White Papers on Advanced Manufacturing Questions pptx

 DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510   WhitePapersonAdvancedManufacturingQuestions  PreparedfortheAdvancedManufacturingWorkshopofthe President’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology’s StudyonCreatingNewIndustriesthroughScience,Technology,andInnovation  DRAFT  April5,2010    Disclaimer:Thisdocumentisadraftanalysisofthescientific,technical, andpolicyissuesregardingadvancedmanufacturing.Itwaspreparedby theScienceandTechnologyInstitute(STPI)forusebythePresident’s CouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology(PCAST).STPIisa federallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)forthe OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP).Theanalysiswas conductedbySTPIanddoesnotrepresenttheviewsofPCASTorOSTP.       ScienceandTechnologyPolicyInstitute 1899PennsylvaniaAvenueNW,Suite520 Washington,DC20006   DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510    DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 i  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 Foreword1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41  Overview ThissetofwhitepaperswaspreparedattherequestoftheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)asinput fortheAdvancedManufacturingWorkshopofthePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology (PCAST)StudyonCreatingNewIndustriesthroughScience,Technology,andInnovation.Thepapersaremeantto presentissues,stimulatethought,andframediscussion.ThequestionstheyaddresswereprovidedbythePCAST studyco‐chairsastheagendafortheworkshop.Inpreparingthesepapers,STPIstaffreviewedthecurrent literatureandhelddiscussionswiththefollowingexpertsinindustryandacademia: • YungC.Shin,DonaldA.andNancyG.RoachProfessorofAdvancedManufacturing,PurdueUniversity9 • SanjaySarma,AssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,FormerChairmanofResearch&Co‐FounderoftheAuto‐ IDCenteratMIT,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology • AlbertLink,Ph.D.ProfessorofEconomics.ScienceandTechnologyPolicy,UNCGreensboro  • DavidAudretsch,DistinguishedProfessorandtheAmeritechChairofEconomicDevelopmentandDirectorofthe InstituteforDevelopmentStrategiesatIndianaUniversity,IndianaUniversity • PaulFowler,ResearchDirector&NACFAMWeeklyEditor,NationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing  • ChuckWilliams,SeniorVicePresidentofSupplyChainandManufacturinginNorthAmerica,andLukasRuecker,Senior VicePresidentofStrategyinNorthAmerica,LuxotticaGroup • LordBhattacharya,ProfessorofManufacturingSystems,UniversityofWarwick  • RichardLester,FoundingDirectoroftheIndustrialPerformanceCenterandProfessorandHeadoftheDepartmentof NuclearScienceandEngineeringattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology • WarrenSeering,ProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandProfessorofEngineeringSystems,MassachusettsInstituteof  Technology • IrenePetrick,ProfessorofPractice,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity  • MartinCulpepper,AssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology • LewisBranscomb,ProfessoremeritusofPublicPolicyandCorporateManagement,HarvardUniversity • BruceBrown,ChiefTechnologyOfficer;R.KeithHarrison,GlobalProductSupplyOfficer;andPaulFox,Corporate ExternalRelations,Proctor&Gamble Toprovideaninitialfocusingofoureffortstoaddressthesequestions,STPIfirstlookedintothedefinitionof “advancedmanufacturing,”asisdiscussedbelow. WhatIsAdvancedManufacturing? Severalperspectivesonwhatconstitutesadvancedmanufacturinghavebeenofferedbyleadingexperts, businesses,andgovernmentorganizations.Thefollowingparagraphslayoutthesevariousperspectivesas understoodfromdiscussionswithleadingexperts(listedabove)andreviewofliteraturefromtrade,business,and governmentorganizations.Whileadvancedmanufacturingisvieweddifferentlybydifferentpeople,itprobably shouldincorporateaspectsofallthefollowingperspectiveswhenconsideringthepublicpolicyquestionsposedby PCAST. UseofNewMethodstoProduceNewerorBetterProducts Someexpertsdefineadvancedmanufacturingasanewwayoftheaccomplishingthe“howto”ofproduction, wheretheemphasisiscustomizationandscalability,whileadvancingthetechnologiesnecessarytoimprove capabilities.PaulFowleroftheNationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing(NACFAM)definesadvanced manufacturingasanentitythat: 1   1 DiscussionwithPaulFowlerfromtheNationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 ii  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 Makes extensive use of computer, high precision, and information technologies integrated with a high performance work force in a production system capable of furnishing a heterogeneous mix of products in smallorlargevolumeswithboththeefficiencyofmassproductionandtheflexibilityofcustommanufacturing inordertorespondrapidlytocustomerdemands. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37  AsimilardefinitionwasreportedinaU.S.DepartmentofLabor(DOL)EmploymentTrainingAdministration(ETA) report,whichdefines“advancedmanufacturing”as“implementingprocessimprovements,increasingquality controls,andinstallingadvancedroboticsandotherintelligentproductionsystems.” 2 Alongthesamelines,the CouncilonCompetitivenessemphasizedinitsarticle“U.S.Manufacturing—GlobalLeadershipThroughModeling andSimulation”thatadvancedmanufacturingmustentailhigh‐performancecomputing(HPC)formodeling, simulation,andanalysis. 3  ManufacturinginNew(asDistinctfromTraditional)Industries Otherssuggestadefinitionthatremainsbroadinspectrumbynotfocusingontheuseofparticulartechnologies, butonmanufacturinginnewandemergingindustries.AreportbytheNewEnglandCouncilandDeloitte Consulting 4 offersadefinitionthatprovidesadistinctionbetweenthosesectorsthatareseenastraditional manufacturing(e.g.,automotiveandsteelindustry)andothersectors(e.g.,aerospace,medicaldevices, pharmaceuticals)inthreeways:(1)volumeandscaleeconomics,(2)laborandskillcontent,and(3)thedepthand diversityofthenetworksurroundingtheindustry.Largevolumeproductmanufacturers(bothprocessand fabricationindustries)thatcompetetraditionallybyleveragingscaleandlowcoststructures—andofteninclude veryadvancedmanufacturingtechnologies—wouldnotbeincludedinthisdefinitionasadvancedmanufacturers. TheFrontierofAdvancedManufacturing Someexpertsindicatedthatmakingtheabovedistinctionbetweenadvancedmanufacturingandtraditional manufacturingisshortsighted,astechnologicaladvancesandimprovementsinmanufacturingoccurinmore matureortraditionalindustriesaswellasinemergingones.Theyalsochallengedthenotionoffocusingadvanced manufacturingsolelyonaparticularsetoftechnologies.Intheirview,advancedmanufacturingwasdefinedsolely byadvancesthatledtodecreasedcostorincreasedproductivity.Thisdefinitionappliestobothexistingproducts andnewproductsbeingintroducedintothemarketplaceinallindustries. Mostdiscussantsagreethatanappropriateadvancedmanufacturingdefinitionshouldbedynamicinnaturebe treatedasmoreofabenchmark.Thatis,thereisaconstantiterationofimprovingmanufacturingfrontiers,which oftenarecomprisedofpre‐commoditizedprocessesandproducts.Therefore,whatisclassifiedas“frontier”is constantlychanging,and,likewise,advancedmanufacturingisalwayschanging. S&T‐BasedManufacturing Aconcisedefinitionofferedbysomewasthatadvancedmanufacturingismanufacturingthatentailsrapidtransfer ofscienceandtechnology(S&T)intomanufacturingprocessesandproducts.Intoday’sglobalizedandinformation‐ richenvironment,competitorscanquicklyandeasilycopynewproducts.Duetothespeedofinformation exchange,theclassificationofcuttingedgetechnologyisdynamicandoftenseenasamovingtarget.Tosustain operatingonthecuttingedgeofinnovation,itiscrucialtoreducethetimefromresearchanddevelopment(R&D) toproduction.Thisdefinitioniscorroboratedbya2002reportbytheNationalDefenseUniversitythatdefines  2 SeeAdvancedManufacturingIndustry,U.S.DepartmentofLabor,EmploymentandTrainingAdministration,nodate(circa 2004),availableathttp://www.doleta.gov/BRG/pdf/Advanced%20Manufacturing%20Report%2011.1.05.pdf. 3 See“U.S.Manufacturing—GlobalLeadershipThroughModelingandSimulation,”WhitePaper,CouncilonCompetitiveness,4 March2009,availableat http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/HPC%20Global%20Leadership%20030509.pdf. 4 See“ReexaminingAdvancedManufacturinginaNetworkedWorld:ProspectsforaResurgenceinNewEngland,NewEngland  Council,December2009,availableat http://newenglandcouncil.com/pdf/rep_webReports/rep_2010.01.14_AdvancedManufacturing.pdf.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 iii  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 iv 1 2  advancedmanufacturingastheinsertionofnewtechnology,improvedprocesses,andmanagementmethodsto improvethemanufacturingofproducts. 5   5 AdvancedManufacturingIndustryStudy,NationalDefenseUniversity,2002.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 TableofContents Question1.Whatscientificandtechnicaldevelopmentsapplytoawiderangeofadvancedmanufacturing industries?Whatarethekeyadvancedcutting‐edgetechnologies,relevantacrossmultipleindustriesthat showthemostpotentialforadvancedmanufacturing? 1‐1 Question2:Whataresomepossiblenewconceptsofadvancedmanufacturingthatmightapplytoawide rangeofindustries? 2‐1 Question3:WhatistheappropriateroleofGovernmentscienceandtechnologyprogramsandpoliciesin advancedmanufacturing? 3‐1 Question4:WhatarehistoricalexampleswhereFederalorstatescienceandtechnologyprograms,policies, oractivitieshaveenhancedadvancedmanufacturing? 4‐1 Question5:WhatFederalGovernmentscienceandtechnologyprogramsorpolicies,ifany,shouldbe putintoplacetoacceleratethedevelopmentandadoptionofadvancedmanufacturingtechnologiesby industry?HowmighttheGovernmentencourageincreasedfundingforpre‐competitiveresearch byindustry? 5‐1 Question6:Whatbroadinfrastructuralimprovementsarecriticalfornewversusexistingenterprises? Wheredopublic/privatepartnerships(PPP)playacrucialrole? 6‐1  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 v  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 Question1.Whatscientificandtechnicaldevelopmentsapplytoawiderangeof advancedmanufacturingindustries?Whatarethekeyadvancedcutting‐edge technologies,relevantacrossmultipleindustriesthatshowthemostpotential foradvancedmanufacturing? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Introduction Thereareclearindicatorsofatransformationintheproductionofgoodsthatwillusherinaneweraof manufacturing.Thisneweraderivesfrom • Scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatarepushingabilitiestomanipulateandconsistently8 produce,especiallyatthemolecularlevel • Focusedtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatenablesustainablemanufacturing Thisnewerawilldrawuponandextendtherevolutioninmicroelectronicsandtheinformationtechnologiesthat employthem.Manufacturerswillimplementincipientabilitiestoconsistentlyperformprecisemanipulationof materialsatthemolecularlevel,creatingtheemergingprospectofnanoscalemanufacturinginwhichphysics, chemistry,andbiologyconverge.Inaddition,futuretechnologicaldevelopmentswilldependonabetter understandingoffundamentalbiologicalprocessesandwillapplytheseprocessestoabroadrangeofproducts beyondhealth.Thesedevelopmentsareoccurringinahighlyconnectedandglobalizedmarketplacewheretimeto productandreducedproductioncostsarecrucial.Additionally,thesustainabilityoftheproductionenterpriseis becominganexplicitrequirementforwhichnewmanufacturingapproachesaswellasimprovedinformation collection,analysis,anddisseminationcapabilitieswillbeneeded. ConvergenceattheMolecularLevel Thetrendtowardincreasinginterrelationshipandconvergenceacrosstraditionalscientificdisciplinesisdrivenby theneedtoachievenewproductcharacteristics.Thedrivetorealizepropertiesbeyondthoseavailableincurrent productshaspushedthefrontiersofphysics,chemistry,materialsscience,andbiologyandbegunaconvergence ofthesedisciplines.Thisconvergenceisnowleadingtoinnovationsatthemolecularscale,atwhichnew phenomenaemergeandconventionalrulesnolongerapply. Thereisavastdifferencebetweendemonstratingaconceptinasmallsampleandproducingitinvolumewhilestill maintainingabsolutecontrolofthemolecularcomposition,morphology,andproperties.Workingatthemolecular scalerequiresanalyticaltoolsthatanalyzeandsimulatediverseprocesseswithunprecedentedscalesof granularity,detail,fidelity,andcomplexity.Meetingtheserequirementsdemandssophisticatedinformation processingcapabilitiesfortheintegrationofproductdesignandproductionprocesses.Itisalsonecessaryto developandimplementreal‐timeprocesscontrolsforthehighlypreciseexecutionofcomplex,interdependent processes.Thesenewprocessesandcontrolswilldrawuponsensingandmeasurementthatiswellbeyondthe currentstateoftheart. Thetransitiontofabricationofgoodsusingprocessesatthemolecularlevelisusheringaneedtofundamentally improveupontherigorousmetricsandcontrolsthatthemicroelectronicsindustryintroducedasitshrank dimensionstothenanometerscale.Inthatindustry,theroadmapsproducedthroughindustryconsensusand public‐privatepartnershipsenabledtheequipmentandmaterialssupplychaintodeveloptheappropriate materials,tools,andprocessestocontinueproductdevelopmentattherateofMoore’sLaw. Thisneweraofmanufacturing,however,facesamoredauntingtaskthanthatfacedbymicroelectronics.Notonly mustitextendmanufacturingtonanoregimes,itmustalsobringtogetherscientistsandengineersfromdiverse disciplineswiththeirdifferentterminologies,methodologies,andprocessestoestablishthetechnicalbasisforthe manufacturingenvironment.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 1‐1  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 Implementationofnoveltechnologieswillvarybyapplication,butthedevelopmentofthetechnicalcapabilitiesto producegoodsemployingthesetechnologieswillbuildoncrosscuttingdevelopmentsintools,equipment, processes,andanalyticalcapabilities. 1 2 3 1  ISSUE:WhatshouldbetheFederalGovernment’sroleinthedevelopmentofproductionprocessesandrelated4 sensing,measurement,andanalyticalcapabilitiesformolecular‐level,atomicallypreciseproduction. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38  Threeexampletechnologyareasinwhichsuchcapabilitiesarebeingdevelopedare(1)next‐generation optoelectronics;(2)structuralmaterialsbasedonnanocompositematerials;and(3)biomanufacturing.Theseareas representthescientificandtechnicalchallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtorealizethevalueofproductsbased onnext‐generationmanufacturing.EachoftheseareasisreviewedinAppendix1‐Atothispaper. Next‐GenerationMaterials Expertscharacterizeadvancedmanufacturingas“newwaystomanipulateandmanufactureoldmaterialsorthe processingofnewmaterialsfornewapplications.”Anexampleofthiscouplingistheinnovativetechniqueofusing nanophosphatepowderonthecathodeofbatterycellsatA123Systems.Thismaterialitselfisnotinnovative,but themanufacturingprocessandapplicationofthismaterialisanovelwaytomakethebatterymoreefficientand morecompetitive.Otherexamplesofadvancedmaterialsincludecarbonnanotubesandadvancedcomposites. Creationof“metamaterials,”artificialmaterialsengineeredtoprovidepropertiesthatmaynotbereadilyavailable innature,wasdescribedasagoalofadvancedmanufacturing.Thesematerialsgaintheirpropertiesfromstructure ratherthancomposition,usingtheinclusionofsmallinhomogeneitiestoenacteffectivemacroscopicbehavior resultinginchangesinnovelcharacteristicssuchasanegativerefractiveindex,electricalproperties,orstrength. Potentialapplicationsofmetamaterialsallowsforexpansionofproductsinnovelways.Forexample, metamaterialshavebeenusedinphotovoltaicmaterialsintheformofanovelthincoatingonthephotovoltaic paneltoincreasepossibleinstallationenvironmentssuchasdesertsbecausethethincoatingpreventssand particlesfromscratchingthepanels.Additionalapplicationsofmetamaterialsincludehigh‐resolutionoptical microscopes,datastorage,nanocircuitsforhigh‐poweredcomputersandsuperlensesthatfocusonobjectstoo smalltobeseenwithconventionaloptics. 2  Innovativeusesofbothnewandexistingmaterialscreateopportunitiesforcompaniestodevelopnichesand increasedemandfortheirproducts,whileincreasingcompetitivenessbydecreasingcosts.Anotherexampleisthe company1366TechnologiesthathasrecentlyreceivedbothARPA‐Eandprivateventurefunding.Usingan approachofprocessingsiliconinnovelways,1366Technologiesplanstomakethecostofsolarpowercompetitive withthecostofcoalpower. BioinspiredManufacturingUsingSelf‐Assembly Duetotheadvancesatthemolecularlevel,thisneweraofmanufacturingfacesamoredauntingtaskthanthat facedbymicroelectronics.Whilethetypicalmicroprocessorintegratesgreaterthanahundredmillionnanoscale electronicparts,miniaturizedsystemsofthefuturewillalsoneedtoincorporatephotonic,mechanical,chemical, andevenbiologicaldevices.Beyondtheintegratedcircuit,therearedevelopmentstocreatemultifunctional integratedsystemsthatincorporatesensing,processing,andactivationintoincreasinglysmallpackagesizes,but mass‐manufacturingofsuchcomplexdeviceshasprovedchallenging.Manufacturingprocessestomass‐produce usefulmultifunctionalminiaturesystemshavenotyetbeendeveloped.Severalresearchersarelookingtonature  1 ProductiveNanosystems:ATechnologyRoadmap,BattelleMemorialInstitute,2007,discussesthemanytechnology challengesentailedindevelopingandimplementingatomicallyprecisemanufacturing. 2 KevinBullis,“SuperlensesandSmallerComputerChips,”TechnologyReview,March2007.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 1‐2  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 andbiologicalstructurestosolvethisproblem.Naturalsystems,withtheircomplexityandsophistication,exceed whatcurrentmicrofabricationornanofabricationtechniquescancurrentlyachieve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39  3  Themassproductionusing“biologicalmachines”isafundamentallynewwayofmanufacturingbecause,innature, componentsself‐assembletoproducecomplexfunctionalsystems.Theideainthefutureof“growing”an integratedcircuitorabiomedicalsensorwithadvancedfunctionalityandcomplexitymayaltertheapproachto manufacturingatthemicro‐andnanoscale. Asanexample,AngelaBelcherandcolleaguesatMIThaveharnessedthepowerofself‐assemblytoproduce microscopicbatteriesthatmaybeusedtopowersmallmedicaldevicesorlabsonachip.Theyusedaviruscalled M13tomaketheanodeofthebattery.Theviruswasgeneticallymodifiedtogeneratestructuredarraysofcobalt oxidenanowiresontopofasolidelectrolyte.Thiswasthenassembledontoanetchedsiliconsurfacewiththin bandsofplatinumandcoppertocompletetheconstructionofthebattery. 4  NewApplicationsofThree‐DimensionalPrinting Three‐dimensional(3D)printingtobuildprototypesandtoaidnewproductdevelopmentandrealizationisnotan entirelynewconcept.However,3Dprintingisnowbeingappliedtoemergingfieldssuchastissueengineeringand nanotechnology.Recently,twocompanies,OrganovoandInvetech,havepartneredtogethertobuildthefirst commercial3Dbioprintertomanufacturehumantissuesandorgans.Thetechnologyoriginatedfromuniversity‐ basedresearchandholdsthepromiseofonedaybeingabletoproduceorgansandreplacementbodypartson demand. 5  Arecentarticledescribes3Dtissuestructuressuchasmyocardialpatchesbeingformedthroughthepost‐printing fusionofthebioinkparticlesresemblingtheself‐assemblyphenomenainearlymorphogenesis. 6 3Dprintingisalso beingemployedtoassistsurgeonswithdifficultproceduresandallowthemtopracticeonrealisticmodelsbuilt from3DCTscanimages.While3Dprintershavebeensoldsincethemid‐1990s,thequalityhassignificantly improvedwhilecostshavebeguntocomedown.Z‐Corpcurrentlysells3Dprintersrangingfrom$10,000to $50,000,dependingonsizeandsophistication.Thecompanyisworkingonbuildingaproductforlessthan$5,000. Atsuchapricepoint,“DesktopManufacturing”becomesmuchmoreachievable.Somebelievethroughthe combinationofopeninnovationandtoolssuchas3Dprinters,entrepreneursarepoisedtoacceleratethepaceof innovation.Other3Dprintingapplicationsincludebuildingmodelsforprosthetics,creatingprototypepartsfor robotics,andbuildingarchitecturalmodels. 7  SustainableManufacturing Sustainablemanufacturingreferstotheproductionofgoodsusingprocessesandmaterialsthataredesignedto minimizetheproduct’senvironmentalfootprint.Sustainabilitygoalsincludeminimizingenergyusageand materialswaste,monitoringandreducingeffluents,andmitigatingotherenvironmentalimpacts.Sustainability goesbeyondthesimpleactofproducing:itextendstotheproduct’sexpectedlifetimeuseandthecomplexsystem ofcomponents,energy,andtransportationrequiredtomaketheproductandbringittomarket. Traditionalapproachestoreducingemissionshaveoccurredatthepointofemission—thetailpipemodel. However,sustainablemanufacturingismostfullyrealizedwhensustainabilityprinciplesareappliedatallstepsof thedesignprocess,frommaterialchoicetowastestreamminimizationandmanagement.Theexpansionof sustainabilityintotheentiretyoftheproductandproductioncyclewillrequireinnovativeprocessesand thoughtfulproductdesign.  3 BabakParviz,“TheFutureofManufacturing,”TechnologyReview,September/October2007. 4 LaurenRugani,“Virus‐AssembledMicrobatteries,”TechnologyReview,August2008. 5 OrganovoWebsite:http://www.organovo.com/index.php 6 CyrilleNorotteetal.,“Scaffold‐freevasculartissueengineeringusingbioprinting.”Biomaterials30(2009) 7 RachaelKing,“Printingin3DGetsPractical,”BusinessWeek,October2008  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 1‐3  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 TheOECDframeseco‐innovationasaspectrumofnovelprocesses,designs,organizations,andinstitutionsthat combinetohaveapositiveimpactontheenvironmentalsustainabilityofamanufacturingprocess(seeFigure1‐2). Amongtheseinnovations,changesinprocessesandproductsrelyheavilyontechnologicaladvances.These advancesarelikelytovarysubstantiallyfromproducttoproduct;however,improvedsustainabilitywilldrawon expertisefromavarietyoffields,includingprocessmanagement,mechanicalengineering,andmaterialsscience.  Source:OECDPublicAffairsDivision(2009),“SustainableManufacturingandEco‐innovation:TowardsaGreenEconomy,”OECD PolicyBriefs,June2009. Figure1‐1.Eco‐innovation Duetothecomplexproductionenvironment,sustainabilityrequiresthedevelopmentofsophisticatedproductlife cycleanalysistoolssothatenvironmentalmanagerscantrackthefootprintofaproductthroughoutthe distributedproductionsystem.Italsorequiresdataonprocessesandtheireffects,thecollectionofwhichis beyondthecapabilityofmostmanufacturingfirmstoday.Increasinglydistributedmanufacturingprocessesfurther complicatetheassessmentandmanagementofprogresstowardsustainabilitygoals. Whilesustainablepracticesareoftenbeneficialtotheenterpriseandcanevenreducethecostofproduction,their developmentandimplementationcanentailconsiderableup‐frontcostsandrisks.Moreover,modifyingaqualified manufacturingprocessmayreduceyieldsorproductperformanceintheshort‐term.Therefore,theremaybea FederalGovernmentroleindevelopingandincentivizingthetechnologicalmeansforimprovingsustainability, especiallyinsofarastheyfalloutsidethedirectinterestandcapabilitiesofindividualfirmsandintotherealmof socialgoods. 8  ISSUE:Needforaccessibleandaffordablemeasurementsystemsandanalyticaltoolsforassessingandmanaging21 sustainabilityacrosstheproductionprocess 22   8 See“SustainableNanomanufacturing—CreatingtheIndustriesoftheFuture,”NationalNanotechnologyInitiativeSignature Initiative,NSTCCommitteeonTechnology,SubcommitteeonNanoscaleScience,Engineering,andTechnology,February2010, forarecentperspectiveonthisrole.  DRAFTWorkingPapersVersion040510 1‐4