ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING pot

ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3361 Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Contributors Babak Ebrahimian, Chris Mullen, Sayed Mohamed Hemeda, Vincenzo Gattulli, Alessandro Contento, Concettina Nunziata, Maria Rosaria Costanzo, Veronica Gambale, Won Sang Lee, Joohan Lee, Sinae Han, Alejandro Ramirez- Gaytán, Vitaly Yurtaev, Juan Carlos Vielma Perez, Alex Barbat, Ronald Ugel, Reyes Indira Herrera, Sebastiano D'Amico, Giuseppe Lombardo, Francesco Panzera, Pauline Galea Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering, Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1038-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Geophysical Techniques 1 Chapter 1 Seismic Hazard Analysis for Archaeological Structures — A Case Study for EL Sakakini Palace Cairo, Egypt 3 Sayed Hemeda Chapter 2 The Use of Source Scaling Relationships in the Simulation of a Seismic Scenario in Mexico 35 Alejandro Gaytán, Carlos I. Huerta Lopez, Jorge Aguirre Gonzales and Miguel A. Jaimes Chapter 3 Simulation of Near-Field Strong Ground Motions Using Hybrid Method 55 Babak Ebrahimian Chapter 4 VS Crustal Models and Spectral Amplification Effects in the L’Aquila Basin (Italy) 79 M.R. Costanzo, C. Nunziata and V. Gambale Chapter 5 Speedy Techniques to Evaluate Seismic Site Effects in Particular Geomorphologic Conditions: Faults, Cavities, Landslides and Topographic Irregularities 101 F. Panzera, G. Lombardo, S. D’Amico and P. Galea Chapter 6 Seismic Ambient Noise and Its Applicability to Monitor Cryospheric Environment 147 Won Sang Lee, Joohan Lee and Sinae Han Chapter 7 Seismic Behaviour of Monolithic Objects: A 3D Approach 157 Alessandro Contento, Daniele Zulli and Angelo Di Egidio Section 2 Engineering 183 Chapter 8 FE Based Vulnerability Assessment of Highway Bridges Exposed to Moderate Seismic Hazard 185 C. Mullen Chapter 9 Advanced Applications in the Field of Structural Control and Health Monitoring After the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake 207 Vincenzo Gattulli Chapter 10 Pushover Analysis of Long Span Bridge Bents 237 Vitaly Yurtaev and Reza Shafiei Chapter 11 Numerical Modelling of the Seismic Behaviour of Gravity-Type Quay Walls 257 Babak Ebrahimian Chapter 12 Seismic Evaluation of Low Rise RC Framed Building Designed According to Venezuelan Codes 283 Juan Carlos Vielma, Alex H. Barbat, Ronald Ugel and Reyes Indira Herrera ContentsVI Preface The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards spans from detailed studies on seismicity, evaluation of site effects, and seismo-induced landslides, tsunamis as well as and the design and analysis of structures to resist such actions. The study of earthquakes ties together science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when they inevitably occur. Chapters deal with different topics aiming to mitigate geo-hazards such as: Seismic hazard analysis, Ground investigation for seismic design, Seismic design, as‐ sessment and remediation, Earthquake site response analysis and soil-structure interaction analysis. Chapter one deals with seismic hazard analysis (SHA) which forms the basis of seis‐ mic risk assessment and mitigation, and the earthquake-resistant design process. In particular, it focuses on a nice case of seismic hazard for archeological structures. SHA involves also quan‐ titative estimation of the expected ground shaking, which can be expressed in terms of a ground motion parameter of interest such as peak ground acceleration (PGA) or spectral am‐ plitudes (SA) for different oscillator periods. In this regards, chapters two and three present results related to the use of source scaling relationships in the simulation of a seismic scenario in Mexico, and simulation of near field strong ground motions using hybrid method. The next three chapters face the challenge of ground investigation parameters required for seismic de‐ sign of structures and earthworks include shear-wave velocity usually corresponding to the uppermost 30 m of the foundation materials (Vs30), velocity profile identification, measure to asses seismic site effects using ambient noise recordings. The study of the surface geology is also a key factor in the process of seismic risk mitigation. Surface soil deposits can significantly modify the amplitude and frequency characteristics of earthquake ground motion. Thus dy‐ namic soil-structure interaction (SSI) may need to be taken into account for the earthquake- resistant design of a structure and it represent an interdisciplinary research field which involves both geotechnical and structural engineers. The second section of the book focuses on such topic. The complexity of the analysis is based on the nature of the problem and the risk level of the structure that is being designed. I would like to express my special thanks to Ms Danijela Durinc and the whole staff of In‐ Tech Open Access Publishing, for their professional assistance and technical support during the entire publishing process that has led to the realization of this book. Sebastiano D’Amico Research Officer III Physics Department University of Malta Malta Section 1 Geophysical Techniques [...]... silty clay and traces of limestone gravels, from 5.00m to 7.50m depth silt, traces of brown fine sand & traces of clay from 12.00m to 14.00m depth Dark brown clay silt with traces of fine sand from 14.00m to 15.00m depth 9 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering Figure 5 El- Sakakini palace and the Geotechnical investigations Figure 5 El- Sakakini palace and the Geotechnical. .. al, 1982 and 1986; Rogers et al., work from theet al., 1988; Celebi et al 1987) earthquake energy for different frequencies (e.g Kanai Lermo point of soil amplification of and Tanaka 1961 and Kanai 1962, Kagami et al, 1982 and 1986; Rogers et al., 1984; Lermo et al., 1988; Celebi et al 1987) 17 18 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering 5.1 Instrumentation and data... S4 Reverse 56 Table 1 Seismic shots (relative to R1) 13 14 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering Formatted Table P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Fill Layer 300 m/s Clayey Layer 300-600 m/s Saturated Sand & Gravel 700-1300 m/s Figure 9: P-wave travel time distance curve and its corresponding geoseismic model for profiles and its corresponding Figure 9 P-wave travel time distance... A N 20 20 22 24 26 28 2000 B C 1195,1481 & 96 A D 30 1778 B C 32 34 36 20 38 27 B C 967 A D Figure 1 Important and historical earthquakes occurred in and around El Sakakini Palace area in the period 2200 B.C to1995 5 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering 28 32 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 VIII AQAB A 6 30 VII 30 VI 30 30 V EL Sakakini... type, and are typically used for refraction rather than reflection surveying There are certain advantages of ReMi method: it requires only standard refraction equipment, widely available, there is no need for a triggering source of energy and it works well in a seismically noisy urban setting (Louie, 2001, Pullammanappallil et al 2003) 15 16 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake. .. Libya Red Sea Aswan Greece zones Cities Figure 3 Seismic source regionalization using 37 seismic source zone (except greece zones) adopted for Egypt and surrounding areas (Gamal and Noufal, 2006) 7 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering (a) 30.068 6O 6 October Bri de Ram s St ees ree er ctob e Brid a Sa k E L a ce al P t k in i Sae ed S dS me Ah t 30.066 Por t dS aee... Palace using Kennett at al (1979) method 21 22 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering 5.3 Building response The El Sakakini building is composed of a basement and five floors the upper two being wooden Figures 17 to 19 show the locations of recording stations used to drive El Sakakini building response Figures 21 to 26 and Table 5 show the recorded natural frequency... DRILLING 11 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering project : existing habib pasha elsakakeeny palace file no : sakakeeny feb10 location :eldaher-cairo date commenced : May 15- 2012 datecompleted : May 18- 2012 drill fluid :none ground level : driller : alaa amin drilling co initial / final gwd : 1.10 m 1 2 3 4 5 fill( limestone fragments concrete frag.sand&silt calc... El-Sakakini Palace 23 24 Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering F 3 -2 F 3 -4 F 3 -1 F 3 -6 F 3 -3 Figure 19 Location of stations at the 3rd floor F 3 -5 Seismic Hazard Analysis for Archaeological Structures — A Case Study for EL Sakakini Palace Cairo, Egypt http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54395 Figure 20 High dynamic range ES-3000 Geometrics mobile station and triaxial geophone... anthropogenic and broadband implicit assumption of oceanic, atmospheric, and urban or spectra are flat actions and disturbances The implicit assumption (soil or studies was that microtremors spectra preferable before they enter the region of interestof early building) When microtremors enterare flat and broadband before they enter the region of interest (soil or building) When microtremors body it changes and . ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY, GEOTECHNICAL AND STRUCTURAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Edited by Sebastiano D'Amico Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural. locations. Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering 10 Figure 7. a. Geotechnical Borehole_1, El Sakakini Palace. b. Geotechnical