PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM NGO THI DIEU LINH Ha Noi – 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY DISSERTATION PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM Full Name: Ngo Thi Dieu Linh SUPERVISOR: Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc Ha Noi - 2020 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation is my own research It was written with the thorough guidance of my supervisor - Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc …… Hanoi, July 3rd 2020 Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dissertation has been completed with the great guidance of Dr Mai Nguyen Ngoc I would like to express my sincere thanks for her patience and massive help with reading the whole of the thesis and making valuable comments for my research By this occasion, I am much grateful to the Department of Graduate Studies and Foreign Trade University - who have always create most favorable conditions for MORIE students in completing our study Thank you so much for their generosity and I owe a debt of gratitude to all helpers TABLE CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS No Acronym Explanation PVC Polyvinyl Clorua NAP National Action Plan PET Polyethylene terephthalate HDPE High density polyethylene PVC Polyvinylchloride LDPE Low-density polyethylene PP Polypropylene EPR Principle of Extended Producers Responsibility ICP Polypropylene Impact Copolymer 10 PV Photovoltaics 11 NGOs Non-governmental organizations 12 BBPB Bye Bye Plastic Bags ¶ Paragraph 13 14 15 LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research context and reasons to choose topics Over the past 50 years, plastic has undergone significant changes as a material, and its use has become ubiquitous in our modern society (Ryan, 2015) Innovations in the plastics industry have resulted in low-cost, durable and multi-purpose plastics; There are countless applications of their end use They range from medical and agricultural equipment to construction materials and food packaging Since the 1950s, plastic has been produced at a faster rate than most other materials, and in 2015 alone, about 141 million tons of plastic waste was produced, including plastic waste from products and packaging (UN Enviroment, 2018) The high use of plastic products and poor management of “scrap” have made plastic the main source of marine pollution worldwide Once the plastic particles enter the marine environment, the wind and currents will spread to the other side of the ocean (UN Enviroment, 2019) Marine plastic pollution (MPP) is a shocking issue given its large and complex size, and the increasing consumption of plastic in both developed and developing countries, has a general negative impact on ecosystems and human health The MPP has received more attention in recent years High-profile statements such as the Gy Leaders' Statement 2018 put the issue of marine plastic pollution in the limelight and helped to put this issue on the international agenda (G7, 2018) German scientists (Schmidt; Krauth, Wagner, 2017) have studied and pointed out that eight rivers in Asia are among the top ten sources of marine plastic pollution in the world Another study found that four rivers in Indonesia are among the 20 most polluted in the world in terms of tons of poorly managed plastic waste (Natureal Comunications, 2017) Of the 4.4 million to 12.7 million tons of terrestrial plastic waste that eventually flows into the ocean, 83% come from 20 countries (Lohr, Savelli, Beunen, Kalz, Lagos, Belleghem, 2017) Among these countries, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are the five with the most serious plastic pollution There are many sources of marine waste, from commercial and recreational vessels to onshore sources such as street waste and manufacturing waste (Haward, 2018) All of this shows that it is important to research what measures need to be taken to address the MPP problem in Asia In our country (Vietnam), plastic products began to penetrate into people's lives since the 1960s A number of household items made from bamboo, bamboo, natural fibers in turn were replaced by plastic Paper packaging has been replaced with plastic In industry and construction, plastic materials also account for market share in many areas such as water supply and drainage, decoration etc (Tran Hieu Nhue et al., 2001) According to Nguyen Danh Son (2012), an average Vietnamese person per year uses at least 30 kg of plastic products Plastic materials have contributed to raising the civilized level of life but also posed many problems related to environmental protection (Tran Hieu Nhue et al., 2001) Some researches on solid waste (CTR) in urban areas in the Mekong Delta showed that the plastic composition accounted for 3.16-13.63% of the total amount of solid waste (Le Hoang Viet et al., 2011; extract from INVENT, 2009); or accounting for 77% of recyclable waste in Can Tho City (Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan et al., 2014) In the context of economic development and changing patterns of consumption and production by people leading to a strong increase in plastic waste worldwide, the research organization on the trend of using plastic products is extremely necessary Therefore, the author chooses to research the topic “Plastic products consumption trend and plastic waste in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam” to evaluate the current consumption trend of plastic products 1.2 Research objectives The objective of this research is to analyze the consumption trends of plastic products to point out the problem of plastic waste in Asia, especially in Vietnam in recent years, and offer some solutions to solve this problem 1.3 Research question The thesis will address the following research questions: (1) What are the current consumption trends of plastic products? (2) What are the basic issues facing Asia and Vietnam regarding plastic waste and What experiences are drawn? (3) What is the solution to the problems of plastic waste in Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular? 1.4 Research Method This study was conducted by the following method Firstly, I conduct the research by giving an overview of the plastic industry in the world and Vietnam from raw materials, production technology, applications of plastic and actual consumption of products On that basis, the study reviews the research done on plastic pollution in Asia as well as in Vietnam The thesis is mainly based on secondary statistics data from the WorldBank, the statements of the governments of the countries, the annual reports of the major plastic companies in the world and Vietnam and the research works, reputable articles and newspaper in the plastic industry and related Secondly, with a qualitative approach, the research shows that the solutions have been applied in the world and countries around the region with similar conditions to Vietnam, identifying the main factors affecting the waste plastic waste problem, identify the main problems of plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam, and also based on trends, demand for plastic products in the present and future In addition, statistical and selective methods are also applied when this study provides a set of experiences and solutions that countries and businesses have applied in solving plastic waste problems and implementationsuitable solutions to effectively apply in Vietnam 1.5 Structure of the thesis In addition to the references, the list of figures, and conclusions, the thesis is divided into main chapters as follows: Chương 1: Introduction In this chapter the author focuses on presenting an overview of the study Research context, reasons for choosing to research this topic, research objectives and questions The author also presents an overview of the research methodology and structure of the research topic Chương 2: Literature Review This chapter provides a theoretical overview of topics covering the concepts of plastic, plastic waste, plastic classification, its application and benefits in practice and the problem of plastic waste At the same time, the author also presents an overview of previous studies related to the topic Chương 3: Theoretical Framework In this chapter, the author focuses on presenting methodology and theories applied in this topic Then, based on the theoretical basis and research method, the author has built an analytical framework for this topic Chương 4: Plastics consumption trend and plastics waste problem in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam In this chapter, the author presents about plastic consumption trends and serious waste issues happening in Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular, lessons learned to reduce plastic waste countries in Asia At the same time, the author also mentioned the consumption trend for environmentally friendly plastic products in recent years in Vietnam and presented the plastic waste treatment process in Vietnam Chương 5: Recommendation for plastic waste manegement in Asia and contact to Vietnam 79 Strategy for Environmental Protection The National Strategy for Integrated Solid Waste Management sets ambitious goals and regulates cleaning costs from generators Vietnam encouraged the private sector and foreign investment, and the 1992 revised Constitution recognized the role of the private sector in the economy Provide financial support for environmental protection activities (including 3R activities) through the Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF) Vietnam has developed a solid waste treatment plan by 2025, which focuses on recycling (National Strategy on integrated solid waste management by 2025, with a vision to 2050).Despite an initiative for integrated waste management, Vietnam still lacks adequate action plans and funding to meet ambitious goals.Vietnam needs more transparency and monopoly control of the private sector At the same time, defining the role and eliminating overlapping responsibilities among agencies related to waste management Vietnam currently has no basis to achieve the National Action Plan (NAP) on solid waste management goals when most of the plastic waste is simply dumped into landfills across the country without being treated Vietnam needs to strengthen its management capacity and improve its policymaking mechanisms related to plastic waste management and improve its research capacity on plastic waste including practical analysis and plastic waste pollution trends and its impact on marine life and ecosystems from different perspectives At the same time, further develop science and technology to better monitor waste, prevent and reduce plastic debris discharged into the sea Vietnam needs programs to raise public awareness, among manufacturers, distributors of goods and consumers about plastic waste Vietnam also needs to strengthen the understanding of international cooperation and share information related to crossborder issues of plastic waste pollution In addition, Vietnam needs to propose the United Nations Development Program and developed countries to support developing and least developed countries related to investing in infrastructure development to control, statistic, categorize marine plastic debris and land-based waste and build waste treatment and recycling systems Developed countries also need to support Vietnam in developing comprehensive solutions and improving 80 management capacity as well as developing domestic legal documents to effectively implement the MARPOL Convention and the Basel Convention To drastically change the plastic waste crisis, we cannot just focus on downstream management, for example, focusing all resources to increase domestic recycling rates The government must be aware that the problem can be solved if the production of disposable plastic at the upstream level also needs to be strictly controlled The government should impose regulations on the control of single-use plastic production and the import policy of plastic waste Vietnam needs to be determined not to import plastic waste or only to import plastics with high success rate of recycling and must be fully compatible with domestic waste recycling technology Moreover, the waste management system also needs to focus on improving the separation process in urban areas because the recyclability or not depends greatly on the separation process As the chair of ASEAN, Vietnam needs to launch an official campaign or regional mechanism to force the 10 ASEAN member countries to solve the problem of plastic waste pollution The pollution problem cannot be solved at the national level, because polluted plastic debris travels across water boundaries through river systems, the sea and even groundwater Meetings of senior environmental officials in Southeast Asia should be held regularly to find solutions, collective response to plastic problems in Southeast Asia and formalize the application of coastal biodiversity protection (Dominic, 2018) Strengthening local waste management and recycling is one of the most important solutions Most plastic waste is generated in cities and other human settlements and due to poor waste management and a slow recycling rate According to experience related to the legal and institutional framework of Asian countries including China and Indonesia, the national legal system is not complete, lack of specialized laws and the laws haven’t yet been a priority item on the environmental policy agenda of several countries, including China Meanwhile, 81 the lack of an adequate waste management system is at the core of the plastic waste problem Therefore, Vietnam needs to improve the legal system related to plastic waste (even if it can create its own specific law) and strengthen the existing waste management law At the same time, adequate compliance and enforcement mechanisms for existing or new laws must also be focused on completing research These laws need to provide clear guidance on certain important aspects including clarity about the laws that apply to individuals, households, public organizations and private companies Moreover, the institutional framework needs to specify which government agency has a clear leading role in this regard On the other hand, the efforts and coordination of the stakeholders must be synchronized and in a wide range, not just focusing on famous tourist destinations Therefore, the law against plastic waste should create clear obligations and clearly defined responsibilities for those responsible The legal obligations include the obligation to reduce the use of plastic, recycle and prohibit the indiscriminate discharge of plastic waste The manufacturer's liability provisions must be addressed to address issues related to the use of materials, packaging, recycling practices and waste disposal Compliance mechanisms need to be specified, with penalties for non-compliance and a system of rewards for those who comply with the law, for example, through tax and benefit incentives Companies that use non-plastic materials instead, introduce new technologies or practice recycling that lead to a reduction in plastic use can be awarded awards, tax breaks, and priority to invest in related fields Finally, laws restricting plastic waste must establish mechanisms strong enough to encourage compliance and punish non-compliance 5.2.3 Proposing to organizations and companies operating in the plastic industry The plastics industry needs to apply the Organization of the Restoration of Packaging (PRO) to create value and increase prices for post-consumer PET bottles and other packaging materials Governments need to adhere to and support widespread application to the industry through the implementation of policies and standards for a circulating economy, such as recycling goals, and provision of source separation and separation infrastructure, ensuring access to the majority of 82 the informal sector involved In Vietnam, PRO was established in June 2019 but needs to improve and apply more widely in domestic businesses Companies in Vietnam also need to actively participate in the fight against plastic waste such as multinational beverage company Coca-Cola, which has just announced its conversion from PET bottle to green in the Southeast Asia, because transparent ones are more valuable than colors and will work with industry peers in Asia-Pacific to create PRO (Sally, 2019) Biologically useless materials such as paper, wood and clothing can also be used as raw materials in chemical processes Manufacturing companies should make efforts to gradually reduce the proportion of fossil raw materials in finished plastic products At the same time, to invest in non-emissions plastic production systems (CO2 is also retained in the manufacturing process, does not release to the environment), creating a sustainable, rotating system for the carbon based materials (Nhan dan, 2019) The life of the plastic can be optimized for maximum benefit but in reality only seems finite the number of times after which the fibers are too weak to use Therefore, companies can make laminated plastic with one or more layers of aluminum or paper between plastic materials Accordingly, this type of plastic has a lighter weight, stronger and increases the shelf life of the products stored in it when recycling is still a challenge (Singh, 2019) Industries (including retail, food and beverage sector) should consider the plastic waste problem as a serious situation and develop a strategy to eliminate single-use plastic and move to a sustainable business based on recycling system instead of other disposable packaging materials Industry is responsible for the pollution caused by the plastic packaging it produces and uses Institutes, schools, scientists, and businesses need to step up research, development and technology transfer activities on eco-friendly materials to replace single-use plastic products Community, businesses need to continue to build and implement propaganda programs on prevention of plastic waste and disposable 83 plastic bags Businesses need to with various and diversified forms suitable to each propaganda object, creating a wide spread to change from awareness to specific actions to use plastic waste and environmentally friendly bags, economical and efficient plastic (Thuc, 2019) 5.2.4 Proposing to organizations and individuals consuming plastic products The probability of consumers buying green products is higher if they consider themselves to be environmental protectors or are active in environmental issues Biode gradable packaging, as well as paper-based packaging, are an ecofriendly alternative to plastic packaging, and they are willing to pay more than the market average to buy products packed in eco-friendly packaging (Thu, 2018) Therefore, the solution of increasing alternative products in the market can create more opportunities for customers to turn their intention to buy green products into real action Research shows that changes in user needs and behavior can also cause manufacturers to gradually increase the amount of recyclable plastics in their products especially in the food industry, which causes plastic pollution in the oceans At the same time, consumers must also show responsibility for facilitating separate collection by properly classifying their waste Follow the exact arrangement instructions that directly impact the quality of the resources available for recycling (Woldemar, 2019) Community support is also a contributing factor in solving the plastic problem as the community can create the need to reduce the production of single-use plastics for the public and private sectors as well as to develop a movement on Waste-free lifestyle and sustainable development We all know that the plastic crisis jeopardizes our future, especially for the next generation We as consumers must be more responsible and pay attention to our plastic consumption patterns and habits Consumers need to make the antidisposable plastic movement bigger, to pressure governments and industries to take actions that work for a better future (Muharram, 2019) 84 5.2.5 Encourage the activities of non-govermental environmental organizations Non-govermental environmental organizations also play a vital role in the overall plan to prevent plastic waste in Vietnam These organizations bring great resources from the community through voluntary programs, movements with a large number of participants of all levels These organizations also bring valuable organizational experience to Vietnam in campaigns to encourage community to reduce plastic waste Therefore, Vietnam needs to create favorable conditions and provide infrastructure and even resources for these organizations to operate effectively In fact, to avoid public backlash in communities when the use of plastic bags is essential (especially for low-income people), measures to regulate waste management and recycling are required Prohibiting single-use plastic bags or disposing of waste must be accompanied by measures to raise awareness and help change consumer behavior Therefore, Vietnam needs to take advantage of the work of non-governmental organizations to raise awareness and promote education among individuals and communities (in schools, local councils, etc.) through public services and cleaning areas of plastic waste Non-governmental organizations involved in reducing plastic pollution in Vietnam should provide information to consumers and contribute to education in schools and communities on the impact of plastic pollution NGOs operating in Vietnam should also take advantage of religious beliefs and consider the discharge of plastic waste as an unacceptable behavior in religious beliefs In addition, to address budget constraints, NGOs may focus on specific areas such as tourism destinations and operate on low budgets for a limited period of time 5.2.6 Overall solution Finally, we realize that there is no single solution that can solve all plastic waste problems Governments, businesses and individuals all play a major role in improving the management of the plastic economy Measures after implementation should be reviewed and refined by the parties appropriately To be able to guide the 85 reduction of plastic waste in the value chain requires greater effort and cooperation of all major players, from policy management units, plastic manufacturers to recyclers and retail sellers and consumers Any model or solution should go beyond single solutions, once and need a common vision to promote investment and innovation in the right direction Plastics have always been an important component of the global economy, regardless of our cultural values and belief systems Therefore, the immediate elimination of plastic is not possible, and all parties in the value chain need to increase the sustainability of the plastics industry in order to bring new opportunities for modernization, competitiveness and job creation do, in line with global economic and environmental goals (Meidl, 2018) The problem of plastic waste reduction needs the cooperation of countries in the region Vietnam, as the ASEAN leader, should call on countries to use regional cooperation to solve the problem of plastic waste Regional cooperation will also be instrumental in setting standards for environmental management in Asia and Southeast Asia ASEAN should consider drafting a statement or action plan to address plastic waste in the region, to encourage all ASEAN countries to cooperate and enact laws to tackle plastic pollution 5.3 Limitation of the study Although in this research, the author has made great efforts to collect secondary data and apply the methodology to analyze and evaluate the consumption trends of plastic products, plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam However, research topics still have certain limitations Due to the limited time to conduct research, the author has only initially evaluated the trend of consumption of plastic products, plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam based on secondary data collected from international banks, Government statements of countries, annual reports of plastic companies in the world and Vietnam, and research projects, prestigious articles in the plastic industry, have not conducted a direct survey, so the research results May not reflect the full situation of plastic waste in Vietnam at the present time 86 From the research results as well as the limitations of this topic, the author would like to propose some further research directions as follows: - Further research should be conducted with a wide survey scope across the - country of Vietnam, the research results will be more general Research should be repeated after Governments of Asia in general and Vietnam in particular have taken many measures to reduce plastic waste into - the environment Further research should go into depth analysis of the behavior of society in general and people in particular with regard to the use of environmentally friendly plastic products 87 CONCLUSION In short, Asia in general and Vietnam in particular are the regions with the biggest problems of plastic waste in the world, although plastic consumption per capita is still low Key issues such as ineffective government plastic waste reduction policies, inadequate waste disposal systems, spontaneous waste recycling technology and public awareness of plastic waste reduction are very low, causing great difficulties for governments of all countries.A total solution with the participation of all parties including government, businesses, non-governmental organizations and consumers can be effective in the condition of Vietnam Asia and especially Southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, are in a booming demand for plastic and a destination for plastic waste from more developed countries and even from China Therefore, Vietnam needs to refer to lessons from developed countries that have experienced periods like Vietnam, lessons of success / failure from countries with similar conditions and the same region to apply specifically Some solutions have been proposed but it still takes time to prove their practicality and adjust in accordance with the trend of plastic consumption and the related legal framework is being finalized to make appropriate adjustments 88 REFERENCE Adam W (2018) companies leading the movement to go plastic free Available at: http://www.climateaction.org/news/5-companies-leadingthe-movement-to-go-plastic-free Beatriz G., Mandy M F.and Jolene L (2019) Marine Plastic Pollution in Asia: All Hands on Deck! Chinese Journal of Environmental Law DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340034 Avaiable at: https://brill.com/view/journals/cjel/3/1/article-p11_2.xml?language=en Viewed on 15 Apr 2020 Bliss Saigon (2016) Vietnam and plastic pollution Avaiable at: http://blisssaigon.com/vietnam-starts-to-fight-back-on-plastic-pollution/ Viewed on 01 Mar 2020 Brett.H (2019) Companies Taking Big Steps To Reduce Virgin Plastic Waste Available at: https://www.benzinga.com/news/19/09/14336655/5companies-taking-big-steps-to-reduce-virgin-plastic-waste Viewd on 03 Mar 2020 Chow CF., So WM.W., Cheung TY., Yeung SK.D (2017) Plastic Waste Problem and Education for Plastic Waste Management In: Kong S., Wong T., Yang M., Chow C., Tse K (eds) Emerging Practices in Scholarship of Learning and Teaching in a Digital Era Springer, Singapore Chow, Cheuk-Fai & So, Winnie & Cheung, Yannes Tsz-Yan & Yeung, Siu Kit (2017) Plastic Waste Problem and Education for Plastic Waste Management 10.1007/978-981-10-3344-5_8 Choudhury Rudra Charan Mohanty, Amit Jain (2019) Plastic waste and marine plastic pollution in South Asia Available https://www.ccet.jp/sites/default/files/inline-files/2-1_UNCRD_Plastic %20Waste%20%20Marine%20Plastic%20Pollution%20in%20SA- at: 89 Mohanty-FINAL.pdf Viewed on 15 Apr 2020 Danny M (2019) Southeast Asia’s plastic waste problem Avaiable at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/06/26/southeast-asias-plastic-wasteproblem/ Viewed on 13 Mar 2020 Dezan S (2015) Breaking the Mold: FDI Opportunities in ASEAN’s Plastics Industry Avaiable at: https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/breaking-the-mold-fdiopportunities-in-aseans-plastics-industry Viewed on 16 Apr 2020 10 Dominic F (2018) Asian plastic is choking the world's oceans Available at:https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Asian-plastic-is-chokingthe-world-s-oceans Viewed on 10 Mar 2020 11 Engoo (2017) Asia’s Booming Plastics Industry Prompts Ocean Pollution Fears Avaiable at:https://engoo.com.vn/app/dailynews/article/asias-booming- plastics-industry-prompts-ocean-pollutionfears/tMX7jlfdEeenzS-B9ii6vw Viewed on Mar 2020 12 Ewa R (2019) Compostable Polymer Materials (Second Edition) 13 Fobil (2006) The dilemmas of plastic wastes in a developing economy: Proposals for a sustainable management approach for Ghana Avaiable at: https://www.ajol.info//index.php/wajae/article/view/45716 Viewed on 12 Mar 2020 14 Gaelle G (2015) Global Plastic Production Rises, Recycling Lags Available at:http://www.plastic-resource-center.com/wp- content/uploads/2018/11/Global-Plastic-Production-RisesRecyclingLags.pdf Viewed on 13 Mar 2020 15 Hiệp hội nhựa Việt Nam (2016) Tổng quan ngành nhựa Việt nam Available at: http://vpas.vn/gioi-thieu/tong-quan-nganh.html Viewed on Mar 2020 16 Howarth, S (2013) Why plastic waste is such a problem and the future 90 of bioplastics Huffpost Tech Retrieved fromhttp://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/simon- howarth/why-plastic-wasteis-such-a-problem_b_3346167.html 17 Jenna R Jambeck, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean Science 13 Feb 2015 : 768-771 18 Kang, J (2019) Challenges to Solving the Problem of Plastic Waste Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(12) 94-102 19 Kaza, Silpa, Lisa Yao, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and FrankVan Woerden 2018 What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Managementto 2050 Urban Development Series Washington, DC: World Bank doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO 20 Loan (2013) Quản lý chất thải rắn sinh hoạt huyện Quốc Oai, thành phố Hà Nội.Available at: http://www.hus.vnu.edu.vn/files/ChuaPhanLoai/LuanVanThacSiChuaPhanLoai%20(246).pdf View on 15 Apr 2020 21 Manoj K, Sabike N, Mythri S (2016) Studies on Biodegradation of Plastic Packaging Materials in Soil BioreactorB Manoj Kumar1*, Sabike Noobia2, S Mythri Available at : https://www.ijacskros.com/artcles/IJACS-2S-62.pdf 22 Meidl, Rachel A (2018) Plastic Waste Management: Are We on the Right Path to Sustainability? Issue brief no 11.20.18 Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy, Houston, Texas 23 Messe D (2019) Southeast Asia: a wild card in the global plastics industry Avaiable at: https://www.k- globalgate.com/en/Press/Press_Releases/Southeast_Asia_a_wild_card_in 91 _the_global_plastics_industry Viewed on 10 Apr 2020 24 Michael G, (2015) Oceans of plastic waste, Current Biology, Volume 25, Issue 3, 2015, Pages R93-R96, ISSN 0960- 9822,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.038 25 Michel B (2013) Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites (Second Edition) 26 Muharram A R (2019) Indonesia’s Battle Against Plastic Pollution Available at:https://th.boell.org/en/2019/10/28/indonesias-battle-againstplastic-pollution Viewed on 10 Mar 2020 27 Nestle (2020) What is Nestlé doing to tackle plastic packaging waste? Available on: https://www.nestle.com/ask- nestle/environment/answers/tackling-packaging-waste-plastic-bottles Viewed on 06 Mar 2020 28 Nhan dan (2019) Tìm quy trình tái chế hồn tồn rác thải nhựa thành nhựa chất lượng cao Avaiable at : https://congnghiepmoitruong.vn/timra-quy-trinh-tai-che-hoan-toan-rac-thai-nhua-thanh-nhua-chat-luong-cao3705.html 29 Pat D (2020) In Asia, sustainability leadership in the 2020s must start with rethinking waste Available at: http://www.ethicalcorp.com/asiasustainability-leadership-2020s-must-start-rethinking-waste Viewed on 13 Mar 2020 30 Purwoko (2016) Fiscal Incentives And Disincentives To Reduce Plastic Waste In Indonesia Available at: http://aasic.org/proc/aasic/article/view/360 Viewed on 12 Mar 2020 31 Rolf U Halden 2010 Plastics and Health Risks Annual Review of Public Health 2010 31:1, 179-194 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714 32 Ron C (2017) Asia’s Booming Plastics Industry Prompts Ocean 92 Pollution Fears Avaiable at: https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/asias-booming-plasticsindustry-prompts-ocean-pollution-fears Viewed on 10 Apr 2020 33 Sally H (2019) Landmark PET Report: Southeast Asia Plastic Crisis Result Of Government Inaction Available at: https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/ga-circular-full-circle-pet-plastic-bottlereport-southeast-asia/ Viewed on 10 Apr 2020 34 Singh J (2019) Waste Management Laws in India: Plastic & Biomedical Wastes Available at SSRN 3311161, 2019 - papers.ssrn.com;https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/42242/2/Plastic %20Waste%20Management%20in%20India.pdf 35 Steelys Drinkware (2013) The growing global landfill crisis Retrieved from http://steelysdrinkware.com/growing-global-landfill-crisis/ 36 Sustainable Brands ChangemakersPaving (2017) the “2018 Circulars Path to Nominate a 43 Circular Future.”http://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/next_econo my/sustainable_brands/2018_circulars_nominate_43_change_makers_pa ving_path_ 37 Thu N.A (2018) Minimize plastic waste by changing consumer behavior Avaiable at: https://www.rmit.edu.vn/vi/tin-tuc/all-news/2018/mar/nguoitieu-dung-co-san-long-ung-ho-bao-bi-xanh Viewed on 14 Apr 2020 38 Thuc H (2019) Một số giải pháp chống rác thải nhựa Việt Nam Available at: http://tapchimoitruong.vn/pages/article.aspx?item=Một-số-giải-pháp-chốngrác-thải-nhựa-tại-Việt-Nam-50534 Viewed on Mar 2020 39 Thuy Van Pham Dan , An Truong Ha Phuong Viet Nguyen Thanh (2015) Recyclying polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and its applications 40 Vaughan, Adam (2016) “Biodegradable Plastic ‘False Solution’ for 93 Ocean Waste Problem.” The Guardian, May 23 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/23/biodegradableplastic -false- solution-for-ocean-waste-problem 41 Vietnam Waste Management Department (2019) Management of plastic waste and nilon bags in Vietnam General Department of Environment 42 Woldemar d’Ambrières (2019) Plastics recycling worldwide: current overview and desirable changes », Field Actions Science Reports [Online], Special Issue 19 | 2019, Online since 01 March 2019, connection on 07 March 2020 URL: http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/5102 43 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/plastic-waste-circularsolution.aspx 44 https://www.eco-business.com/news/companies-solutions-to-globalplastic-crisis-miss-the-mark/ 45 https://theintercept.com/2019/07/20/plastics-industry-plastic-recycling/ 46 https://www.shell.com/sustainability/environment/plastic-waste.html ... chooses to research the topic ? ?Plastic products consumption trend and plastic waste in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam? ?? to evaluate the current consumption trend of plastic products. .. this topic Chương 4: Plastics consumption trend and plastics waste problem in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam In this chapter, the author presents about plastic consumption trends... health - Marine biota Environment, ecology CHAPTER 4: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE PROBLEM IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM 4.1 Overview of plastic sector The