PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM NGO THI DIEU LINH Ha Noi – 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM Full Name: Ngo Thi Dieu Linh SUPERVISOR: Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc Ha Noi - 2020 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation is my own research It was written with the thorough guidance of my supervisor - Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc …… Hanoi, July 3rd 2020 Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dissertation has been completed with the great guidance of Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc I would like to express my sincere thanks for her patience and massive help with reading the whole of the thesis and making valuable comments for my research By this occasion, I am much grateful to the Department of Graduate Studies and Foreign Trade University - who have always create most favorable conditions for MORIE students in completing our study Thank you so much for their generosity and I owe a debt of gratitude to all helpers TABLE CONTENTS DECLARATION .3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10 1.1Research context and reasons to choose topics 10 1.2Research objectives 11 1.3Research question 11 1.4Research Method 12 1.5 Structure of the thesis 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERTURE REVIEW .14 2.1 Definition of Plastic 14 2.2 Classification of plastic 15 2.3 Plastic applications and its social benefits 18 2.4 Plastic waste 18 2.5 Overview of previous studies related to the topic 21 2.6 Plastic waste problem 24 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .28 3.1 Theories used in the topic 28 3.1.1 Hormans’s theory of rational choice .28 3.1.2 Theory of cultural ecology 29 3.1.3 DPSIR synthetic analytical framework 30 3.2 Analyze theoretical framework 31 CHAPTER 4: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE PROBLEM IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM .33 4.1 Overview of plastic sector .33 4.2 Plastics product consumption 37 4.3 Plastic product consumption trend in Asia 38 4.3.1 Overview of plastic product consumption trend and main applications in Asia 38 4.3.2 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend 42 4.4 Plastic waste disposal process in Asia .43 4.5 Plastic waste problem in Asia 45 4.6 Experience of companies in Asia on solving plastic waste problem .54 4.6.1 Issue internal environment policies 54 4.6.2 Classified waste and develop recyclable products 55 4.6.3 Taking advantage of plastic waste to produce other materials 57 4.6.4 Use alternative materials 58 4.7 Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam 59 4.7.1 Overview of Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam 59 4.7.2 Main application plastic productsin Vietnam 65 4.7.3 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend in Vietnam 68 4.8 Plastic waste disposal process in Vietnam .68 4.9 Plastic waste problem in Vietnam 71 4.10 Comparison between plastic waste problem of Asia and Vietnam .73 4.11 Forecast of plastic consumption in Vietnam until 2022 74 CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATION FOR PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ASIA AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM 77 5.1 Proposing to Asia to solve plastic waste problem 77 5.2 Proposing to Vietnam to solve plastic waste problem .78 5.2.1 Solutions have been implemented to reduce plastic waste problem .78 5.2.2 Proposing to the government to solve plastic waste problem 81 5.2.3 Proposing to organizations and companies operating in the plastic industry .84 5.2.4 Proposing to organizations and individuals consuming plastic products 85 5.2.5 Encourage the activities of non-govermental environmental organizations 86 5.2.6 Overall solution .87 5.3 Limitation of the study 87 CONCLUSION 89 REFERENCE 90 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS No Acronym Explanation PVC Polyvinyl Clorua NAP National Action Plan PET Polyethylene terephthalate HDPE High density polyethylene PVC Polyvinylchloride LDPE Low-density polyethylene PP Polypropylene EPR Principle of Extended Producers Responsibility ICP Polypropylene Impact Copolymer 10 PV Photovoltaics 11 NGOs Non-governmental organizations 12 BBPB Bye Bye Plastic Bags ¶ Paragraph 13 14 15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Types of Plastic 16 Figure PLASTICS LIFE CYCLE 33 Figure ANNUALPLASTIC COMSUMPTION PER CAPITA (KG) .39 Figure PLASTIC CONSUMPTION (PER CAPITA) IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH GDP GROWTH RATES 41 Figure COMPARE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING METHODS 44 Figure COMMON PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING: RECYCLING 45 Figure Share of plastic waste that is inadequately managed 46 Figure Global Mismanaged plastic by region .48 Figure The River of Plastics in Cambodia (NIkkei, 2018) 51 Figure 10 The man with massive piles of plastic in Munbai, India 53 Figure 11 Plastic consumption per capita (kg/person/Year) 63 Figure 12 Comsumption of Vietnam plastic market (Billion Ton) 65 Figure 13 Chain of plastic waste in Vietnam 71 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research context and reasons to choose topics Over the past 50 years, plastic has undergone significant changes as a material, and its use has become ubiquitous in our modern society (Ryan, 2015) Innovations in the plastics industry have resulted in low-cost, durable and multi-purpose plastics; There are countless applications of their end use They range from medical and agricultural equipment to construction materials and food packaging Since the 1950s, plastic has been produced at a faster rate than most other materials, and in 2015 alone, about 141 million tons of plastic waste was produced, including plastic waste from products and packaging (UN Enviroment, 2018) The high use of plastic products and poor management of “scrap” have made plastic the main source of marine pollution worldwide Once the plastic particles enter the marine environment, the wind and currents will spread to the other side of the ocean (UN Enviroment, 2019) Marine plastic pollution (MPP) is a shocking issue given its large and complex size, and the increasing consumption of plastic in both developed and developing countries, has a general negative impact on ecosystems and human health The MPP has received more attention in recent years High-profile statements such as the Gy Leaders' Statement 2018 put the issue of marine plastic pollution in the limelight and helped to put this issue on the international agenda (G7, 2018) German scientists (Schmidt; Krauth, Wagner, 2017) have studied and pointed out that eight rivers in Asia are among the top ten sources of marine plastic pollution in the world Another study found that four rivers in Indonesia are among the 20 most polluted in the world in terms of tons of poorly managed plastic waste (Natureal Comunications, 2017) Of the 4.4 million to 12.7 million tons of terrestrial plastic waste that eventually flows into the ocean, 83% come from 20 countries (Lohr, Savelli, Beunen, Kalz, Lagos, Belleghem, 2017) Among these countries, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are the five with the most serious plastic pollution There are many sources of marine waste, from commercial and recreational vessels to onshore sources such as street waste and manufacturing waste 81 youth have also been part of a collective effort that launched the NoStrawChallenge campaign to combat the use of plastic straws, to minimize negative environmental impacts (Bliss Saigon, 2016) 5.2.2 Proposing to the government to solve plastic waste problem Waste management is one of the seven priority programs of the National Strategy for Environmental Protection The National Strategy for Integrated Solid Waste Management sets ambitious goals and regulates cleaning costs from generators Vietnam encouraged the private sector and foreign investment, and the 1992 revised Constitution recognized the role of the private sector in the economy Provide financial support for environmental protection activities (including 3R activities) through the Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF) Vietnam has developed a solid waste treatment plan by 2025, which focuses on recycling (National Strategy on integrated solid waste management by 2025, with a vision to 2050).Despite an initiative for integrated waste management, Vietnam still lacks adequate action plans and funding to meet ambitious goals.Vietnam needs more transparency and monopoly control of the private sector At the same time, defining the role and eliminating overlapping responsibilities among agencies related to waste management Vietnam currently has no basis to achieve the National Action Plan (NAP) on solid waste management goals when most of the plastic waste is simply dumped into landfills across the country without being treated Vietnam needs to strengthen its management capacity and improve its policymaking mechanisms related to plastic waste management and improve its research capacity on plastic waste including practical analysis and plastic waste pollution trends and its impact on marine life and ecosystems from different perspectives At the same time, further develop science and technology to better monitor waste, prevent and reduce plastic debris discharged into the sea Vietnam needs programs to raise public awareness, among manufacturers, distributors of goods and consumers about plastic waste Vietnam also needs to strengthen the understanding of international cooperation and share information related to cross- 82 border issues of plastic waste pollution In addition, Vietnam needs to propose the United Nations Development Program and developed countries to support developing and least developed countries related to investing in infrastructure development to control, statistic, categorize marine plastic debris and land-based waste and build waste treatment and recycling systems Developed countries also need to support Vietnam in developing comprehensive solutions and improving management capacity as well as developing domestic legal documents to effectively implement the MARPOL Convention and the Basel Convention To drastically change the plastic waste crisis, we cannot just focus on downstream management, for example, focusing all resources to increase domestic recycling rates The government must be aware that the problem can be solved if the production of disposable plastic at the upstream level also needs to be strictly controlled The government should impose regulations on the control of single-use plastic production and the import policy of plastic waste Vietnam needs to be determined not to import plastic waste or only to import plastics with high success rate of recycling and must be fully compatible with domestic waste recycling technology Moreover, the waste management system also needs to focus on improving the separation process in urban areas because the recyclability or not depends greatly on the separation process As the chair of ASEAN, Vietnam needs to launch an official campaign or regional mechanism to force the 10 ASEAN member countries to solve the problem of plastic waste pollution The pollution problem cannot be solved at the national level, because polluted plastic debris travels across water boundaries through river systems, the sea and even groundwater Meetings of senior environmental officials in Southeast Asia should be held regularly to find solutions, collective response to plastic problems in Southeast Asia and formalize the application of coastal biodiversity protection (Dominic, 2018) Strengthening local waste management and recycling is one of the most important solutions 83 Most plastic waste is generated in cities and other human settlements and due to poor waste management and a slow recycling rate According to experience related to the legal and institutional framework of Asian countries including China and Indonesia, the national legal system is not complete, lack of specialized laws and the laws haven’t yet been a priority item on the environmental policy agenda of several countries, including China Meanwhile, the lack of an adequate waste management system is at the core of the plastic waste problem Therefore, Vietnam needs to improve the legal system related to plastic waste (even if it can create its own specific law) and strengthen the existing waste management law At the same time, adequate compliance and enforcement mechanisms for existing or new laws must also be focused on completing research These laws need to provide clear guidance on certain important aspects including clarity about the laws that apply to individuals, households, public organizations and private companies Moreover, the institutional framework needs to specify which government agency has a clear leading role in this regard On the other hand, the efforts and coordination of the stakeholders must be synchronized and in a wide range, not just focusing on famous tourist destinations Therefore, the law against plastic waste should create clear obligations and clearly defined responsibilities for those responsible The legal obligations include the obligation to reduce the use of plastic, recycle and prohibit the indiscriminate discharge of plastic waste The manufacturer's liability provisions must be addressed to address issues related to the use of materials, packaging, recycling practices and waste disposal Compliance mechanisms need to be specified, with penalties for non-compliance and a system of rewards for those who comply with the law, for example, through tax and benefit incentives Companies that use non-plastic materials instead, introduce new technologies or practice recycling that lead to a reduction in plastic use can be awarded awards, tax breaks, and priority to invest in related fields Finally, laws restricting plastic waste must establish mechanisms strong enough to encourage compliance and punish non-compliance 84 5.2.3 Proposing to organizations and companies operating in the plastic industry The plastics industry needs to apply the Organization of the Restoration of Packaging (PRO) to create value and increase prices for post-consumer PET bottles and other packaging materials Governments need to adhere to and support widespread application to the industry through the implementation of policies and standards for a circulating economy, such as recycling goals, and provision of source separation and separation infrastructure, ensuring access to the majority of the informal sector involved In Vietnam, PRO was established in June 2019 but needs to improve and apply more widely in domestic businesses Companies in Vietnam also need to actively participate in the fight against plastic waste such as multinational beverage company Coca-Cola, which has just announced its conversion from PET bottle to green in the Southeast Asia, because transparent ones are more valuable than colors and will work with industry peers in Asia-Pacific to create PRO (Sally, 2019) Biologically useless materials such as paper, wood and clothing can also be used as raw materials in chemical processes Manufacturing companies should make efforts to gradually reduce the proportion of fossil raw materials in finished plastic products At the same time, to invest in non-emissions plastic production systems (CO2 is also retained in the manufacturing process, does not release to the environment), creating a sustainable, rotating system for the carbon based materials (Nhan dan, 2019) The life of the plastic can be optimized for maximum benefit but in reality only seems finite the number of times after which the fibers are too weak to use Therefore, companies can make laminated plastic with one or more layers of aluminum or paper between plastic materials Accordingly, this type of plastic has a lighter weight, stronger and increases the shelf life of the products stored in it when recycling is still a challenge (Singh, 2019) Industries (including retail, food and beverage sector) should consider the plastic waste problem as a serious situation and develop a strategy to eliminate singleuse plastic and move to a sustainable business based on recycling system instead of 85 other disposable packaging materials Industry is responsible for the pollution caused by the plastic packaging it produces and uses Institutes, schools, scientists, and businesses need to step up research, development and technology transfer activities on eco-friendly materials to replace single-use plastic products Community, businesses need to continue to build and implement propaganda programs on prevention of plastic waste and disposable plastic bags Businesses need to with various and diversified forms suitable to each propaganda object, creating a wide spread to change from awareness to specific actions to use plastic waste and environmentally friendly bags, economical and efficient plastic (Thuc, 2019) 5.2.4 Proposing to organizations and individuals consuming plastic products The probability of consumers buying green products is higher if they consider themselves to be environmental protectors or are active in environmental issues Biode gradable packaging, as well as paper-based packaging, are an eco-friendly alternative to plastic packaging, and they are willing to pay more than the market average to buy products packed in eco-friendly packaging (Thu, 2018) Therefore, the solution of increasing alternative products in the market can create more opportunities for customers to turn their intention to buy green products into real action Research shows that changes in user needs and behavior can also cause manufacturers to gradually increase the amount of recyclable plastics in their products especially in the food industry, which causes plastic pollution in the oceans At the same time, consumers must also show responsibility for facilitating separate collection by properly classifying their waste Follow the exact arrangement instructions that directly impact the quality of the resources available for recycling (Woldemar, 2019) Community support is also a contributing factor in solving the plastic problem as the community can create the need to reduce the production of single-use plastics for the public and private sectors as well as to develop a movement on Waste-free lifestyle and sustainable development 86 We all know that the plastic crisis jeopardizes our future, especially for the next generation We as consumers must be more responsible and pay attention to our plastic consumption patterns and habits Consumers need to make the anti-disposable plastic movement bigger, to pressure governments and industries to take actions that work for a better future (Muharram, 2019) 5.2.5 Encourage the activities of non-govermental environmental organizations Non-govermental environmental organizations also play a vital role in the overall plan to prevent plastic waste in Vietnam These organizations bring great resources from the community through voluntary programs, movements with a large number of participants of all levels These organizations also bring valuable organizational experience to Vietnam in campaigns to encourage community to reduce plastic waste Therefore, Vietnam needs to create favorable conditions and provide infrastructure and even resources for these organizations to operate effectively In fact, to avoid public backlash in communities when the use of plastic bags is essential (especially for low-income people), measures to regulate waste management and recycling are required Prohibiting single-use plastic bags or disposing of waste must be accompanied by measures to raise awareness and help change consumer behavior Therefore, Vietnam needs to take advantage of the work of non-governmental organizations to raise awareness and promote education among individuals and communities (in schools, local councils, etc.) through public services and cleaning areas of plastic waste Non-governmental organizations involved in reducing plastic pollution in Vietnam should provide information to consumers and contribute to education in schools and communities on the impact of plastic pollution NGOs operating in Vietnam should also take advantage of religious beliefs and consider the discharge of plastic waste as an unacceptable behavior in religious beliefs In addition, to address budget constraints, NGOs may focus on specific areas such as tourism destinations and operate on low budgets for a limited period of time 87 5.2.6 Overall solution Finally, we realize that there is no single solution that can solve all plastic waste problems Governments, businesses and individuals all play a major role in improving the management of the plastic economy Measures after implementation should be reviewed and refined by the parties appropriately To be able to guide the reduction of plastic waste in the value chain requires greater effort and cooperation of all major players, from policy management units, plastic manufacturers to recyclers and retail sellers and consumers Any model or solution should go beyond single solutions, once and need a common vision to promote investment and innovation in the right direction Plastics have always been an important component of the global economy, regardless of our cultural values and belief systems Therefore, the immediate elimination of plastic is not possible, and all parties in the value chain need to increase the sustainability of the plastics industry in order to bring new opportunities for modernization, competitiveness and job creation do, in line with global economic and environmental goals (Meidl, 2018) The problem of plastic waste reduction needs the cooperation of countries in the region Vietnam, as the ASEAN leader, should call on countries to use regional cooperation to solve the problem of plastic waste Regional cooperation will also be instrumental in setting standards for environmental management in Asia and Southeast Asia ASEAN should consider drafting a statement or action plan to address plastic waste in the region, to encourage all ASEAN countries to cooperate and enact laws to tackle plastic pollution 5.3 Limitation of the study Although in this research, the author has made great efforts to collect secondary data and apply the methodology to analyze and evaluate the consumption trends of plastic products, plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam However, research topics still have certain limitations Due to the limited time to conduct research, the author has only initially evaluated the trend of consumption of plastic products, plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam based on secondary data collected from 88 international banks, Government statements of countries, annual reports of plastic companies in the world and Vietnam, and research projects, prestigious articles in the plastic industry, have not conducted a direct survey, so the research results May not reflect the full situation of plastic waste in Vietnam at the present time From the research results as well as the limitations of this topic, the author would like to propose some further research directions as follows: - Further research should be conducted with a wide survey scope across the country of Vietnam, the research results will be more general - Research should be repeated after Governments of Asia in general and Vietnam in particular have taken many measures to reduce plastic waste into the environment - Further research should go into depth analysis of the behavior of society in general and people in particular with regard to the use of environmentally friendly plastic products 89 CONCLUSION In short, Asia in general and Vietnam in particular are the regions with the biggest problems of plastic waste in the world, although plastic consumption per capita is still low Key issues such as ineffective government plastic waste reduction policies, inadequate waste disposal systems, spontaneous waste recycling technology and public awareness of plastic waste reduction are very low, causing great difficulties for governments of all countries.A total solution with the participation of all parties including government, businesses, non-governmental organizations and consumers can be effective in the condition of Vietnam Asia and especially Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, are in a booming demand for plastic and a destination for plastic waste from more developed countries and even from China Therefore, Vietnam needs to refer to lessons from developed countries that have experienced periods like Vietnam, lessons of success / failure from countries with similar conditions and the same region to apply specifically Some solutions have been proposed but it still takes time to prove their practicality and adjust in accordance with the trend of plastic consumption and the related legal framework is being finalized to make appropriate adjustments 90 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CHAPTER 4: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE PROBLEM IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM 4.1 Overview of plastic sector The value chain of the plastic industry from