literacy and non-academic passages, it will be much more difficult to discern their idea organization Fortunately, the passages featured in real tests will invariably be academic ones with relatively straightforward structure The sources of summary exercises are often academic reading passages of the IELTS or TOEFL test Thus, you can refer to these sources to find suitable practice materials for yourself If you don’t have sufficient time to write your summary out, just picture out its structures and plan it out in your head If you can afford the time, write out the whole paragraph and proof-read it to check whether it is easy to understand and contains must-have information, whether the structure, tone, diction of the original passage are retained If not, re-write you have been satisfied with your composition The website http://www.englishdaily626.com/summary.php?176 offers summary exercises with model answers Compare your own paragraphs to the model ones so as to have a deeper insight into your ability Identify your particular weakness Do you leave out important information? Do you include too much information? Does your writing style correspond to that of the original source? After you have recognized your shortcomings, bear them in mind whenever you a summary so as to avoid repeating the same mistakes For extra practice exercises, check out the writing task of the TOEFL iBT test In this section, you have to summarize information from both reading and listening extracts Because you have to listen and read to take note of the information, you will be provided with the chance to sharpen your skill of selecting key facts CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA HOW TO SHARPEN YOUR PARAPHARSING SKILL When you learn vocabulary, don’t just study word only Instead, pay attention to its synonyms, antonyms and other forms as well This will expand your vocabulary range, which greatly facilitates the paraphrasing process Try to apply your lexical knowledge to your writing, but don’t misuse them You should check whether the tone of the word suits that of the passage as well Although the sentence transformation exercise has been excluded from most tests, don’t neglect it This type of exercise offers valuable chances to sharpen your paraphrasing skill You can learn how to apply new vocabulary knowledge and different grammar structures to your writing Writing essays is also an effective way to practice paraphrasing While writing, you will have to find ways to demonstrate your ideas in words through utilizing your wealth if lexical knowledge in a flexible and natural way Practice Perhaps the biggest challenge in recruitment as these new studies have shown is that paper qualifications are unlikely to be helpful in predicting who will be best at solving your company’s problems  The failure to evaluate the problem-solving ability/skills of candidates through degree poses challenges to difficulties to recruitment  That certificates and degrees fail to estimate/evaluate/ appreciate the problem-solving ability/skills of candidates challenges/causes to difficulties to hiring process Practice The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before Countries all across the world are actively promotong their “wilderness” regions – such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands - to high-spending tourists The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment  The low start-up cost of wilderness tourism appeals many countries, making an unprecedented growth aiming at/ targeting luxurious tourists  The unprecedented growth of wilderness tourism targeting luxurious tourists can be attributed to its low start-up cost/ CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA  Wilderness tourism, as a naturally self-sustaining industry, has attracted large scale promotion internationally Practice The escalating cost of higher education is causing many to question the value of continuing education beyond high school Many wonder whether the high cost of tution, the opportunity cost of choosing college near full – time employment and the accumulation of thousands of dollars of debt is, in the long run, worth the investment This risk is especially large for lowincome families who have a difficult time making ends meet without the additional burden of college tuition and fees  The soaring tuition fees concern about the value of tertiary education is a worthy investment between the pursuit of higher education and full – time career Practice Zoos provide an excellent way for people to relax, escaping the pressures of work and the general rough and tumble of urban life  What zoos offer people is an opportunity to unwind and a means of escapism from the hustle and bustle of city life Practice The word “friendship” is not used in any context to describe family relationship, but it does imply some type of reciprocity and obligation between otherwise unrelated individuals  Although “friendship” is not utilized to refer to kinship, there is a certain degree of mutuality and commitment between individuals who are not consanguineous Practice In the past few decades, homeschooling has evolved into something that is often anywhere but at home and students are rarely alone  Over the course of a few decades, home is no longer where homeschooling is attached to and solitude is hardly present in students’ life Practice The desire to alter or to add to the original natural state is so prevalent in the human species that we must assume it has become an inborn human trait CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA  Such is the popularity of the aspiration for change in and addition to the natural condition that is allegedly an innate human characteristic Practice It was simultaneous of linguistic competence and a capacity for complex thought that gave us an evolutionary edge over other animals  That our ability to use language and our complicated cognition evolved contemporaneously made us more advantageous than other species BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG TASK 1: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words In an age when literature is increasingly going digital, books hold a curious roles in some people ‘s homes There are few purchases which, once used, are placed on proud display and carted round as families move from place to place And yet that’s precisely what sometimes happens with books, despite the existence of a digital equivalent After all, both the music industry and other aspects of the print media have felt the heat of virtual competition – why not books? Part of the explanation for this may lie in the fact that, when it comes to the crunch, nosing around someone’s bookshelves is interesting “You can tell a lot about someone by their collection of books” says Doug Jeffers, owner of a London bookstore It is not just the quantity of titles on display, however, that speaks volumes, generation, occupation, political leanings, leisure pursuits – clues to all of these abound, if you care to analyze the contents of someone’s bookshelves, and even casual visitors aren’t slow to form judgments Evidence of this manifested itself when the President of the USA, made an informal call on the English Prime minister at home recently, and for some reason the pair posed for photos in the kitchen One of the snapshots was subsequent , released to the press, and widely published There then ensued much speculation as to how the complete works of Shakespeare had ended up on the shelf in the background rather than a cookery book Household stylist Ablgail Hall agrees “I often style houses for sale and you’d be amazed how important the contents of the bookcase can be” Apparently, people use such clues to form judgments about the type of person who lives in a property that’s up for sale, and this may affect how they feel about going ahead with the purchase Perhaps we all seek out others CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA whose tastes in such matters match our own, and we can imagine living happily in a space that like-minded people have made homely For the interior designer, however, the art of reputation management-via-bookshelf is not the only issue Books can also become an integrative display tool They can almost be sculptural in that they offer a physical stacking them on a bookcase, it’s how you stack them I’ve seen books arranged by color, stacked on top of each other Once I saw a load of coffee-table books piled up to become a coffee table in themselves Books define a space, if you have some books and a comfy chair, you’ve immediately created an area It’s a trick of which countless hotels, cafes and waiting rooms for fee-paying clients are too aware Placing a few carefully-chosen books atop coffee tables is about creating an ambiance No one actually engages with the content And this principle can be transferred to the home “I’ve not actually read any of them I just love the bindings So said the actress, Davinia Taylor, earlier this year when she decided to put her house on the market-complete with its carefully-sourced collection of classic books CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA TASK 2: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words (1,5/20 points) Cycads are known as “living fossils” partly because of their pristine structure, but additionally, fossil of the plant indicate that it has been around since the era known as the Permian Period, which occurred 290 to 250 million years ago Along with conifers such as pine and fir, they are considered gymnosperms, meaning the plant’s seeds are exposed on the surface rather than being closed Cycads have a trunk that exists mainly underground and leafy fronds sticking up above ground situated around a single cone The cone is a greenish color when it is young, and it matures, it changes to a shade of yellow Previously, scientists believed that cycads were pollinated by the wind This can occur when the wind blows pollen from male cones to nearby female cones, but scientists began to question this theory because the space in which the wind needed to to penetrate the cycad cone was too small, preventing this means of pollination Researchers soon began to study cycads and their miniscule pollinators, the insects known as thrips Closer inspection led them to believe that thrips are the plant’s only pollinators and that their relationship is twofold : thrips eat the cycad’s pollen and cycads reproduce through the pollination carried out by thrip activity When the temperature rises, a substantial odor emits from the cone The odor is described as harsh and over powering, unlike any other common odor One of the odors is a chemical known as beta-myrcene, which increases to toxic levels, proving lethal to the thrips and driving them from the cones As they leave the male cones, they take pollen a long with them on their bodies As the plants cool down, the cones emit much lower levels of beta-myrcene, which then attracts the thrips, and the pollen they carried away, back to the plants, specifically the female cones Thus,the thrips effectively remove pollen from the male cones and deposit it in the female cones, and the pollination process is complete Scientists believe that plants have evolved by producing chemical defenses in order to drive away animals that would eat them Another belief is that flowering plants use fragrance as well as vivid color to CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA attract the insects necessary to pollinate them The method of pollination characterized by the relationship between cycads and thrips is referred to as “push-pull pollination” Researchers view the push-pull pollination process as an intermediate evolutionary stage for plants, using odor to attract pollinators, repel herbivores, and be pollinated by wind-blown pollen Compelling evidence supports this theory of evolution as a means of protection and reproduction to further a species Over centuries, plants have refined the functions they are capable of to become a sustainable species As a result, plants such as cycads have existed over a timeline of more than 250 million years and will be in existence for millions of years to come CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA TASK 3: [Note: This is an extract from a Part text about the ‘Plain English’ movement, which promotes the use of clear English.] ‘The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language’, David Crystal, 3rd Edition, © Cambridge University Press, 2010 The instructions accompanying do-it-yourself products are regularly cited as a source of unnecessary expense or frustration Few companies seem to test their instructions by having them followed by a first-time user Often, essential information is omitted, steps in the construction process are taken for granted, and some degree of special knowledge is assumed This is especially worrying in any fields where failure to follow correct procedures can be dangerous Objections to material in plain English have come mainly from the legal profession Lawyers point to the risk of ambiguity inherent in the use of everyday language for legal or official documents, and draw attention to the need for confidence in legal formulations, which can come only from using language that has been tested in courts over the course of centuries The campaigners point out that there has been no sudden increase in litigation as a consequence of the increase in plain English materials Similarly, professionals in several different fields have defended their use of technical and complex language as being the most precise means of expressing technical or complex ideas This is undoubtedly true: scientists, doctors, bankers and others need their jargon in order to communicate with each other succinctly and unambiguously But when it comes to addressing the non-specialist consumer, the campaigners argue, different criteria must apply Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet Consumers often complain that they experience a feeling of ………… when trying to put together do-it-yourself products which have not been tested by companies on a ………… In situations where not keeping to the correct procedures could affect safety issues, it is especially important that ………… information is not left out and no assumptions are made about a stage being self-evident or the consumer having a certain amount of ………… Lawyers, however, have raised objections to the use of plain English They feel that it would result in ambiguity in documents and cause people to lose faith in ………… , as it would mean departing from language that has been used in the courts for a very long time KEYS frustration first-time user essential 10 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA 1,000 jobs available at any time It is generally felt that local colleges and universities should improve the quality of knowledge imparted to their students, especially in emerging sciences In 2005, the Ministry of Education announced that three of the country's oldest universities, UM, UKM and USM, have been made research-intensive universities with emphasis on postgraduate studies These universities would be awarded bigger research grants to encourage postgraduate studies and research Local institutions of higher learning have increased with the advent of industralization and economic development Today, there are more universities and university colleges nationwide Currently, there are more than 500 such private colleges It is estimated that about 150,000 students are attending public universities and 200,000 are studying in private colleges Another measure taken in 2005 was to retrain unemployed graduates The retraining was carried out by Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad Since July, more than 30,000 unemployed graduates had attended PSMB retraining courses in areas such as English, information and communications technology, tourism, event management and financial planning The Government has allocated RM35 million to retrain some 6,000 unemployed graduates at its 200 training centers nationwide With the availability of greater opportunities of higher education and retraining schemes by the Government, graduates should be better prepared to take up more demanding positions in the job market Based on the passage given, write a summary on : • why graduates are finding difficulty in seeking jobs • availability of more higher education • retraining schemes by the Government Practice 20 Valentine's Day is a holiday celebrated on February 14 In America, Europe and now many countries, it is the traditional day on which lovers express their love for each other by sending Valentine's Day cards, presenting flowers or offering confectionery This special day is most closely associated with the mutual exchange of love notes in the form of `valentines' These are Valentine symbols that include the heart-shaped outline, doves and the figure of the winged Cupid The popularity of Valentine's Day cards in 19th-century America was a harbinger of the future commercialization of holidays in the United States Esther Howland, the woman who produced the first commercial American valentines in the 1840s, sold a then mind-boggling $5,000 in cards during her first year of business The valentine industry in the United States has been booming ever since The United States Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately one billion Valentine's Day cards are sent each year worldwide, making this day the second largest card-sending holiday following behind Christmas and New Year cards Card giving goes back to when the English settlers first arrived in the United States As it was against the law to display affection in public at that time, giving cards to loved ones was a way of showing one's affection without doing something illegal and inviting public ridicule The United States Greeting Card Association estimated that women purchase approximately 85 percent of all valentines In addition to cards, there are millions of boxes of chocolates and bouquets of roses purchased, mostly by men Today, Valentine's Day beaus give their girls flowers, candy, cards, jewelry or some other gift A candlelight dinner usually follows, either homemade or at a romantic restaurant 39 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA Children and families celebrate too Children make hearts and valentine crafts in school to bring to their mothers and fathers, and the family might have a special dinner and celebrate the love that keeps them together Many people feel that Valentine's Day is too commercialized They ask if we need just that one day to show our loved ones we love them They feel that we should not need an excuse to show our love In fact, love should be shown every day Moreover, it does not serve a good purpose for millions of people to spend more than what they can afford on just one day On that day, shops begin to see the dollar sign as they cash in on the occasion Everywhere are thousands of different cards with all those endearing words Big massive teddies sit in shop windows clutching a big red heart with loving words Florists are working through the night tying ribbons around dozens of red roses and running out to deliver Restaurants are fully booked with the men treating their lady to a romantic dinner This is typically what a Valentine's Day is today Based on the passage given, write a summary on : • the significance of Valentine's Day and • how it became so commercialized Practice 21 A computer chip is a tiny piece of material (usually made of silicon), that contains a complex electronic circuit These chips are essential in modern computers and a variety of other electronic devices The circuit on a computer chip, sometimes called an integrated circuit, is made up of electronic components built into the chip Most chips are no larger than a fingernail Two Americans - Jack Kilby, an engineer, and Robert Noyce, a physicist, who worked independently patented the first computer chips in 1959 During the 1960s, scientists developed chips for guided missiles and satellites Engineers soon began to build smaller and faster computers by using chips in place of conventional circuits The first microprocessors were produced in 1971 for use in desktop calculators There are two main kinds of computer chips The first is called a microprocessor, which carries out the instructions that make up computer programs, and the other type is called a memory chip, which holds computer programs and other data Memory chips are used primarily in computers Microprocessors are used in computers and hundreds of other products A microprocessor serves as the 'heart' of every personal computer Larger computers have more than one such chip Other products controlled by microprocessors include video games, digital watches, microwave ovens and some telephones The body of most chips is made of silicon This material is used because it is a semiconductor In its pure form, silicon does not conduct electricity at room temperature But if certain impurities are added to silicon, it can carry an electric current Manufacturers 'dope' silicon chips with such impurities as boron and phosphorus The doped regions form the chip's electronic components, which control the electric signals carried on the chip The type and arrangement of the impurities determine how each component controls signals Most components serve as switches called transistors Others serve mainly as capacitors, which store an electric charge; diodes, which prevent current from flowing in one direction but not the other, and resistors, which control voltage The manufacturing of a computer chip begins with a wafer of doped silicon The wafer measures from 2.5 to 20 centimeters in diameter A photographic process reduces a large master design for the integrated circuit to microscopic size Technicians use these microscopic designs, called masks, as stencils to make hundreds of chips on one wafer After the wafer has been processed, it is divided into 40 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA individual chips Some chips contain millions of components Certain parts of these components measure less than micrometer (0.001 millimeter) across Manufacturers create thin lines of metal usually aluminium - on the chip to connect these tiny components Based on the passage given, write a summary of : • the history of a computer chip, • the types of computer chips, and • how it is manufactured Your summary must: • be in continuous writing ( not in note form ) • not be longer than 130 words, including the 10 words given below Practice 22 According to a report by Asiaweek, on-the-job injuries are no longer confined strictly to blue-collar workers The modern-day office has become a danger zone and computers are largely to be blamed Their increased use points to an increase in sick leave and doctors' visits The new group of patients includes writers, secretaries and data-entry clerks Anyone who spends hours at a keyboard can be at risk The most frequent complaints are wrist, hand and neck pain These are typical signs of repetitive strain injuries Another related condition is called carpal tunnel syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist It results from repeated movements such as typing or using the mouse over a long period of time Before computers came along, typists would stop to make corrections or change paper These movements provided some relief Now, typists rarely move from their computer, hitting as much as 21,600 words an hour In severe cases, the pain shoots up a victim's arm Some also develop neck and shoulder problems from holding their head in uncomfortable positions Computer users may also complain of eye strain, headaches, double vision and other eye problems caused by improper use of display screens It may be a result of staring at the screen for too long It could also be due to improper lighting and screen glare The best way to cope with such problems is to adopt healthier work habits This means that the workers have to hold their wrists flat when they use the keyboard They should also tap on the keys softly and take frequent breaks Their feet should also be flat on the floor and their heads and backs straight Some may be required to change their typing technique In severe cases, taking a rest and some anti-inflammatory medication may be necessary There are also ergonomic hardware and software that blends well with a person's body or actions Some examples of such ergonomic hardware are tilting display screens, detachable keyboards and specially designed keyboards that are suitable for the wrists Employers and managers should help employees create a comfortable working environment to reduce the side effects of working on the computer Based on the passage given, write a summary: • the side effects of computers on people who use them, and • how to overcome those side effects Your summary must: • be in continuous writing ( not in note form ) 41 CHUN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ƠN HSG QUỐC GIA • not be longer than 120 words, including the 10 words given below PRACTICE 23 Yong Ai and Nick take their golden retriever, Murphy, to an Old Folks' Home in Cheras, twice a week The residents welcome Murphy with great delight His visit is at p.m but long before that hour, the residents ask to be wheeled to the garden to wait for the dog Treats from lunch have been carefully saved for 'Murf", as the residents affectionately like to call him Murphy is a friendly and gentle dog He weighs nearly 40 kg but somehow, like all intelligent animals, he is instinctively gentle around old folks When playing with his owners, he often leaves bruises on their arms and legs but he has yet to that with any of the residents Murphy is not the only visitor Other dogs, cats and hamsters are frequent visitors Murphy's visit is part of an experimental program called Zoo Therapy Zoo Therapy probably has its origins in the United States It refers to the use of animals in the care and rehabilitation of humans It has been found to be very effective with disturbed children and often is a success as young children are naturally drawn to animals The idea, when first introduced in medical journals, got immediate support in countries like the United States and Europe where people keep a lot of pets So it is easy to see that there is a strong bond between humans and many animals species Medical research shows that stroking a pet reduces blood pressure and lowers pulse rates Taking care of animals helps promote longevity in human beings In one case, a severely arthritic woman, Tania, was on her deathbed Her grandson brought his cat with him when he came to nurse her the old lady, who had never wanted pets, developed an interest in the animal When it was time for her grandson to leave, she persuaded him to leave his cat behind He returned with two kittens In a matter of a week, Tania, who had been bedridden, left her bed She had a reason to live looking after her new charges and survived another six years in relative good health But it is for emotionally disturbed patients that animals have shown their greatest worth In mental health clinics, cats and dogs are often used to monitor the patient's condition and assist in their progress A child psychiatrist, Dr Aline, was treating a boy with severe autism a condition where the patient does not respond to his environment His parents thought that Mark, who was six years old, was severely retarded and should have been institutionalized He could not speak He showed no affection and often had violent temper tantrums where he hurt himself and those around him Dr Aline suspected severe trauma but made no progress The, one day, she left the child alone to attend to an urgent matter Her pet Labrador was in the room When she returned, she found Mark playing with her dog It was the first time she had seen him smile he had shown affection instead of fear or hostility It was the beginning of a breakthrough for Mark and Dr Aline She had helped to prove that the use of therapeutic tools in the form of gentle animals such as rabbits, cats and good-tempered dogs promoted the well-being of mentally ill patients Zoo Therapy has also been successfully used in the rehabilitation of hard-core prisoners Wardens reported that many violent criminals became as gentle as kittens in the presence of animals Monkeys, horses and fish have been used in Zoo Therapy In Florida, dolphins have been used to help severely handicapped people Dolphins are very useful in giving confidence to brain-damaged children during water exercises Many of these intelligent animals are very protective and gentle There is nothing like a good-natured animal to inspire people to come out of a depression and enjoy life again Certain animals can be trained to be more than passive therapeutic tools Guide dogs are the best example They serve their blind owners with amazing dedication These Seeing Eye dogs give their owners a chance to live close to normal lives by making it possible to move outside their homes 42 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA independently But they are not actual pets They are working animals Although they are treated very well, owners are encouraged to be fair but firm with them when for some reason, their owners no longer need them, they are often returned to the training schools to help others in need It takes a lot of time and money to train the Seeing Eye dogs There are also companion dogs for people with other handicaps apart from blindness Some dogs accompany their owners to school, carry their books and even check out books at library counters their physically handicapped owners cannot reach Capuchin monkeys have proved very useful companions to paraplegics they can fetch and carry objects, open and close doors, push buttons, press bells and switches, and flip switches on computers These wiry monkeys are light, agile and intelligent They are also easy to train their owners also have to be very firm with them as their usefulness depends entirely on their being disciplined and obedient Companion animals are indeed a boon to the disabled They make it possible for the disabled to lead as normal a life as possible The love they give is unconditional and cannot be measured Unlike human beings, their only reward is the kindness shown to them in the shape of snacks, pats on the head and words of encouragement and this seems to be enough Based on the passage given, write a summary: • of what is zoo therapy and how different animals help the ill and disabled Your summary must: • be in continuous writing ( not in note form ) • not be longer than 130 words, including the 10 words given below PRACTICE 24 Loch Ness is a big, deep freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands, south of the town of Inverness It is a picturesque spot which is best known for its most famous inhabitant, the Loch Ness monster On the last day of a six-day vigil at Loch Ness in April 1960, Tim Dinsdale, an aeronautical engineer, was driving slowly along a Cliffside road 100 meters above the water when he saw a reddish-brown humpbacked object floating about 1500 meters away Tim immediately stopped his car and grabbed his camera The object began moving towards the far shore Dinsdale filmed what he was sure was the back of a semi-submerged animal The creature swam in a slow zigzag manner, disappeared below the surface, and turned left along the opposite shore It was surrounded by a huge wash of foam The Dinsdale evidence was shown on the BBC and on TV programs all over the world The BBC began to receive many letters from people who claimed to have seen the monster But soon the excitement died The government was not willing to finance a scientific investigation In 1966, the film was studied by a Royal Air Force photo-intelligence unit They concluded that Loch Ness holds some huge object, probably alive The report says that the object rose three feet above the waterline, moved at 16 km per hour and was definitely not a surface craft or a submarine It was an animate object At last the Loch Ness monster which had been treated as a myth and generally ignored had now become respectable A drawing and a model of the creature, based on the few existing photos and on more than 100 eyewitness reports, present a strange-looking animal It looks like a plesiosaur a fish eating, egglaying reptile from the age of the dinosaurs The plesiosaur could grow to 10 meters in length It had a barrel-shaped body, four limbs, a long slender neck, a tiny head with a large mouth and pointed teeth The animal had become extinct about 70 million years ago and discovery of a living specimen would be sensational It is not as impossible as it seems because in 1938 some fisherman caught a primitive 43 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA fish, the coelacanth which was believed to be extinct for just as long Animals like the coelacanth which are very primitive are called 'living fossils' Some naturalists believe that the Loch Ness monster, or Nessie as she is fondly called, could be a giant sea slug Such a creature could contort its body into one, two or three humps seen by different witnesses Others think it is a kind of marine bristle worm This also has appendages called false feet, a big head and a body that can be bent into humps visible in the water Based on the passage given, write a summary: • of how the Loch Ness monster was first discovered and what the creature probably looks like Your summary must: • be in continuous writing ( not in note form ) • not be longer than 130 words, including the 10 words given below SUGGESTED KEYS BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG TASK 1: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words SAMPLE The passages discuss the different roles of print books in an age where more and more art products are being digitalized This includes to show the owner’s personality, to make the house more appealing and to create an atmosphere Books displayed on bookshelves in the house are good clues to the characteristics of the house owners In addition, because judgments can be made on the person owning the house, the house can be sold with a greater ease in case the buyer finds himself on the same boat with the seller Finally, books can become an interactive display tool, which defines a space in the house Summary TĨM TẮT NGƠN NGỮ -Thể nội dung cách diễn đạt linh 0.5 hoạt theo ngơn ngữ mình,sử dụng từ ngữ dùng cho tóm 0.25 tắt cấu trúc ngữ pháp linh hoạt - Thể tính mạch lạc gắn kết ý khoa học logic rõ ràng 0.25 -Sử dụng từ nối liên kết ý cách cụ thể NỘI DUNG 44 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA 1.00 -Nêu vai trị sách in ngơn ngữ (thể tính cách người chủ, làm cho nhà 0.25 hấp dẫn tạo khơng gian) -Diễn đạt vai trị thể cá tính người chủ - Diễn đạt hòa hợp người mua người bán - Diễn đạt vai trị cơng cụ trưng bày xác định không gian 0.25 0.25 nhà Lưu ý:Học sinh không viết đủ số từ (100-120) theo yêu cầu không cho điểm Học sinh chọn lọc thơng tin tóm tắt khơng quan trọng, sai lệch nội dung khơng cho điểm TASK 2: Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it Your summary should be between 100 and 120 words (1,5/20 points) BÀI DỊCH Cycad biết đến "hóa thạch sống" phần cấu trúc nguyên sơ chúng, thêm vào đó, dấu tích cho thấy biết đến khoảng từ thời kỳ Permian, xảy từ 290 đến 250 triệu năm trước Cùng với lồi khác loại thơng, chúng coi lồi hạt trần, có nghĩa hạt trồng phơi bề mặt giấu kín Cycads có thân chủ yếu bám lên mặt đất nằm xung quanh hình chóp đơn Hình chóp màu xanh cịn nhỏ, trưởng thành, chuyển sang màu vàng Trước đây, nhà khoa học tin cycads thụ phấn nhờ gió Điều xảy gió thổi phấn hoa từ hình nón đực tới hình nón gần đó, nhà khoa học bắt đầu đặt câu hỏi giả thuyết khơng gian mà gió cần thâm nhập qua hình nón cycad q nhỏ, ngăn ngừa thụ phấn Các nhà nghiên cứu sớm bắt đầu nghiên cứu cycads đối tượng có khả thụ phấn nhỏ, côn trùng biết đến bọ trĩ Việc kiểm tra chặt chẽ khiến họ tin bọ trĩ loài thụ phấn trồng mối quan hệ chúng gồm hai phần: bọ trĩ ăn phấn hoa cycad sinh sản thông qua việc thụ phấn thực hoạt động sinh sản Khi nhiệt độ tăng lên, mùi nặng phát từ hình nón Mùi miêu tả khó chịu mạnh, không giống mùi chung khác Một số mùi chất hoá học gọi beta-myrcene, làm tăng mức độ độc hại, gây tử vong với bọ trĩ đẩy 45 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA chúng khỏi nón Khi chúng rời khỏi nón đực, chúng mang phấn hoa với thể Khi thực vật dịu nhẹ đi, nón phát nhiều mức độ thấp beta-myrcene, sau thu hút bọ trĩ, phấn hoa chúng mang đi, trở lại với thực vật, đặc biệt hình nón Do đó, bọ trĩ loại bỏ phấn hoa khỏi nón đực có hiệu đặt vào tế bào hình nón cái, q trình thụ phấn hồn tất Các nhà khoa học tin thực vật phát triển cách tạo hóa chất phịng thủ để làm cho động vật ăn chúng Một niềm tin khác có hoa sử dụng mùi thơm màu sắc sinh động để thu hút côn trùng cần thiết để thụ phấn cho chúng Phương pháp thụ phấn đặc trưng mối quan hệ cycads bọ trĩ gọi "sự thụ phấn trao đổi" Các nhà nghiên cứu xem trình thụ phấn trao đổi giai đoạn tiến hóa trung gian cho trồng, sử dụng mùi để thu hút thụ phấn, đẩy lùi động vật ăn cỏ thụ phấn nhờ phấn hoa thổi gió Các chứng thuyết phục ủng hộ thuyết tiến hóa phương tiện bảo vệ sinh sản cho loài khác Qua nhiều kỷ, nhà máy điều chế lồi có khả để trở thành loài bền vững Kết trồng cycads tồn thời gian dài 250 triệu năm tồn hàng triệu năm tới Summary The passage discusses how cycads attract pollinators Firstly, the writer gives a defination of cycads which are primitive plants that have survived on Earth for at least 250 million years Scientists have been studying the markedly unique way these plants attract thrips, the plants’ only pollinators Thrips feed on pollen until during the plants’ reproductive cycle Then, the cycad emits high levels of beta-myrcene The chemical reaches levels that thrips cannot survive, so the insects leave the plants, carrying pollen with them In cooler times, beta-myrcene levels fall, and thrips return to the plants, spreading the pollen among the cycads This process is viewed as an intermediate evolutionary stage of plants called “push-pull pollination” Overtime, plants have evolved their capabilities in order to be sustainable species TASK 3: [Note: This is an extract from a Part text about the ‘Plain English’ movement, which promotes the use of clear English.] ‘The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language’, David Crystal, 3rd Edition, © Cambridge University Press, 2010 KEYS frustration first-time user 46 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA essential special knowledge legal formulations PRACTICE WRITING SUMMARIES IV PRACTICE The extract discusses the disruptive effects of the newly established tourist attraction on its indigenous community Firstly, the involvement in the tourism activities results in the fall in farm products and a shift in local eating habit As a consequence, people may have to rely on external food providers In addition, this also gives rise to the dependence on readymade food worsened by other physical problems such as deforestation, erosion, inadequate sources of fuel and water supplies and degradation PRACTICE  The extract discusses the development of forms of payment throughout history Long ago, people bought things through barter trade However, the difficulty of having to look for the right partner and dividing the goods led people to switch over to monetary transaction At first, beads, shells and fishing hooks were used as money Near Turkey, gold coins with irregular denominations were used for trade Later, King Gyges standardized the individual coin value People soon found carrying coins around for shopping troublesome and thieves courting Hence, merchants started to issue checks with names of the users on them to discourage robbery Following that, banks started to issue cash notes in return for gold 20 deposited with them Finally, adopting the idea, today, governments printed paper money backed by gold for the country's usage PRACTICE  The extract discusses reasons why children are aggressive and what should be done to rectify the problem The child who is too aggressive may lack two qualities: confidence and trust This may be due to either strict or lenient parental control Both have troubling effects on the child who does not know how to control himself Besides, the child may not have been given guidance on how to behave He may not have much experience in getting along with other children His parents may be too protective or 47 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA have not taught him by example What they should is to give him more responsibility and praise to build up his confidence It is also advisable for parents to direct his energy and determination into fruitful purposes PRACTICE  The passage raises concern over the causes of animal extinction for which human bears greater responsibility not just in terms of speed but also scale Formerly, natural selection and disasters were scientifically acknowledged as two attributes of species disappearance However, for the time being, human beings are to blame for the acceleration of the problem In the past, man mainly contributed to the demise of some species through overhunting or the introduction of predators Nowadays, other human activites such as greater quest for living space, excessive fishing and deforestation pose a considerable threat on the destruction of animal natural habitat, marine diversity and food sources PRACTICE The extract describes ways, namely camouflaging and mimicry, which have helped defenceless insects escape from their predators Camouflaging requires insects to have body colors close to the surroundings so as to appear less eye-catching to predators The moth caterpillars look like dead twigs while certain butterfly caterpillars resemble bird droppings Some butterflies and moths have wings that resemble dried leaves Mimicry requires harmless insects to adopt the body colors and shapes of the wasps and bees so as to fool their predators into thinking that they are dangerous Predators usually avoid them, thinking they have stings too The bee-fly and hoverfly assimilate the body colors of the bumble bee and wasps respectively and the bee-fly even hums like the bumble bee PRACTICE  The extract describes some plants and animals which manage to survive in the deserts despite dry conditions One of them is the specialist annual plants Their short life cycles allow them to germinate, grow and produce seeds during short rainy seasons 48 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA These seeds are drought-resistant and are able to wait for the next rainy season before starting their life cycles again The Cacti adapts to the dry weather by having swollen stems for water storage and pine-like leaves to minimize water loss through respiration Skinks generate water from stored fats in their tails and antelopes which requires very little water, survives in deserts by extracting water from food they eat Finally, sandgrouse with no adaptive features turn to waterholes constantly for help PRACTICE (HSGQG 2017)  The extract offers an insight into the driving forces behind the complete annihilation of some species This decimation occurs either when the animals’ adaptability is surpassed by that of another or when severe natural catastrophes strike However, human has been pinpointed as the impetus of another mass destruction which is on the horizon In order to serve the insatiable craze for more land, humans have wreaked irreparable havoc on surroundings by multiple means, ranging from poaching to the introduction of non-native, malicious species Moreover, the rate at which extinction proceeds is accelerating by many new human-induced threats The aquatic ecosystem has fallen victim to the growth of water dams and the greedy fishing industry On land, the situation is not better-off : hectares of forests are cleared incessantly, which leads to a plummet in biodiversity PRACTICE (HSGQG 2018)  The passage acknowledges the two sides of stress and recommends certain methods to counteract its downsides Stress is synonymous with the strains we encounter when we are subject to life alterations It is capable of affording us merits by acting as a source of motivation However, its assets are all too often overshadowed by its negative connotation Pernicious stress can lead to both psychological and physical repercussions Not only are people deterred from making progress by a phobia of failure but they also manifest other palpable stress-induced symptoms as well There are three steps involved in conquering stress Firstly, it is vital that the victims discern their own problems Then, measures should be taken with a view to tampering the factors entailed Lastly, the regulating responses and establishing physical protection PRACTICE 14 The passage describes cloning, a process of making identical DNA fragments or organisms DNA cloning involves the transfer of a DNA fragment from one organism to 49 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA the same gene Reproductive cloning can generate an animal that has the same DNA The immediate reaction of the cloning of Dolly was that we could make brand-new copies of ourselves The reconstructed egg is treated to stimulate cell division Therapeutic cloning is the production of human embryos for use in research The goal is to harvest stem cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer and other diseases They are important in biomedical research Recombinant DNA technology is useful to learn about gene therapy and genetic engineering of organisms Gene therapy is used to provide resistance to particular types of disease and genetically engineer food crops (126 words) PRACTICE 15 The extract offers an insight into four types of Orchids They are epiphytes found in tropical moist places, lithophytes which grow on surfaces of rocks, saprophytes and terrestrials, which anchor themselves in soil The structure of the leaves corresponds to the habitat Species that bask in sunlight have thick, leathery leaves The shade species have tall and thin leaves When the flower opens, the sepals resemble the petals So it is not always easy to distinguish them The reproductive organs are in the centre and have adapted to the column On its top are the mass of waxy pollen They are numerous and blow off after ripening Orchids are indeed beautiful flowers Breeding them can be highly challenging as it requires patience They have become a major market throughout the world (127 words) Practice 16 The extract offers an insight into lizards which are reptiles that possess four legs, external ear openings and movable eyelids They are divided into anywhere from six to sixteen families Their habitats differ Some varieties eat insects, others fruit and still others prey on small mammals They come in all colors and sizes The chameleons have human-like hands as they grasp branches Their limbs enable them to crawl through trees They can change the color of their scales when they wish Skinks have tiny, smooth scales on a long, cylindrical body Their tail can break off when grabbed by a predator Iguanas are entirely vegetarian, snacking on leaves and sweet fruits Geckos are diminutive, tropical lizards found in our houses They have specialized toe pads to enable them to climb smooth and vertical surfaces (127 words) Practice 17 50 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA The passage describes LASIK, a breakthrough for people who have eyesight problems It is an outpatient procedure The surgeon uses laser to painlessly reshape the cornea Before surgery, the patient's corneas are examined Then, the amount and locations of corneal tissue to be removed are measured The operation is done in three steps First, create a flap of corneal tissue Second, remodeling the cornea underneath the flap with laser Finally, the flap is repositioned A corneal suction ring is applied to the eye, holding the eye in place While this is going on, small blood vessels can burst, resulting in bleeding Not everyone after LASIK has the same experience Most have better vision than before For some, their vision is not quite as good as it was before with glasses (127 words) Practice 18 The extract offers an insight into the food industry, one of the largest manufacturing industries, involves four stages First, agriculture is the production of agricultural goods through cultivation and poultry farming Modern technological improvements and practices have sharply increased yields Major agricultural products can be grouped into food, fibres, fuel and raw materials Second, manufacturing involves using techniques to transform raw ingredients into food It uses harvested crops or slaughtered animal products to produce attractive and marketable food products Marketing surveys customers' future needs through market research It is the process of creating ways to be successful in selling a product or service Lastly, food distribution is transporting food from one place to another involving transport infrastructure, food handling technology, storage, warehousing and logistics Through distribution, food gets to the outlets for retail (127 words) Practice 19 The passage indicates that graduates are finding difficulty getting jobs to match their tertiary qualifications Surveys show that a large number local graduates are unemployed This is because of the demands of global trade, resource flows and competition Graduates joining the job market must have specialized skills and knowledge A degree is not a guarantee to a good job Local colleges and universities should improve the quality of education They were awarded bigger research grants to encourage postgraduate studies and research About 150,000 students are attending public universities and 200,000 are studying in private colleges Retraining of jobless 51 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA graduates was carried out by Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad Since July 2005, more than 30,000 unemployed graduates attended retraining courses That year, the Government allocated RM35 million to retrain some 6,000 unemployed graduates at 200 training centers nationwide (129 words) Practice 20 The extract offers an insight into Valentine's Day that is closely associated with the mutual exchange of love notes in the form of valentines These gifts include the heartshaped outline, doves and the figure of the winged Cupid In the 1840s, when valentine's cards were first sold, they came up to $5,000 Worldwide, about one billion Valentine's Day cards are sent each year Card giving started when the English settlers first arrived in the United States It was their way to show affection instead of doing it publicly The United States Greeting Card Association estimated that women purchase approximately 85 percent of all valentines Today, men give their sweethearts flowers, candy, cards or jewelry, followed by a candlelight dinner Children make hearts and valentine crafts to give to their parents Valentine's Day is too commercialized now Shops and florists enjoy a booming business this tine of year (130 words) Practice 21 The passage describes a computer chip that contains a complex electronic circuit Two Americans first patented it in the late fifties Then, scientists developed chips for guided missiles and satellites Soon, engineers used chips to build smaller and faster computers This was later used to produce microprocessors the first type of computer chip is called a microprocessor It implements instructions in a computer program The second is called a memory chip Most chips are made of silicon They are added with impurities sot hat they can conduct electricity The computer chip starts with a thin wafer of doped silicon Then, a large master design is reduced to a tiny size through a photographic process These designs are used to manufacture hundreds of chips on one wafer the wafer is then divided into individual chips (130 words) Practice 22 The passage shows that Anyone who spends hours at a computer is at risk of suffering from some side effects Firstly, they might suffer from repetitive strain injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome Some also develop neck and shoulder pain They may also complain of eye problems and headaches To overcome such problems, they should adopt healthier work habits such as holding their wrists flat and typing gently They should also keep their feet flat on the floor and their heads and backs straight Some may have to change their typing technique For serious cases, taking a rest and some medication may help Using ergonomic hardware may reduce injuries Employers should create a suitable working environment to reduce these side effects (116 words) Practice 23 52 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA The passage describes Zoo Therapy which refers to the use of animals in the care and rehabilitation of humans It has proven effective with young children, especially the emotionally disturbed Medical research proves that taking care of pets promotes longevity in humans Dogs have helped children with severe autism Gentle animals like cats and rabbits calm mentally ill patients Animals also help rehabilitate hardcore prisoners Dolphins help the severely handicapped in water exercises Many animals are not just therapeutic tools but are actually working animals like guide dogs for the blind, companion dogs for the physically handicapped and Capuchin monkeys for paraplegics These animals help their owners move safely from one place to another, fetch and carry objects, manipulate appliances, etc These companion animals help the disabled to lead almost normal lives (128 words) 53 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY-ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA ... Diễn đạt vai trị cơng cụ trưng bày xác định không gian 0.25 0.25 nhà Lưu ý :Học sinh không viết đủ số từ (100-120) theo yêu cầu không cho điểm Học sinh chọn lọc thơng tin tóm tắt khơng quan trọng,... kết ý cách cụ thể NỘI DUNG 44 CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY- ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA 1.00 -Nêu vai trị sách in ngơn ngữ (thể tính cách người chủ, làm cho nhà 0.25 hấp dẫn tạo khơng gian) -Diễn đạt vai trị thể cá... tourism targeting luxurious tourists can be attributed to its low start-up cost/ CHUYÊN ĐỀ SUMMARY- ÔN HSG QUỐC GIA  Wilderness tourism, as a naturally self-sustaining industry, has attracted