Food is power the impact of colonialism and global capitalism on việt nams food map

Food is Power: The impact of Colonialism and Global Capitalism on Việt Nam’s Food Map Adam Mahoney Northwestern University B.S Journalism and Sociology World Learning, SIT Study Abroad, Vietnam: Culture and Development Fall 2019 Academic Director: Cô Duong Thanh ISP Advisor: Mr KC Low, Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Abstract A millennium of colonization and war in Việt Nam has deeply convoluted culture, livelihood and survival in its current nation-state Traditionally, for Vietnamese people food has represented the core aspects of life– a connection to history, tradition, identity and survival However, as a result of colonialism, neo-colonialism and imperialism, Việt Nam’s traditional relationship with food consumption and production has been changed and co-opted In the past century, the country has seen a shift from collective uses of land for survival, towards a culture that depends on creating for others As a result of measures which were first enacted under colonial rule, 93.6% of Việt Nam’s current GDP comes from exports of goods and services to places like China, America and European nations— who all, at one point, had a colonial, stronghold over the region This ever-expanding relationship with exporting agriculture and other raw materials has been masked by the terms globalization and global capitalism, also known as imperialism, just under a new name Globalization drives a process of diet convergence among formerly colonized countries and their colonizers that challenges the predictions about future patterns of food production and consumption Slowly, concern about the country’s relationship with exportation and its effects on Việt Nam is creating critical considerations from both the government and local people However, Việt Nam’s colonial past has created an economy that is dependent on trade, making it a difficult topic to navigate when prioritizing the survival of Vietnamese people Interviews, surveys and extensive research have revealed that the alteration of Việt Nam’s food map has damaging effects on Vietnamese culture, physical health, labor safety and environmental protection As Việt Nam continues its developmental journey towards what is considered as ‘modernity,’ both tangible and intangible manifestations of ethics, safety and human rights must be considered to ensure protection of its people and land Keywords:​ Agriculture, Agronomy, Colonialism, Capitalism, Decolonial Studies, Developmental Studies, Environmental health & protection, Sociology Acknowledgements I would first like to acknowledge the Cham, Khmer, K’ho and Lạch peoples whose land I occupied to conduct this research in Đà Lạt and Hồ Chí Minh City Much thanks to Cơ Thanh and Anh Tuan for giving me the support and tools to conduct this research independently I also would like to thank everyone at Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Lâm Đồng, especially Mr KC Low, Ms Nguyễn Tiến and Mr Trần Thi for their hospitality and receptiveness towards my research While in Đà Lạt, I had the opportunity to work with Đà Lạt University and Phiên Chợ nông sản hữu Đà Lạt- Đà Lạt Organic Farmers Market, which were both instrumental in my research Thank you to Dr Nguyễn Thị Hậu, Dr Nguyễn and Dr Nguyễn Tất Thắng of Đà Lạt University and to the organizers of the Đà Lạt Organic Farmer’s market for accepting my invitation for interviews I would be remiss to not thank my host family, Cô Duyên, Chú Bảo and Bạn Càng for accepting me into their homes and treating me with love and respect For my case study in Hồ Chí Minh City, I would like to thank the staff at Harvest by 5th Element restaurant, especially the manager Cô Vera for granting me space in their restaurant and allowing me to conduct surveys I would also like to acknowledge my family back home for helping me to be in a position to this program and guiding my interests I will forever have pieces of my heart throughout Việt Nam, and I’m immensely grateful to the peoples currently occupying this land for letting me experience it for myself Terminology Figures Introduction Objectives Methodologies, Limitations and Ethics The impact of Transnational and Western Colonialism on false narratives within Globalization and Development Theory 11 The Power of Food: Politics, Survival and Control 12 Việt Nam’s Colonization: Food’s History 14 China’s Domination (111 BCE- 938 CE, 1407-1427) 14 Background 14 Influence on food 15 Impact on Trade 16 French Colonization (1857-1954) 17 Background 17 Influence on food 17 Impact on Trade 18 Coffee 18 Rice 19 Meat Industry 20 Japanese Occupation (1940-1945) 21 Background 21 Influence on food and Impact on trade 22 United States Intervention (1940-1975) 22 Background 22 Influence on food and Impact on trade 23 Food Production Case Study: Đà Lạt 24 Background 24 Đà Lạt University 25 Culture 25 Environmental Concerns 26 Wastewater Treatment 26 Pesticide Disposal and Use 27 Transportation of Food Products 28 Phiên Chợ nông sản hữu Đà Lạt- Đà Lạt Organic Farmer’s Market 28 Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Lâm Đồng 30 Background 30 Economics of Agriculture:Tượng Sơn Farm Discussion Food Consumption Case Study: Hồ Chí Minh City Background 30 32 32 32 Harvest Restaurant by 5th Element of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Lâm Đồng Produce Department 33 General Food Consumption in Hồ Chí Minh City 34 Background 34 Discussion 38 Conclusion 39 Endnotes 41 Appendix 45 Terminology Capitalism​: An economic and political system in which a country's trade and economic industry are controlled by private owners, rather than by the state, who prioritize profit over protection.​1 a Global Capitalism​: The fourth stage of Capitalism, which now transcends nations, and thus is transnational, or global In its global form, all aspects of the system, including production, accumulation, class relations, and governance, have been theoretically disembedded from the nation and reorganized in a globally integrated way that increases the freedom and flexibility with which corporations and financial institutions operate The system is dictated by colonial and imperial pasts, highlighting unequal power relations between nations and regions.​2 b Green Capitalism​: A capitalist approach that believes the levers of the market can be used to fix the broken environment— as natural resources dwindle and become instinct, the market will be able to reverse and correct itself.​3 Colonialism​: A practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another.​4​ The practice includes acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.​5 a Western Colonialism​: A practice of colonialism enacted by Western nations between the 15th Century until the mid 20th Century (With the exception of the State of Israel, which is still colonizing Occupied Palestine).​6 Commercial Farming​: Farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market Often at the expense of food safety, environmental protection and workers rights.​7 Folx​: A gender neutral collective noun used to address a group of people.​8 Food Map​: The process of finding out where people can buy and eat food, and what the food needs of local people are It is a type of needs assessment that aims to identify the geographical areas or communities that have the greatest needs in terms of access to food.​9 Globalization​: The process described as the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.​10 Imperialism​: A policy of extending one country's power and influence through force over another country, often for un-equitable economic benefits.​11 Neo-Colonialism​: The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonial dependencies.​12 Organic Farming​: An agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused by the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in commercial farming.​13 10 Subsistence Farming​: Farming which uses traditional technology, low capital investment, and in which the production of food for the individual farmer's family or community is the priority.​14 Figures Product Exports by Vietnam to China 2016 Meat consumptionPork meat, Kilograms/capita, 2018 U.S Imports from Việt Nam 2016 Tượng Sơn Farm Greenhouses Tượng Sơn Farm Crops How important is food to you? Do you believe consuming Vietnamese food is an important part of what it means to be Vietnamese? Do you know where your food comes from? Do you often think about where your food comes from before you eat it? 10 Do you take pride in Vietnamese food products, including agricultural crops and food dishes? 11 Do you have faith in the quality and safety of food grown in Việt Nam? 12 Do you actively search to eat only organic foods? 13 Which of these crops you consider important to life in Vietnam? 14 All of the crops listed in question #x are not native to Vietnam and were brought by the French Does that change your answer to question #x? 15 What is your favorite Vietnamese dish or food product? Introduction Many consequences from colonial regins go undocumented and neglected, not always intentionally, but because they are so intertwined with the newfound customs and daily livlihoods of priorly colonized regions In the case of Việt Nam, which has experienced nearly 1,000 years of colonization and war, colonialism has deeply convoluted culture, livelihood and survival One undeniably important aspect of culture, livelihood and survival that cannot be neglected is food On a micro, individual level, people grow up eating the food of their ​own​ cultures It becomes a part of who each person is, how they are socialized and shape who they grow up to be Many folks associate food from their childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties them to their families, holding a special and personal value for them Food from families often becomes the comfort food people seek as adults in times of frustration and stress For people who don’t have easy access to food, food also dictates their daily lives Often their existence is marked and regarded from meal to meal, whenever they are able to get one Food is sustenance, survival and existence On a larger scale, food is an important and undeniable aspect of culture Traditional cuisine is passed down from one generation to the next It operates as an expression of cultural identity and a way to preserve cultural identity from oppressors and colonizers Each country or community’s cuisine can reflect its unique history, lifestyle, values, and beliefs Not only is food sustenance, survival and existence, it is also history, tradition and identity So in the case of Việt Nam, food simply represents life– a connection to history, tradition, identity and survival However, as a result of colonialism, neo-colonialism and imperialism, Việt Nam’s traditional relationship with food consumption and production has been changed and co-opted Historically, Việt Nam supported itself through collective and collaborative uses of land and natural resources to provide food and shelter to its people.​15 However, as a result of measures which were first enacted under colonial rule, 93.6% of Việt Nam’s current GDP comes from exports of goods and services to places like China, America and European nations— who all, at one point, had a colonial, stronghold over the region.​16​ This ever-expanding relationship with exporting agriculture and other raw materials has been masked by the terms globalization and global capitalism, also known as imperialism, just with a new name Globalization drives a process of diet convergence among developing and developed countries that challenges the predictions about future patterns of food production and consumption Objectives I intend to study the impact of China’s, France’s, Japan’s America’s colonial and imperial relationship with Việt Nam and its relationship with the country’s food production and consumption in today's world dictated by global capitalism Currently Việt Nam’s food map, which outlines what is grown here, consumed here and exported from here, has deep roots in colonialism In many cases, traditional cuisine has either been erased or altered, highlighting influences from China, France and America This is important to study and document because it represents a specific segment of neo-colonialism, the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies The research will touch on cultural, environmental and economic aspects of Việt Nam Specifically, my research will attempt to document Việt Nam’s food map– cataloguing what is grown and for who, differentiating between native and colonial crops and between crops for internal consumption and export The research will also attempt to draw the connection between the agriculture industry and what dishes are actually consumed in Việt Nam, like Bánh mì or Phở Although the changes in Vietnamese culture due to the alteration of their relationship with food may not be obvious in the day-to-day existence of the average Vietnamese person, it is important to document how colonialism affects former colonies long after they’ve been ‘freed’ I hope this study advances the acknowledgment and education surrounding the explicit and implicit effects of colonial rule in places that are no longer explicitly controlled by colonial governments Methodologies, Limitations and Ethics This project utilized two different case studies: Food Production Case Study, Đà Lạt and Food Consumption Case Study, Hồ Chí Minh City Both quantitative and qualitative forms of data were collected to analytically and critically address the guiding research questions A total of ten interviews were conducted, in Đà Lạt and in Hồ Chí Minh City, as well as 12 questionnaires collected in Hồ Chí Minh City Background and supplemental research was collected from 27 peer reviewed journals, as well as independent agencies like OECD, Asian Development Bank, andWorld Bank Data was also collected from government agencies: local 10 People’s committees in Đà Lạt and Hồ Chí Minh City, as well as the US dept of Agriculture In Đà Lạt, three farmers, three professors from Đà Lạt University and three organizers from a local food market were interviewed through a semi-structured process The food market organizers participated in a focus group discussion In Hồ Chí Minh City, one interview took place with a restaurant manager, as well as ethnographic observations in the restaurant Four out of 12 questionnaires were collected in person, while were administered through Google’s form application; all participants were native Vietnamese folx Five questionnaires were filled out in Vietnamese, the other questionnaires and all 10 interviews were in English Seven out of 10 interviews conducted were scheduled through convenience sampling, as I had been in contact with the interviewees prior to beginning the research Questionnaires were also conducted through convenience sampling, however snowball sampling also took place as the form spread The two case studies were driven by primary research, however much of the colonial studies come from secondary research, but were guided by word of mouth from primary research subjects Quantitative data was used to support individual experiences and accounts from the mentioned sources All collected data was used to contextualize how Viet Nam’s relationship with food has changed over time, and subsequently how this has affected the livelihood and culture of Vietnamese folx As a non-Vietnamese person, there were many ethical concerns and limitations I was exposed to throughout the study Namely, there were large language and cultural barriers which made it difficult to fully connect with interviewees, limiting how much they may have trusted me to tell their stories There were also power dynamics that must be addressed related to my standing as an American and America’s controversial relationship with Việt Nam I also found ethical concerns with anonymity, especially as much of my data was collected from an internationally organized farm, farmers market and restaurants There were also ethical concerns with attempting to outline effects on Viet Nam’s culture, especially considering that I am not Vietnamese and I’m not a part of the culture Lastly, the largest limitation was due to the time constraints of the project which limited my abilities to fully delve into the project, affecting the numbers of interviews, questionnaires and background research conducted 33 refugees from North.​146​ During the American War, Sài Gòn served as the headquarters of U.S military operations Following reunification, Hồ Chí Minh City lost its administrative functions, and strenuous efforts were made to reduce its population and dependence on foreign imports and to nationalize its commercial enterprises.​147​ However, as of 2019, Sài Gòn is developing as one of the most commercialized cities in Asia.​148 Harvest Restaurant by 5th Element of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Lâm Đồng149​ 150 ​ Harvest Restaurant by 5th Element has been in operation since May 2018, in District of Hồ Chí Minh City Located in Vivocity, it is central to 3M headquarters in Việt Nam, which employs thousands of foreigners living in the city.​151​ Run as a ‘farm to table’ concept under Elephant Mountain Produce, its part produce store and part restaurant Produce Department Prior to its opening, there was one organic store in the vicinity of Harvest Restaurant, but after Harvest opened the other restaurant closed.​152​ This is what made them also expand into a fresh produce market They sell greens and vegetables grown in Lâm Đồng at Tượng Sơn Farm Customers can utilize this location to place specific produce orders from Tượng Sơn Farm that come directly from the farm to the restaurant for pick-up.​153​ Deliveries take place once a week for ordered produce 154 ​ Restaurant The restaurant focuses on speciality dishes, fresh juices and salads Everything that is used is locally grown, with the exception of certain fruits that are imported into the country.​155 The dishes constructed in the restaurant have some Vietnamese basis, however many are influenced by Japanese, Korean and Western foods.​156​ This plays into the fact that many of the restaurants patrons are not Vietnamese, as dozens of non-vietnamese business folx patronize the restaurant everyday Prices are more expensive than most restaurants in Hồ Chí Minh City, but that can be related to many factors including location and quality of food (organic) The restaurant is also available to stay open for those same reasons, stating that, “[our] restaurant has specific types of customers that are looking for exactly the same thing we’re promoting [organic eating].”​157 34 General Food Consumption in Hồ Chí Minh City Background As Việt Nam has expanded their global reach, there has been linkage between globalization and food consumption in the country.​158​ In the study, Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific, the historic relationship between food and life in Việt Nam is simply broke down: “The Vietnamese proverb ‘Enough food and warm clothing; delicious food and beautiful clothing’1 brings to mind the overall socio-economic transformation experienced in Việt Nam since the Indochina Wars and the opening up of its economy in the mid-1980s Whereas people relate the first part of the saying to the hardship of fulfilling basic needs during and in the aftermath of the wartorn decades, the second – ‘delicious food and beautiful clothing’ – can be read as representative of a societal longing for an improved quality of life, and the growing relevance of consumerism in the context of the country’s economic Development.”​159 Survey Results Figure Figure 35 Figure Figure 36 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 37 Figure 13 Figure 14 38 Figure 15 Discussion Food consumption in Việt Nam has been converged to mask the global food map with influences from other asian cuisines as well as many Western cuisines As the country has been targeted for having unsafe food, ‘safe’ and quality food is still very hard to find The term ‘safe’ food is a product of colonialism and capitalism Việt Nam first had to start using pesticides to combat how the US destroyed much of its farm land They have continued to use pesticides because they need to maintain high yields to export food after being allowed back into the global market after the US lifted the embargo Now they are being punished by western standards of having ‘unsafe’ food, but Western intervention and global capitalism created the environment that produces unsafe food Now, many organic restaurants are concentrated in areas that serve more foreigners than local Vietnamese folx So, a shift towards safe food still does not benefit actual Vietnamese folx, but more so foreign folx occupying Vietnamese land A farm to table approach could curb the influence on the Vietnamese food map, but it still plays into green capitalism and the export culture of food that has costly effects on the environment and farmers Export culture creates an unequal world where everyone is not fed properly, equally or fairly Survey data showed that Vietnamese food is extremely important to people, no matter the outside cultural influences from Vietnamese people This shows that food transcends the physical; no matter the deep rooted violence connected to food in Việt Nam, it is Vietnamese​ and it nourishes both the body and the soul Although folx showed cultural connection to food, half 39 of the participants not trust Vietnamese food products This can be attributed to a colonial past which has enforced a distrust of anything that is considered ‘vietnamese’ in favor of western products which are deemed ‘modern’ and ‘safe.’ However, half of the participants admitted to not caring about where their food comes from, even though they deem it ‘unsafe,’ pointing towards the hypocrisy of labeling food as ‘unsafe.’ The research shows how vital food is to livelihood, emphasizing a deeper connection with the way food is grown to be consumed, and who its grown for Conclusion The results of the study add to a mightily important aspect of colonial and decolonial studies that often go undocumented As mentioned before, food is survival, so food is power Through both primary and secondary research, the study created a visual image connecting colonialism, war, global capitalism and survival through food Though, the topics of colonialism and global capitalism are very broad, it is important to note their valid correlations that transcend history and livelihood for billions of folx across the globe The country that is now known as Việt Nam lays on a key piece of land connecting both sides of the world, which highlights why it has been highly contested for millenniums It is naive to believe that the historical struggle for sovereignty over this land would not impact the way the country can operate today Việt Nam is dependent on former colonial powers, just as many places are dependent on Việt Nam in our globalized world This means it is extremely naive to believe that the country could just exit the world stage to protect its citizens, however it is not naive to expect Việt Nam to protect its citizens while still contributing to protecting the world; this must exist outside of our global capitalist world It is evident that organic, subsistence farming is an achievable way forward to ensure the safety of humans while also protecting the integrity of our environment Further research should be conducted to lead to the organization of agricultural practices that can protect Viet Nam’s environment while still feeding the millions that need to be fed A final parting quote from an interview conducted amplifies the sentiments of this paper and 40 conclusions well: “Civilizations are born, and must be sustained, by traditional farming Society cannot go backwards, we can only adapt and the adaptation that guarantees our survival is natural farming If we continue down this path we will run out of food and food is everything.” 41 Endnotes “Capitalism | Definition of Capitalism by Lexico.” Lexico Dictionaries Cole, Nicki Lisa, et al “5 Things That Make Capitalism ‘Global.’” ThoughtCo Rogers, Heather The Greening of Capitalism? | International Socialist Review /issue/70/greening-capitalism Kohn, Margaret, and Kavita Reddy “Colonialism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N Zalta, Fall 2017 “Colonialism | Definition of Colonialism by Lexico.” Lexico Dictionaries “Western Colonialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Effects.” Encyclopedia Britannica Geography Vocabulary: GCSE Farming “Etymology - Where Did ‘Folx’ Originate?” English Language & Usage Stack Exchange Food Mapping | Sustain 10 What Is Globalization? https://piie.com/globalization 11 “Imperialism | Definition of Imperialism by Lexico.” Lexico Dictionaries 12 “Neocolonialism | Definition of Neocolonialism by Lexico.” Lexico Dictionaries 13 “Organic Farming | Definition, History, Methods, & Benefits.” 14 Geography Vocabulary: GCSE Farming 15 “Overview.” World Bank, 2019, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview 16 Sonia “Developing Economies in International Trade.” SDG Pulse, 17 Harriss, John “Development Theories.” International Development, 2014, pp 35–49., 18 ServickNov, Kelly, et al “Modern Humans Were in Southeast Asia 20,000 Years Earlier than Thought, Ancient Teeth Reveal.” Science, Dec 2017, 19 Reyes, Giovanni E “Four Main Theories Of Development: Modernization, Dependency, Word-System, And Globalization.” Nómadas Revista Crítica De Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, 2001 20 Ibid 21 Ibid 22 Dossa, Shiraz “Slicing up ‘Development’: Colonialism, Political Theory, Ethics.” 23 Emerson, Rupert "Colonialism." Journal of Contemporary History 4, no (1969): 3-16 24 Alvarez, Linda “Colonization, Food, and the Practice of Eating.” Food Empowerment Project, 25 Ibid 26 Ibid 27 Ibid 28 Friedmann, Harriet “From Colonialism to Green Capitalism: Social Movements and Emergence of Food Regimes.” New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development Research in Rural Sociology and Development, 2005, pp 227–264., 29 Ibid 30 Jamieson, Neil L., and Gerald C Hickey “Effects of French Colonial Rule.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Enterprising for Development.” OxFam Vietnam: Enterprising for Development, 2019 32 Tran, Dat Tho, and Van Thi Cam Nguyen “Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth in Vietnam: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Economics and Development, 2018, pp 32–47 33 “Việt Nam: Environment and Climate Change Assessment.” Asian Development Bank, 2013 34 Ibid 35 Kopf, Dan “Vietnam Is the Most Globalized Populous Country in Modern History.” Quartz, Quartz, Oct 2018 36 Karnow, Stanley ​Vietnam: A History​ Viking, 1991 42 37 Ibid 38 Rabasa, José "ON THE HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF PEOPLES WITHOUT HISTORY." Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 29, no (2005): 204-22 39 Keat Gin Ooi -Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East - Volume Page 12 2004 40 “Vietnam - Vietnam under Chinese Rule.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam 41 Ibid 42 “Why China and Vietnam Can’t Stop Clashing With Each Other.” Voice of America, https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/why-china-and-vietnam-cant-stop-clashing-each-other 43 “How Much Trade Transits the South China Sea?” ChinaPower Project, Aug 2017, https://chinapower.csis.org/much-trade-transits-south-china-sea/ 44 Routhier, Nicole 1989 The Foods of Vietnam New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang 45 Karnow, Stanley ​Vietnam: A History 46 Holmgren, Jennifer Chinese Colonisation of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tongking Delta, First to Sixth Centuries A.D Australian National University, Faculty of Asian Studies 47 Dossa, Shiraz “Slicing up ‘Development’: Colonialism, Political Theory, Ethics.” 48 World Bank Product Exports by Vietnam to China 2016 World Bank, 2016 49 Gray, Kevin "U.S Aid and Uneven Development in East Asia." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 656 (2014): 41-58 50 Ibid 51 Fall, Bernard, The Two Vietnams (1963) 52 “The French Influence On Vietnamese Cuisine.” Epicure & Culture, 16 Dec 2015, https://epicureandculture.com/vietnamese-cuisine-french-influence/ 53 Ibid 54 Ibid 55 Pike, Matthew “11 Ways France Influenced Vietnamese Culture.” Culture Trip, 56 “The French Influence On Vietnamese Cuisine.” Epicure & Culture, 57 Ibid 58 “Việt Nam Exports US$3.5 Billion Worth of Coffee in 2018.” Vietnamnews.Vn, 59 Ibid 60 Summers, Chris “How Vietnam Became a Coffee Giant.” BBC News 61 Ibid 62 Ibid 63 Susan Taylor Martin (2010) "Rice bowl bountiful in Vietnam" Tampabay.com 64 Voice of Vietnam “Vietnam needs new vision for rice production.” Customs News, May 2019 65 Ibid 66 “Vietnam’s Meat Market: Mind the Gap!” Ipsos, 67 Ibid 68 “Vietnamese Switch to Beef.” Vietnamnews.Vn, 69 “French Beef Industry Introducing Their Secrets in Vietnam.” En.Dangcongsan.Vn 70 World Bank Product Exports by Vietnam 71 Ibid 72 McVeigh, Karen “Vietnam Boats Using Child Labour for Illegal Fishing.” The Guardian, 73 “Rampant Illegal Fishing, Child Labour and Grinding Poverty: EJF….” Environmental Justice Foundation, 74 OECD OECD-FAO AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK 2019-2028 OECD, 2019 43 75 Cargill Is Committed to Helping the World Thrive | Cargill Vietnam 76 Ibid 77 Ibid 78 The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance Research Network 79 Ibid 80 Ibid 81 Ibid 82 Eisenhower, Dwight D “Conference of State Governors at Seattle ” 1953 83 Timeline Chart, Faculty of the University of Virginia 84 Hynes, H Patricia “The Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam.” Peace Review, vol 28, no 1, Jan 2016, 85 Ibid 86 Maxwell, Simon “Food Security in Developing Countries: Issues and Options for the 1990s.” IDS Bulletin, vol 21, no 3, July 1990 87 Ibid 88 Ibid 89 Growing Markets for U.S Agricultural Exports: Vietnam, Thailand, and Burma | USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 90 World Bank Product Exports by Vietnam to U.S 2016 World Bank, 2016 91 “Đà Lạt | Vietnam.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Da-Lat 92 No.11, Vol.3, Dec 2013 Vietnam Heritage Magazine 93 Ibid 94 Lecture, Đà Lạt University, Sept 2019 95 “Đà Lạt | Vietnam.” Encyclopedia Britannica 96 Interview with Professor of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Culture 23 Nov 2019 97 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 22 Nov 2019 98 Trang Chủ http://www.dlu.edu.vn/ 99 Interview with Professor of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Culture 23 Nov 2019 100 Ibid 101 Ibid 102 Ibid 103 Ibid 104 Ibid 105 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 22 Nov 2019 106 Nguyễn, Hậu Thị Disposal of Discarded Pesticides and Used Drug Packages in Vietnam 107 People’s Committee of Đà Lạt City, and Đà Lạt Farmer Association Raising Community Awareness in Collecting Pesticide Packaging after Use in Hồ Chí Minh City Đà Lạt 108 Nemerow, Nelson Leonard (1971) "Coffee Wastes" Liquid waste of industry: theories, practices, and treatment Addison-Wesley Pub Co 109 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 22 Nov 2019 110 Von Enden, Jan C (2002) "Best practices at wet processing pay financial benefits to farmers and processors" Project "Improvement of Coffee Quality and Sustainability of Coffee Production in Vietnam" 111 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 112 Ibid 44 113 Ibid 114 Ibid 115 Ibid 116 People’s Committee of Đà Lạt City, and Đà Lạt Farmer Association Raising Community Awareness in Collecting Pesticide Packaging after Use in Hồ Chí Minh City Đà Lạt 117 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 118 People’s Committee of Đà Lạt City, and Đà Lạt Farmer Association Raising Community Awareness in Collecting Pesticide Packaging after Use in Hồ Chí Minh City Đà Lạt 119 Ibid 120 Ibid 121 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company Nov 2019 122 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 123 People’s Committee of Đà Lạt City, and Đà Lạt Farmer Association Raising Community Awareness in Collecting Pesticide Packaging after Use in Hồ Chí Minh City Đà Lạt 124 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 125 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company 126 Interview with Professor(s) of Đà Lạt University on Đà Lạt Environmental Concerns 127 Ibid 128 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company 129 Interview with Đà Lạt Organic Farmer’s Market Organizers 22 Nov 2019 130 Phiên Chợ Nông Sản Hữu Cơ Đà Lạt - Organic Farmer’s Market Dalat https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Festival/organicfarmersmarketdalat/about/ 131 Interview with Đà Lạt Organic Farmer’s Market Organizers 132 Phiên Chợ Nông Sản Hữu Cơ Đà Lạt - Organic Farmer’s Market Dalat 133 Ibid 134 Interview with Đà Lạt Organic Farmer’s Market Organizers 135 Ibid 136 Ibid 137 Ibid 138 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm of Elephant Mountain Produce Company 139 Ibid 140 Ibid 141 “Vietnam - Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 142 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm 143 Ibid 144 Ibid 145 Ibid 146 “Ho Chi Minh City | Location, History, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica 147 Ibid 148 Fuller, Thomas “Capitalist Soul Rises as Ho Chi Minh City Sheds Its Past.” The New York Times, 149 Interview with Representatives of Tượng Sơn Farm 150 Interview with Harvest Restaurant by 5th Element 04 Dec 2019 151 Phát triển bền vững | 3M Việt Nam 152 Interview with Harvest Restaurant by 5th Element 153 Ibid 154 Ibid 155 Ibid 45 156 Ibid 157 Ibid 158 Sahakian, Marlyne, et al., editors Food Consumption in the City: Practices and Patterns in Urban Asia and the Pacific Routledge, 2016 159 Ibid Appendix I Consent Form , Northwestern University (USA)  Dear Participant,   My name is and I am an American student currently studying in Vietnam I have been here  since September learning about Vietnamese culture and economic development I am  currently conducting an independent research project as part of the completion of my  academic program The project is about food movement and consumption in Vietnam, and  how that relates to Vietnamese culture.   The short survey below is confidential and meant to help me understand how Vietnamese  people relate to the food they grow and consume The data collected will remain confidential,  but may be used in my research project sponsored by the School of International Training If  you choose to participate, please answer the questions honestly and truthfully Individual data  will not be shared with anyone else but myself If you have any further questions, you may  ask me during the questionnaire or send me an email at Thank you very much, I greatly  appreciate your participation.     Kính gửi người tham gia,  Tên sinh viên Mỹ du học Việt Nam Tôi từ tháng để tìm  hiểu văn hóa phát triển kinh tế Việt Nam Tôi tiến hành dự án nghiên  cứu độc lập phần việc hồn thành chương trình học tập Dự án là  phong trào tiêu thụ thực phẩm Việt Nam, việc liên quan đến văn hóa Việt  Nam nào.  Cuộc khảo sát ngắn bảo mật có nghĩa giúp hiểu người Việt Nam liên quan  đến thực phẩm họ trồng tiêu thụ Dữ liệu thu thập giữ bí  mật, sử dụng dự án nghiên cứu Trường Đào tạo Quốc  tế tài trợ Nếu bạn chọn tham gia, xin vui lòng trả lời câu hỏi cách trung thực Dữ  liệu cá nhân không chia sẻ với khác ngồi tơi Nếu bạn có thêm bất kỳ  46 câu hỏi nào, bạn hỏi tơi suốt câu hỏi gửi email cho Cảm ơn bạn  nhiều, đánh giá cao tham gia bạn.  II Questionnaire (English)   The relationship between colonization, food and culture in Vietnam  Optional Identifying Questions  A Age:    B Sex:    C Occupation  Questionnaire  How important is food to you?  a Top priority   b Top priority  c Top priority  d Not that important  Do you believe consuming Vietnamese food is an important part of what it means to be  Vietnamese?   a Yes  b No  i Specify:    Do you know where your food comes from?  a Yes  b No  Do you often think about where your food comes from before you eat it?  a Yes  b No  i Specify    Do you take pride in Vietnamese food products, including agricultural crops and food dishes?  a Yes  47 b No      Do you have faith in the quality and safety of food grown in Việt Nam?  a Yes  b No  i If not, why?    Do you actively search to eat only organic foods?  a Yes  b No    The crops listed below are some of Vietnam’s most grown crops: Which of these crops do  you consider important to life in Vietnam?   a Coffee  b Cashew Nuts  c Cocoa  d Cauliflower   e All of the above  f None of the above    All of the crops listed in question #8 are not native to Vietnam and were brought by the  French Does that change your answer to question #8?   a Yes  b No  10 Do you consider these dishes important to Vietnamese culture and what it means to be  Vietnamese: Banh Mi, Pho and Banh xeo?   a Yes  b No  11 All three dishes listed in question # 10 are products of the French Control Does that change  your answer to question #10?  a Yes  b No  12 What is your favorite vietnamese dish or food product?    ... primary and secondary research, the study created a visual image connecting colonialism, war, global capitalism and survival through food Though, the topics of colonialism and global capitalism are... Introduction Objectives Methodologies, Limitations and Ethics The impact of Transnational and Western Colonialism on false narratives within Globalization and Development Theory 11 The Power of Food: ... However, the exasperation of the use of chemicals is a result of a long colonial history Colonialism shifted the way that food was grown throughout the country, and specifically in Đà Lạt Colonialism