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UNIT 4 33 UNIT 2 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION CONTENTS I Overview II System Concepts III Human Machine Interface IV System Components V Operational Philosophy VI Communication Infrastructu.
UNIT SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION CONTENTS I Overview II System Concepts III Human Machine Interface IV System Components V Operational Philosophy VI Communication Infrastructure and Methods VII Future Trend in SCADA VIII Security Issue I OVERVIEW I.1 READING SCADA is the acronym for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition In North America and in the rest of the world, the term is used differently: • In North America, SCADA refers to a large-scale, distributed measurement and control system • In the rest of the world, SCADA is any system that performs Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, independent of its size or geographical distribution SCADA systems are typically used to perform data collection and control at the supervisory level Some SCADA systems only monitor without doing control, these systems are still referred to as SCADA systems The supervisory control system is a system that is placed on top of a real-time control system to control a process that is external to the SCADA system (i.e a computer, by itself, is not a SCADA system even though it controls its own power consumption and cooling) This implies that the system is not critical to control the process in real-time, as there is a separate or integrated real-time automated control system that can respond quickly enough to compensate for process changes within the time-constants of the process The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility based as described below: • Industrial processes include: manufacturing/production/power generation/fabrication /refining - continuous, batch, repetitive or discrete • Infrastructure processes may be public or private and include: water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and wastewater treatment, oil & gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution and large communication systems • Facility processes in private or public facilities including: buildings, airports, ships or space stations in order to monitor and control: HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioning, and Cooling), access control, energy consumption management The SCADA systems for these applications all perform Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, even though the use of the systems are very different 33 I.2 VOCABULARY Access (n) ['ækses]: Acquisition (n) [,ækwi'zi∫n]: Acronym (n) ['ækrәnim]: Air conditioning (n) [eә kәn'di∫niη]: Batch (n) [bæt∫]: Collection (n) [kә'lek∫n]: Compensate (v) ['kɔmpenseit]: Consumption (n) [kәn'sɔmp∫n]: Cooling (n) [ku:liη]: Critical (adj) ['kritikәl]: External (adj) [eks'tә:nl]: Facility (n) [fә'siliti]: Facility process (n): Geographical (adj) [dʒiә'græfikәl]: Heating (n) [hi:tiη]: Imply (n) [im'plai]: Integrated (adj) ['intigreitid']: Infrastructure (n) [,infrә'strɔkt∫ә]: Manufacturing (n) [mænju'fækt∫әriη]: Large-scale (adj) [lɔ:dʒ skeil] : On top (adv) [ɔn tɔp]: Perform (v) [pә'fɔ:m]: Power generation ['pauә dʒenә'rei∫n]: Power transmission ['pauә trænz'mi∫n]: Power distribution ['pauә distri'bju:∫n]: Private (adj) ['praivit]: Production (n) [prә'dɔk∫n]: Public (adj) ['pɔblik]: Fabrication (n) [,fæbri'kei∫n]: Refining (n) [ri'fainiη]: Repetitive (adj) [ri'petәtiv]: Separate (adj) ['seprәt]: Supervisory (adj) ['su:pәvaizәri]: Time constant (n) [taim 'kɔnstәnt]: Lối vào Thu thập Từ viết tắt Điều hồ khơng khí Mẻ Bộ sưu tập, tuyển tập Bù Tiêu thụ, tiêu dùng Làm mát Quan trọng, trọng yếu Bên Tiện nghi, sở, chỗ Quá trình tiện nghi Địa lý Sưởi ám Tích hợp Cơ sở hạ tầng (Discrete) Xản xuất (Lắp ráp) Qui mô lớn Thực Xản xuất điện, phát điện Truyền tải điện Phân phối điện Tư nhân (Batch, continous) Xản xuất (bánh kẹo,vải, giấy …) Công cộng (Repetitive)Xản xuất (gia cơng tay: dệt may, đóng giày…) Tinh chế, lọc Lặp lại Riêng biệt Giám sát Hằng số thời gian 34 Treatment (n) ['tri:tmәnt]: Ventilation (n) [,venti'lei∫n]:: Water treatment (n) ['wɔ:tә 'tri:tmәnt]: Wastewater treatment (n) [weist wɔ:tә 'tri:tmәnt]: Xử lý Thơng gió Xử lý nước Xử lý nuớc thải I.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What does SCADA stand for? How the term “SCADA” is understood differently in North America and the rest of the world? What are the typical functions of SCADA systems? What is the main function of SCADA system? What kind of systems are the SCADA systems? What features SCADA systems? What are the processes for which SCADA systems are designed? What are the industrial processes? What can be an infrastructure process? 10 Where are the facility processes? And what are they? II SYSTEM CONCEPTS II.1 READING A SCADA system includes input/output signal hardware, controllers, HMI (Human Machine Interface), networks, communication, database and software SCADA mainly comes in the branch of Instrumentation Engineering The term SCADA usually refers to a central system that monitors and controls a complete site or a system spread out over a long distance (kilometers/miles) The bulk of the site control is actually performed automatically by a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) or by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Host control functions are almost always restricted to basic site over-ride or supervisory level capability For example, a PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow an operator to change the control set point for the flow, and will allow any alarm conditions such as loss of flow or high temperature to be recorded and displayed The feedback control loop is closed through the RTU or PLC; the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of that loop 35 Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment statuses that are communicated to SCADA as required Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator using the HMI can make appropriate supervisory decisions that may be required to adjust or over-ride normal RTU (PLC) controls Data may also be collected in to a Historian, often built on a commodity Database Management System, to allow trending and other analytical work SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as a tag database, which contains data elements called tags or points A point represents a single input or output value monitored or controlled by the system Points can be either "hard" or "soft" A hard point is representative of an actual input or output connected to the system, while a soft point represents the result of logic and math operations applied to other hard and soft points Most implementations conceptually remove this distinction by making every property a "soft" point (expression) that can equal a single "hard" point in the simplest case Point values are normally stored as value-timestamp combinations; the value and the timestamp when the value was recorded or calculated A series of value-timestamp combinations is the history of that point It's also common to store additional metadata with tags such as: path to field device and PLC register, design time comments, and even alarming information It is possible to purchase a SCADA system from suppliers It is more common to assemble a SCADA system from hardware and software components like Telvent, AllenBradley, ABB, Siemens, DirectLogic or GE PLCs, HMI packages from Adroit, Wonderware, Iconics, Rockwell Automation, Inductive Automation, Citect, or GE 36 II.2 VOCABULARY Alarm (n) [ә'lɔ:m]: Analytical (adj) [,ænә'litikәl]: Appropriate (adj) [ә'proupriәt]: Assemble (v) [ә'sembl]: Bulk (n) [bɔlk]: Close (v) [klous]: Come (v) [kɔm]: Commodity (n) [kә'mɔditi]: Communicate (v) [kә'mju:nikeit]: Compile (v) [kәm'pail]: Conceptual (adj) [kәn'septjuәl]: Database (n) ['deitәbeis]: Database management system: Display (v) [dis'plei]: Format (v) ['fɔ:mæt]: Historian (n) [his'tɔ:riәn]: Host (n) [houst]: Metadata (n) [,metә' 'deitә]: Meter reading (n) ['mi:tә 'ri:diη]: Overall (adj) ['ouvәrɔ:l]: Over-ride (v) ['ouvә raid]: Over-ride (n): Overall performance: Property (n) ['prɔpәti]: Implement (v) ['implimәnt]: Register (n) ['redʒistә]: Site (n) [sait]: Tag (n) [tæg]: Timestamp (n) [taim stæmp]: Trending (n) ['trendiη]: Cảnh báo Phân tích Phù hợp, thích hợp Lắp ráp, xây dựng Phạm vi, qui mơ Đóng, khép mạch Thuộc về, Hàng hoá Truyền, chuyển Thu thập, biên tập Khái niệm Cơ sở liệu Hệ thống quản lý liệu Biểu thị, trình bày Định dạng Thiết bị lưu trữ Máy chủ Thông tin liệu (data that provides information about other data) Số thiết bị đo Toàn Điều khiển thay, thay Điều khiển từ cấp Tình trạng hoạt động chung Tài sản, thuộc tính Cung cấp Thanh ghi Địa điểm, cơng trường Điểm Thời điểm Đồ thị 37 II.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What does a SCADA system include? To what engineering branch does SCADA belong to? What does SCADA refer to? What does RTU stand for? What is in charge of site control? What are the host functions mainly restricted to? In the cooling by water of an industrial plant, what a PLC may and what is the jobs of the SCADA system? What PLCs and RTUs do? What are the jobs of SCADA systems? Where does data acqusition begin? And what does data acquisition invlove? 10 How can data be processed? 11 What does HMI enable human operators to do? 12 What is the base of Historians? 13 What allows for trending and analytical work? 14 What does SCADA system typically provide? 15 What does tag database contain? 16 What does a tag or a point represent? 17 What is a hard point? And what is a soft point? 18 The concept of hard points and soft points can be reduced to cover soft points only? 19 How point values normally stored? 20 What is the timestamp of a point value? 21 What is the purpose for value-timestamp combinations? 22 What can be the common metadata with tags? 23 How can we have SCADA systems? III HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE III.1 READING A Human Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process The HMI industry was essentially born out of a need for a standardized way to monitor and to control multiple remote controllers, PLC and other control devices While a PLC does provide automated, pre-programmed control over a process, they are usually distributed across a plant, making it difficult to gather data from them manually Historically PLCs had no standardized way to present information to an operator The SCADA system gathers information from the PLCs and other controllers via some form of network, and combines and formats the information An HMI may also be linked to a database, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance 38 procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides Since about 1998, virtually all major PLC manufacturers have offered integrated HMI/SCADA systems, many of them using open and non-proprietary communications protocols Numerous specialized third-party HMI/SCADA packages, offering built-in compatibility with most major PLCs, have also entered the market, allowing mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and technicians to configure HMIs themselves, without the need for a custom-made program written by a software developer SCADA is popular, due to its compatibility and reliability It is used in small applications, like controlling the temperature of a room, to large applications, such as the control of nuclear power plants III.2 VOCABULARY Apparatus (n) [,æpә'reitәs]: Compatibility (n) [kәm,pætә'biliti]: Combine (v) [kɔm'bain]: Custom –made (adj) ['kɔstәm meid]: Detailed (adj) ['di:teild]: Diagnostic (adj) [,daiәg'nɔstik]: Expert (n) ['ekspә:t] : Essential (adj) [i'sen∫әl]: Historical (adj) [his'tɔrikәl] : Gather (v) ['gæđә]: Integrate (v) ['intigreit]: Logistic (adj) [lou'dʒistik]: Maintenance (n) ['meintinәns]: Non-proprietary (adj) [,nɔn prә'praiәtri]: Pre-programmed (adj) [,pri:' prougræmd]: Package (n) ['pækidʒ]: Reliability (n) [ri,laiә'bilәti]: Schedule (v) ['∫edju:l]: Standardize (v) ['stændәdaiz]: Trending (n) ['trendiη]: Third-party (n) [θә:d 'pɔ:ti]: Thiết bị, máy móc Tính tương thích Kết hợp Làm theo đặt hàng Cặn kẽ, tỉ mỉ Chuẩn đoán Chuyên gia Chủ yếu, cốt yếu Lịch sử Thu thập Tích hợp Hậu cần Bảo dưỡng Mở Được lập trình sẵn Gói Độ tin cậy Lên kế hoạch Chuẩn hoá Đồ thị Bên thứ ba III.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What does HMI stand for? And what is HMI? That is the need that necessitates the development of HMI? Why is it difficult to gather data from PLCs manually? 39 How can SCADA systems gather information from PLCs? And what they additionally? What are the services HMI can provide? What enables HMI to so? What can major PLC manufacturers offer since 1998? What enable mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, or technicians to configure HMI themselves? What make SCADA popular? What can be the scope of an SCADA application? IV SYSTEM COMPONENTS IV.1 READING The three components of a SCADA system are: Multiple Remote Terminal Units (also known as RTUs or Outstations) Master Station and HMI Computer(s) Communication infrastructure Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) The RTU connects to physical equipment, and reads status data such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve, reads measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current By sending signals to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump The RTU can read digital status data or analogue measurement data, and send out digital commands or analogue set-points The term RTU includes PLC "Smart" RTU or PLCs are the Distributed Control System (DCS) components of SCADA The use of DCS components which are capable of autonomously executing simple processes without involving the master computer, is increasing An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms An alarm is a digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM Alarms can be created in such a way that when their requirements are met, they are activated An example of an alarm is the "fuel tank empty" light in a car The SCADA operator's attention is drawn to the part of the system requiring attention by the alarm Emails and text messages are often sent along with an alarm activation alerting managers along with the SCADA operator Master Station The term "Master Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere In smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single PC In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers, distributed software applications, and disaster recovery sites The SCADA system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being controlled For example, a picture of a pump 40 connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the moment The operator can then switch the pump off The HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated symbols The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface These representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic light, which represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a multi-projector display representing the position of all of the elevators in a skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway Initially, more "open" platforms such as Linus were not as widely used due to the highly dynamic development environment and because a SCADA customer that was able to afford the field hardware and devices to be controlled could usually also purchase UNIX or Open VMS licenses Today, all major operating systems are used for both master station servers and HMI workstations IV.2 VOCABULARY Activate (v) ['æktiveit]: Afford (v) [ә'fɔ:d]: Alert (v) [ә'lә:t]: Animated (adj) ['ænimeitid]: Autonomously (adv) [ɔ:'tɔnәmәsli]: Component (n) [kәm'pounәnt]: Dynamic (adj) [dai'næmik]: Elevator (n) ['eliveitә]: Elsewhere (adv) ['els'weә]: Enhance (v) [in'hɔ:ns]: Highly dynamic (adj): Large-scale (adj) [lɔ:dʒ skeil]: Mimic (adj) ['mimik]: Overlain with (adj) [,ouvә'lain wiđ]: Pipe (n) [paip]: Platform (n) ['plætfɔ:m]: Pump (n) [pɔmp]: Railway (n) ['reilwei]: Responsible (adj) [ri'spɔnsәbl]: Smart (adj) [smɔ:t]: Status (n) ['steitәs]: Symbol (n) ['simbәl]: Terminal (n) ['tә:minl]: Kích hoạt Chi trả Cảnh báo Hoạt hoá Độc lập Bộ phận cấu thành Chức Thang máy Chỗ khác, nơi khác Tăng cường, củng cố Đa chức năng, đa dich vụ Qui mô lớn Mô Kèm với Đường ống Hệ Bơm Đường tầu Trách nhiệm, chịu trách nhiệm Thông minh Trạng thái Biểu tượng Đầu cuối 41 Valve (n) [vælv]: Van IV.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What are the three components of SCADA? What does RTU stand for? What are the tasks of RTUs? Generally, what a RTU can do? Is a PLC a RTU? What type of components of SCADA are the RTUs or PLCs? What is on increase in the design of SCADA systems? What is an important part of most SCADA implementations? 10 How can we define an alarm? 11 In what way are alarms created? 12 What can be an example of alarms? 13 What is the purpose of alarms? 14 What can happen together with alarm activation? 15 What does the term “Master Station” refer to? 16 What can be the possible configuration of Master station? 17 In what form SCADA systems present information to the operating personnel? 19 What can an operator see? 20 What may mimic diagrams consist? 21 What HMI packages for SCADA systems typically include? 22 What can be the represented in mimic diagrams? 23 Why initially Linus was not widely used as the operating system for SCADA application? 24 Nowadays, can major operating systems be used with Master station servers and HMI workstations? V OPERATINAL PHILOSOPHY V.1 READING Instead of relying on operator intervention, or master station automation, RTUs may now be required to operate on their own to control or perform other safety-related tasks The master station software is required to more analysis of data before presenting it to operators including historical analysis and analysis associated with particular industry requirements Safety requirements are now being applied to the system as a whole and even master station software must meet stringent safety standards for some markets For some installations, the costs that would result from the control system failing is extremely high Possibly even lives could be lost Hardware for SCADA systems is generally hardened to withstand temperature, vibration, and voltage extremes, but in these 42 installations reliability is enhanced by having redundant hardware and communications channels A failing part can be quickly identified and its functionality will be automatically taken over by backup hardware A failed part can often be replaced without interrupting the process The reliability of such systems can be calculated statistically and is stated as the mean time to failure, which is a variant of mean time between failures The calculated mean time to failure of such high reliability systems can be in the centuries V.2 VOCABULARY Backup (adj) ['bækɔp]: Calculate (v) ['kælkjuleit]: Enhance (v) [in'hɔ:ns]: Extreme (n) [iks'tri:m]: Failing (n) ['feiliη]: Failure (n) ['feiljә]: Harden (v) ['hɔ:dn]: Installation [,instә'lei∫n]: Mean (n) [mi:n]: Philosophy (n) [fi'lɔsәfi]: Redundant (adj) [ri'dɔndәnt]: State (v) [steit]: Statistical (adj) [stә'tistikl]: Stringent (adj) ['stridʒәnt]: Variant (n) ['veәriәnt]: Dự phịng Tính tốn Tăng cường, củng cố Cực cao Hỏng hóc Sự cố Làm cứng, làm vững Hệ thống máy móc/thiết bị, sở Trung bình Ngun tắc Dư, dự phòng Đưa Thống kê Khe khắt Biến thể V.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What may RTUs now be required to on their own? What are the tasks of master station software? Currently, how are safety requirements be applied? What the extent can the failing of a control system result? How can reliability of SCADA systems be enhanced? What does redundancy of the system mean? By what means is the reliability of a system evaluated? For high reliability systems, how long often is the time period between two possible failures? VI COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND METHODS VI.1 READING SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP over SONET is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power stations 43 This has also come under threat with some customers wanting SCADA data to travel over their pre-established corporate networks or to share the network with other applications The legacy of the early low-bandwidth protocols remains, though SCADA protocols are designed to be very compact and many are designed to send information to the master station only when the master station polls the RTU Typical legacy SCADA protocols include Modbus, RP-570 and Conitel These communication protocols are all SCADAvendor specific Standard protocols are IEC 60870-50-101 or 104, Profibus and DNP3 These communication protocols are standardized and recognized by all major SCADA vendors Many of these protocols now contain extensions to operate over TCP/IP, although it is good security engineering practice to avoid connecting SCADA systems to the Internet so the attack surface is reduced RTUs and other automatic controller devices were being developed before the advent of industry wide standards for interoperability The result is that developers and their management created a multitude of control protocols Among the larger vendors, there was also the incentive to create their own protocol to "lock in" their customer base VI.2 VOCABULARY Advent (n) ['ædvәnt]: Bandwidth (n) [bændwidθ]: Demodulation (n) [,mɔdju'lei∫n]: Incentive (n) [in'sentiv]: Interoperability (n) [in'tә: ɔpәrә'biliti]: Legacy (n) ['legәsi]: Lock-in (v) [lɔkin]: Modulation (n) [,mɔdju'lei∫n]: Modem (n): Multitude (n) ['mɔltitju:d]: Practice (n) ['præktis]: Poll (v) [poul]: Surface (n) ['sә:fis]: Vendor (n) ['vendɔ:]: Sự đời Băng thơng Giải điều chế Động cơ, mục đích Kết nối vận hành Tàn dư, di sản Giữ chân Điều chế Modulation and demodulation Số lượng lớn Thông lệ Thu thập liêu, thăm dò Bề mặt Người bán, nhà cung cấp VI.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: What kinds of communications connections that SCADA uses? Under what circumstances is it hard to realize common SCADA communication connections? What is the effect of the low bandwidth legacy over SCADA protocols? What are the typical legacy SCADA protocols? And what are the standards SCADA protocols? What is the main advantage of standard SCADA protocols over the legacy SCADA protocols? 44 Can standard SCADA protocols operate over TCP/IP? What is the risk that TCP/IP hides? VII FUTURE TREND IN SCADA VII.1 READING The trend is for PLC and HMI/SCADA software to be more "mix-and-match" In the mid 1990s, the typical DAQ I/O manufacturer offered their own proprietary communications protocols over a suitable-distanced carrier like RS-485 Towards the late 1990s, the shift towards open communications continued with I/O manufacturers offering support of open message structures like Modicon MODBUS over RS-485, and by 2000 most I/O makers offered completely open interfacing such as Modicon MODBUS over TCP/IP The primary barriers of Ethernet TCP/IP's entrance into industrial automation (determinism, synchronization, protocol selection, environment suitability) are still a concern to a few extremely specialized applications, but for the vast majority of HMI/SCADA markets these barriers have been broken Note: DAQ I/O: Data acquisition I/O VII.2 VOCABULARY Barrier (n) ['bæriә]: Carrier (n) ['kæriә(r)]: Determinism (n) [di'tә:minizm]: Entrance (n) ['entrәns]: Interfacing (n) ['intә,feisiη]: Majority (n) [mә'dʒɔriti]: Mix and match [miks ænd mæt∫]: Suitable (adj) ['su:tәbl]: Suitable-distanced carrier (n): Synchronization (n) [,siηkrәnai'zei∫n]: Trend (n) [trend]: Vast (n) [vɔ:st]: Rào cản Vật mang, Đường truyền Tính xác định trước Lối vào, gia nhập Giao diện Phần đơng Hồ hợp (Hồ đồng tương hợp) Phù hợp, thích hợp Đường truyền phù hợp khoảng cách Đồng hoá Khuynh hướng Lớn VII.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: How is the trend for PLC and HMI/SCADA soft ware? What did the typical I/O manufacturers offer in the mid of 1990s? What is the shift with I/O manufacturers? By 2000 what the most of I/O makers offer? Now, are there difficulties that barrier Ethernet TCP/IP from entering industrial automation? And what were those difficulties? 45 VIII SECURITY ISSUES VIII.1 READING Recently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks on several fronts In particular, security researchers are concerned about: • the lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and operation of existing SCADA networks • the mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security by obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces • the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly physically secured • the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly disconnected from the Internet Given the mission critical nature of a large number of SCADA systems, such attacks could, in a worst case scenario, cause massive financial losses through loss of data or actual physical destruction, misuse or theft, even loss of life, either directly or indirectly Whether such concerns will cause a move away from the use of existing SCADA systems for mission critical applications towards more secure architectures and configurations remains to be seen, given that at least some influential people in corporate and governmental circles believe that the benefits and lower initial costs of SCADA based systems still outweigh potential costs and risks Recently, multiple security vendors, such as Check Point and Innominate have begun to address these risks by developing lines of specialized industrial firewall and VPN solutions for TCP/IP-based SCADA networks Note: VPN: A Virtual Private Netwofk (VPN) is a communication network tunneled through another network, and dedicated for a specific network Firewall: A firewall is a hardware or software device which is configured to permit, deny, or proxy data through a computer network which has different levels of trust VIII.2 VOCABULARY Authentication (n) [ɔ:,θenti'kei∫n]: Belief (n) [bi'li:f]: Benefit (n) ['benifit]: Cyberwarfare (n) ['saibә 'wɔ:feә]: Cyberterrorism (n) ['saibә 'terәrizәm]: Extremely (adv) [iks'tri:mli]: Front (n) [frɔnt]: Financial (adj) [fai'næn∫]: Influential (adj) [,influ'en∫әl]: Xác thức,kiểm sốt Quan niệm Lợi ích Chiến tranh mạng Khủng bố mạng Rất, vơ Mặt Tài ảnh huởng 46 Massive (adj) ['mæsiv]: Misuse (v) [mis'ju:z]: Mistaken (adj) [mis'teikәn] : Mission-critical ['mi∫n 'kritikәl]: Obscurity (n) [әb'skjuәriti]: Out-weigh (v) [aut'wei]: Potential (adj) [pә'ten∫l]: Scenario (n) [si'nɔ:riou]: Supposedly (adv) [sә'pouzidili]: Theft (n) [θeft]: Vulnerable (adj) ['vɔlnәrәbl]: Lớn, nhiều Dùng sai Nhầm lẫn Tác vụ quan trọng Tính đóng Vượt trội Tiềm Kịch Giả sử Trộm cắp Yếu, dễ bị phá hoại VIII.3 READING COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: Why recently the security of SCSDA system has become questionable? What are the main concerns of security researchers? What can be the extent of potential attacks on SCADA systems? And why so is it? For mission critical application, why the shift from the use of exiting SCADA systems to more secure architectures and configurations is not yet likely? Recently what have security vendors begun to do? 47 ... that loop 35 Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment statuses that are communicated to SCADA as required Data is then compiled and formatted... the SCADA system? What PLCs and RTUs do? What are the jobs of SCADA systems? Where does data acqusition begin? And what does data acquisition invlove? 10 How can data be processed? 11 What does... process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process The HMI industry was essentially born out of a need for a standardized way to monitor and to control