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CHEMISTRY Co p y r i g h t © 2020 b y Wo r kman Pu b l i s h in g Co , In c By p u r c h a s i n g t h i s w o r k b o o k , t h e b u y er i s p erm i t t ed to r ep r o d u ce p ages f o r c la s s.

CHEMISTRY © Co p y righ t 2 0b yWo r k m a nP u b l i s h i n gC o ,I n c B yp u r c h a s i n gt h i sw o r k b o o k ,t h eb u y e r i sp er m i t t edt or ep r o d u c ep a g esf o r c l a s s r o o mu s eo n l y ,b u tn o tf o rc o m m er c i alr es al e.P l ea s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h er f o rp er m i s s i o nt or ep r o d u c ep a g esf o nen t i r es c h o o lo rs c h o o ld i s t r i c t W i t ht h e e xc e p t i o no ft h ea b o ve ,n op o r t i o no ft h i sb o o km ayb er e p r o d u c e d - el e c t r o n i c al l y ,o rb ya n yo t h e rm e a n s , - i n c l u d i n gp h o t o c o p y i n g m ec h a n i c ally , w i t h o u tw r i t t e n p er m i s s i o no ft h ep u b l i s h er Li b r yo fC o n g r es sC a t al o g i n g -i n -P u b l i c a t i o nDa t a isava ila b le I S B N9 8-1-5 -0 -1 Au th o r : Jen n i f er Sw a n s o n : R evi ew er K r i s t e nD r u r y I l l u s t t o r :C h r i sP ea r c e : Des i g n er Va n es s aH a n C o n c ep tb yR a q u elJa m i llo Wo r k m a nb o o k sa r eava i la b lea ts p ec i ald i s c o u n t sw h enp u r c h a s ed i nb u lkf o r p r em i u m sa n ds al esp r o m o t i o n s ,a sw el la sf o rf u n d -ra i s i n go red u c a t i o n alu s e Sp e c i ale d i t i o n so rb o o ke xc e r p t sc a nal s ob ec r e a t e dt os p e c i f i c a t i o n F o rd et a i l s ,c o n t a c tt h eSp ec i alSal esDi r ec t o tt h ea d d r es sb el o w o rs e n da ne m a i lt os p e c i al m a r k e t s @ w o r k m a n c o m Wo r k m a nP u b l i s h i n gC o ,I n c 225Va r i c kSt r eet N ewYo r k ,N Y10014 -4 81 w o r k m a n co m WO R K M AN ,B R AI NQ U E ST ,a n dB I GF ATN O T E -B O O Ka r e r eg i s t er edt d em a r k so fWo r k m a nP u b l i s h i n gC o ,I n c F i r s r i n t i n gS e p t e m b e r2 the complete high school study guide CHEMISTRY W O R K M A N P U B L I S H I N G N E W Y O R K EVERYTHINGYOU NEEDTO ACE CHEMISTRY Hi!WelcometoChemistry T h i sn o t e b o o k ! i sd e s i gn e dt os u p p o r ty o ua sy o uw o r k t h r o u g hc h e m i s t r y C o n s i d e rt h i sb o o kt ob eac o m p i l a t i o n o fn o t e st a k e nb yt h es m a r t e s e r s o n c las s - t h eo n ew h os e e m st o“ g e t ”e v e r y t h i n g an dt ak e sc le ar ,u n de r s t an dab le , ac c u r a t en o t e s i ny o u rc h e m i s t r y I ne ac hc h ap t e r ,y ou ’ l lf i n dt h e i m p o r t a n tc h e m i s t r y c o n c e p t sp r e s e n t e d i na ne a s y - t o - u n d e r s t a n d ,o r ga n i z e d w ay Exp lan at i on sab ou ts t at e san dp h as e sofmat t e r ,at omi c s t r u c t u r ea n dt h e o r y ,t h ep e r i o d i ct ab l e ,c h e m i c alr e ac t i o n s , an dmor ear eallpr e s e n t e d i naw ayt h atmak e ss e n s e Youdon ’ th av et ob es u p e rs mar torac h e mi s t r yl ov e rt o u n d e r s t a n da n de n j o yt h ec o n c e p t s i nt h i sb o o k T h i n ko f t h i sb o o ka sc h e m i s t r yf o rt h er e s to fu s Toh elpk e e pt h i n gsorgan i ze d: • I m p o r t a n tv o c ab u l a r yw o r d sa r eh i gh l i gh t e d in YELLOW an dc le ar lydef i n e d • R e l a t e dt e r m sa n dc o n c e p t sa r ew r i t t e n in • Examp l e san dc al c u l at i on sar ec l e ar l ys t e p p e dou t • C o n c e p t sa r es u p p o r t e db ye xp l a n a t i o n s , B LU EI N K illu s t rat ion s , a n dc h a r t s Ify o u ’ r en o tl o v i n gy o u rt e xt b o o k ,a n d y o u ’ r en o ts og r e a ta tt a k i n gn o t e s ,t h i s n ot e b ookw i l lh el p Itaddr e s s e sal loft h e k eyc o n c e p t st au gh t i nc h e m i s t r yc l a s s CONTENTS UNIT 1: BASICSOFCHEMISTRY I n t rodu c t i on Con du c t i n g to Ch e mi s t r y 16 Expe r i me n t s Lab Repor t s and 27 Evalu at ingRe s u l t s 40 M easu r ement 56 Lab Safety and Scientific Tools UNIT 2: ALLABOUT MATTER Prope r t i e sofM at t e ran dCh an ge s i nF or m 73 74 86 States of Matter A t oms ,El e me n t s ,Comp ou n ds , an dM ixt u r e s 100 Unit Chemical Compounds 231 17 Chapter NAMING SUBSTANCES C h e m i c als u b s t an c e sar en am e d NOMENCLATURE ac c o rd i n gt o NOMENCLATURE R u le s f o r n a g d ev el o p e db ys c i e n t i s t s c h e mic a l c o mp o u n d s NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS I on i cc omp ou n dsar ef or m e dw h e nam e t alc at i on( + )b on ds w i t han on me t alan i on( - ) MONATOMIC IONS ge tt h e i r MONATOMIC ION A n io n c o n t ain in g n am ef romt h eel e m e n t s o n ly o n e a t o m 232 : R u l e s f o r n a m i n gm o n a t o m i c i o n s : Cat ions Add ion af t e rt h en a m eo ft h eel e m e n t ELEMENT CATION NAME S o d i u m( N a ) S odiu m Pot as s i u m( K ) + Ca ion 2+ Al 3+ ide C h a n get h ee n d i n go ft h eel e m e n tn a m et o af t e r + K ion Alu minu m ion add Na ion C al c i u m A l u m i n u m( A l ) : ion Po t a s s i u m Calc i u m( Ca) Anions ION SYMBOL ,and it ELEMENT ANION NAME Ch l or i n e( Cl ) ION SYMBOL Ch lor ide ion Cl F l u o r i n e( F ) F lu or ide ion F S u lfu r(S ) S u l f i de Ph os p h orou s( P) ion Ph os ph ide S ion P - - 2- 3- T h ep o s i t i v ec h a r g eo fat r a n s i t i o n - Wh e n y o u wr it e a n me t al i o nc a nb ew r i t t e nw i t hR o m a n io n , y o u w r it e it s n u m e r al s( I ,I I ,I I I , plac e d n a m e T h i s )t h atar e i n s i d ep a r e n t h e s e s() i sc al l e dt h e symb o l a n d c h a r ge i nt h e STO CKSYSTEM 233 Th eRomann u me ralsmat c ht h en u mb e roft h epos it ivec h arge ELEMENT Coppe r(Cu ) ION SYMBOL Cu Cu Iron(F e ) Cob al t( Co) Lead(Pb ) * * Ti n( S n ) STOCK SYSTEM NAME Fe + ion C o p p e r( I I ) 2+ I ron( I I ) 2+ ion ion Fe 3+ I ro n( I I I ) ion Co 2+ C o b al t( I I ) ion Co 3+ C o b al t( I I I ) ion Pb 2+ Le ad( I I ) i on Pb 4+ Le ad( I V) i on Sn 2+ T i n( I I ) ion Sn 4+ T i n( I V ) ion * A lt h o u g h le a d a n d t in a r e n o t t r a n sit io n me t a ls, t h e y st ill u se Ro ma n n u me r a ls in t h e ir n a me s 234 C op p e r( I ) S o m em e t al sh av em o r et h a no n eo xi d a t i o ns t a t e ,w h i c h m e a n st h a tt h eyc a nf o r mm o r et h a no n e i o n T h e s ea r e s o m e t i m e sw r i t t e nw i t ht h eo r i g i n alL a t i ne n d i n g st o the in dic at e i o nt h a th a st h eh i g h e ro x i d a t i o ns t a t ea n dt h e i o nt h a t h a st h el o w e ro x i d a t i o ns t a t e ,g i v e nt h et w om o s tc o m m o n c h arge sf ort h atp ar t i c u l arel e m e n t L a t i ne n d i n g st h a t ous i n d i c a t eo x i d a t i o ns t a t e : ic =l o w e ro xi d a t i o ns t a t e ; ELEMENT Coppe r(Cu ) Coppe r(Cu ) =h i gh e ro xi d a t i o ns t a t e ION STOCK LATIN SYMBOL SYSTEM NAME Cu Cu + 2+ Iron(F e ) Fe 2+ Iron(F e ) Fe 3+ Cop p e r( I ) ion C o p p e r( I I ) I ron( I I ) i on ion I ro n( I I I ) i on Ti n( S n ) Sn 2+ T i n( I I ) ion Ti n( S n ) Sn 4+ T i n( I V ) ion C u p ro u s Cu p r i c i on ion F e r rou s Ferric S t annou s S t annic ion ion ion ion 235 BINARY COMPOUNDS bi ar ec r e at e dw h e n = two t w oe l e m e n t sb o n d Wh e n a me t a l c a t io n a n d a n o n me t a l a n io n b o n d t o g e t h e r wit h a n io n ic b o n d , • n a me t h e me t a l f ir st a n d t h e n o n me t a l se c o n d • su b t r a c t t h e e n d in g o n t h e a n io n • add t o t h e e n d in g ide BINARY COMPOUND METAL CATION N aC l S odiu m CaBr C al c i u m COMPOUNDS NONMETAL COMPOUND ANION Ch lor ine S o d i u mc h l o r i d e B romi n e C al c i u mb romi de Oxygen A l u m i n u mo xi d e Al O Alu minu m ZnI Zinc Iodine Zinc iodide Cu F Cop p e r( I ) F lu or ine Coppe r( I ) flu or ide Cu F C op p e r( I I ) F lu or ine Cop p e r( I I ) flu or ide 236 FOR EXAMPLE: Wh at c o m p o u n dL i i st h en a m ef o rt h ec h e m i c al N? : M e t alc a t i o n lit hiu m : N o n m e t ala n i o n n i t ro ge n : N a m et h em e t alf i r s ta n dt h en o n m e t als e c o n d l i t h i u mn i t r o g e n : S u b t r ac tt h ee n d i n go nt h ea n i o n( - o ge n ) l i t h i u mn i t r - Add ide : e nding T h e c o m p o u n dn a m e i s l i t h i u mn i t r i d e WRITING FORMULAS FOR BINARY COMPOUNDS : Wh att ok n ow Typeof Ch argeof i on( i s i tac a t i o no n i o n ? ) ion 237 Th e infor mat ion is i nt h ep e r i o d i ct ab l e ,b a s e n i t sp o s i t i o n andgrou pnu mb e r T h et o t alp o s i t i v ec h a r ge=t h et o t aln e ga t i v ec h a r ge i nan e u t r alc o m p o u n d T h ec h a r g eo nt h ec a t i o nb e c o m e st h es u b s c r i p to n t h ea n i o n T h ec h a r g eo nt h ea n i o nb e c o m e st h es u b s c r i p to n t h ec a t i o n : C R I S S - C R O S SR U L E U s et h e subscript T h es u b s c r i p t i st h en u m b e rp r i n t e db el o wt h es y m b o l( O ) T h es u b s c r i p tt el l sh o wm a n ya t o m sa r e i nt h ec o m p o u n d Al and O + Al 2- Mg O : Al O N ames 238 : A l u m i n u mo xi d e and S Mg M g S( b o t h2 sr e d u c et o1 ) M agn e s i u ms u lfi de 2- S R e d u c et ot h el o w e s tt e r m s F i n alf o r m u l a 2+ TERNARY COMPOUNDS ter A means “th ree” TERNARY COMPOUND i sm a d eu po ft h r e eo r m or eel e me n t s F ore xamp l e , am e t al+an o n m e t al+an o n m e t al= t e r n a r y c o m p o u n d p ol y: Two Greek POLYATOMIC IONS for “many” mayals ofor mat e r n ar y c o m p o u n d ,s u c sa m m o n i u mn i t r a t e( f o u n d Pol y at omi c i on sar e i nfe r t i li ze r ) i on st h atar ef or me df rommor et h an on eele me n t Examp l e sofp ol y at omi c Ac et at e C H O Ammoniu m : ions - Su lfit e SO NH + S u lf at e SO Car b onat e CO 24 Ph os ph it e 2- PO 3- Hypoc h lor it e 23 ClO - Ph os ph at e PO 34 Ch lor it e ClO - Pe r man gan at e MnO - Pe r c h lorat e ClO - Iodat e IO Nit rit e NO - H y d r o ge n c ar b onat e HCO - N it rat e NO 3 239 A TERNARY SALT i sac o m p o u n dm a d eu po ft h r e e di f fe r e n tel e me n t s At e r n ar ys al t i sn ame dac c ordi n gt o t h ep o l y a t o m i c i o nw i t hw h i c h it i sb o n d e d N a m i n ga n dWr i t i n gTe r n a r yS al t s T h ef i r s tn a m e i st h em e t al T h es e c o n dn a m e i on i st h en o n m e t alp o l y a t o m i c ion T h es t a n d a r de n d i n gi s - a t e M e t ali o n+n o n m e t alp o l y a t o m i c i o n+a t e FOR EXAMPLE: Ca 2+ +S O 2- ➜ CaS O C al c i u m Sn i on+s u l f at e 2+ +N O T i n( I I ) / s t a n n o u s ➜ ion Sn(NO ➜ c alc i u ms u lf at e ) i o n+n i t r a t e ion ➜ s t a n n o u sn i t r a t eo rt i n( I I )n i t r a t e Always p lac e p arenth eses wh en more th an one of a p ol yatomi c i on i s n eeded Sn(NO ) 240 ,N OTS n N O 32 Thingstoknow! S ome t i m e s ,s ev e ralp ol y at omi c i on smayb e i nt h es a m e f a m i l y C h l o r i n ec a nf o r md i f fe r e n ts t a t e sw h e nb o n d e d w i t ho xy ge nt of o r m : ions ClO i st h e - pe r c h lor at e i on( p e rme an s“ ab ov e ”ormor e oxy ge nat om st h ant h e“ at e ” ) ClO i st h ec h l o r a t e - i on ClO i st h ec h l o r i t e - i on( on eoxy ge nat oml e s st h ant h e m o s tc o m m o n ) ClO - i st h eh y p o h ypoc h lorit e i o n( h y p om e a n s“ b e l o w ”o ro n e o xy ge na t o ml e s st h a nt h e“ i t e ” ) S ta te s o f p o l y a to mi c i o n s f r o m g r e a te s t to l e a s t: Pe r ate > ate > ite > hypo ite 241 TERNARY ACIDS ar eac i dsfor me dfromh y droge n(H +) poly at omic ions Te r n ar yac i dsu s eL at i ne n di n gst odi s t i n gu i s hamon g : oxi dat i onlevels A per at e An -at e An -ite A c omp l e x ion ite per i sn ame dasa -ic i sn ame dasan c omp l e x ion ac i d ac i d -ou s i sn ame dasan ic ac i d hypo i sn ame dasa ou s ac i d : example HClO ion ion c omp l e x hypo F or c omp l e x c o n t a i n st h ep e r p e r c h lorat e at e i o na n d i sn ame dp e r p e r c h lor i c ac i d HClO c o n t a i n st h ec h l o r a t e at e c o n t a i n st h ec h l o r i t e ite i o na n d i sn a m e dc h l o r i c i cac i d i sn am e dc h l orou s o u sac i d HClO i o na n d h ypoc h lorit e H C l Oc o n t a i n st h eh y p o h y poc h lorou s 242 o u sac i d i o na n d i sn ame d ic YOU ’RE A T HEY, I ’M FI RST ! THE EN D TERNARY BASES ar eme t al h y droxi de(OH - ) i o n st h a tc o m b i n ew i t ht h e ion - i d ee n d i n g Te r n ar yb as e su s ean F ore xample , Ba 2+ +O H ➜ - Ba(OH ) Bar iu m Fe 2+ i on+h y droxi de +O H - ➜ ion ➜ b ar i u mh y droxi de F e (OH ) I ron( I I )O Rfe r rou s i on+h y droxi de ➜ i ron( I I )h y droxi de ORfe r rou sh y droxi de N o t e t h e p a r e n t h e s e s a r o u n d t h e h y d r o x id e io n A lt h o u g h t h e r e is n o s u b s c r ip t a t t h e H , y o u s t ill n e e d t o a d d t h e p a r e n t h e s e s Y o u c a n n o t ju st a d d t h e u sin g t h e c r iss- c r o ss r u le T h e p o ly a t o mic ion (OH – ) mu st st a y t o g e t h e r wit h p a r e n t h e se s so t h a t t h e o v e r a ll t o t a l p o sit iv e c h a r ge e q u a ls t h e o v e r a ll t o t a l n e ga t iv e c h a r ge 243 NAMING MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS M o l e c u l a rc o m p o u n d so c c u rw h e nt w on o n m e t al sc o val e n t l y b o n dw i t he ac ho t h e r N o n m e t al st e n dt ob ec l o s et o ge t h e ro n t h er i g h ts i d eo ft h ep e r i o d i ct ab l e : R u l e s f o r n a m i n gn o n m e t alc o m p o u n d s K e e pt h ef i r s te l e m e n t ’ sn a m ea s is N a m et h eel e m e n tw i t ht h eh i gh e rel e c t ro n e ga t i v i t yval u e s e c ond A d da n Ifmor et h anon eele me n t apr efi xt o 244 - i d ee n d i n g i sp r e s e n t i n d i c a t et h en u m b e ro fe l e m e n t s M o n o=1 H e xa=6 D i=2 H e p t a=7 Tri=3 O c t a=8 Te t ra=4 N o n a=9 Pe n t a=5 D e c a=1 i nt h ec o m p o u n d ,u s e Ift h e r e i so n l yo n eo ft h ef i r s tel e m e n t ,d on o ta d dt h e “ m o n o ”p r ef i x Ift h e r ear eadjac e n tvow elst h atar et h es ame , d r o po n eo ft h e m FOR EXAMPLE: Wh at i st h en a m eo ft h ec o m p o u n dS i I ? Si i ss i l i c o n I R u l e1 R u l e2 is : iodine K e e ps i l i c onas : is I o d i n eh a sah i gh e rel e c t ro n e ga t i v i t yval u et h a n s i l i c o n ,s ol i s t i ts e c o n d R u l e3 : A d dt h e R u l e4 : T h e r ea r ef o u r R u l e5 : Th er e : D oe sn otap p l y - i d ee n d i n g i o d i n ea t o m s ,s o i t ’ s t e t r o dt ienter o d i n e i so n l yo n es i l i c o n ,s od on o ta d dt h e“ m o n o ” pr efix R u l e6 Answer : SiI =s i l i c o nt e t r a i o d i d e 245 ... b e r2 the complete high school study guide CHEMISTRY W O R K M A N P U B L I S H I N G N E W Y O R K EVERYTHINGYOU NEEDTO ACE CHEMISTRY Hi!WelcometoChemistry T h i sn o t e b o o k ! i sd e s... l o s e n e s so ft w oo r mor eme as u r e dvalu e st oe ac hot h e r Youneedtoc or r ec t lyanalyzeyou rdat asot h atyouc an c ompar ey ou rr e s u l t st omu l t iplee xpe r ime n t s Ab a... sa me al l o w sy o ut ot e s tt h e i n f lu e n c e o ft h eva r i ab l e Tot es tonlyonefac tor,allot herfac tors int h ee xpe r ime nt a r eh el dc o n s t a n t ,u n c h a n ge d T h i