Biographies American Revolution AmRev-Bio.V2tpgs 9/29/03 3:45 PM Page 1 Biographies Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay Rosteck Stacy A. McConnell, Editor American Revolution Volume 2: K–Z AmRev-Bio.V2tpgs 9/29/03 3:45 PM Page 3 Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay Rosteck Staff Stacy McConnell, U•X•L Editor Judy Galens, U•X•L Contributing Editor Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher Margaret Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist (Pictures) Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager Tracey Rowens, Senior Art Director LM Design, Typesetting Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmittroth, Linda American Revolution : biographies / Linda Schmittroth and Mary Kay Rosteck ; edited by Stacy McConnell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Profiles sixty men and women who were key players on the British or American side of the American Revolution. ISBN 0-7876-3792-0 (set) — ISBN 0-7876-3793-9 (v. 1). — ISBN 0-7876- 3794-7 (v. 2) 1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Biography—Juvenile literature. [1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Biography.] I. Rosteck, Mary Kay. II. McConnell, Stacy A. III. Title. E206 .S36 2000 973.3’092’2—dc21 99-046941 CIP This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copy- right laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this pub- lication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Front cover photographs (top to bottom): Crispus Attucks reproduced courtesy of the Library of Congress; Patrick Henry reproduced courtesy of the Library of Congress. Back cover photograph: Mount Vernon reproduced by permission of the Detroit Photographic Company. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 American Revolution: Biographies AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:00 PM Page iv Advisory Board ix Reader’s Guide xi Timeline xiii Words to Know xxiii Volume 1: A-J Abigail Adams 1 John Adams 9 Samuel Adams 20 Ethan Allen 31 Benedict Arnold 38 Black Freedom Fighters 46 Joseph Brant 54 Mary “Molly” Brant 63 John Burgoyne 71 Edmund Burke 81 Margaret Cochran Corbin 90 v Contents AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:00 PM Page v Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur 97 John Dickinson 105 Benjamin Franklin 114 Deborah Read Franklin 125 Elizabeth Freeman 131 Thomas Gage 138 Bernardo de Gálvez 147 George III 155 Simon Girty 164 Mary Katherine Goddard 173 Nathan Hale 178 Alexander Hamilton 187 John Hancock 198 Nancy Morgan Hart 210 Patrick Henry 218 William Howe 228 John Jay 237 Thomas Jefferson 246 Index xxxiii Volume 2: K-Z Thaddeus Kosciuszko 257 Marquis de Lafayette 264 Pierre Charles L’Enfant 275 Louis XVI 284 Flora Macdonald 294 James Madison 302 George Mason 312 Mary McCauley (“Molly Pitcher”) 321 Jane McCrea 328 Judith Sargent Murray 338 Jonathan Odell 345 Thomas Paine 353 William Pitt 361 Casimir Pulaski 370 David Ramsay 379 Esther De Berdt Reed 385 Paul Revere 391 Frederika von Riedesel 399 James Rivington 408 vi American Revolution: Biographies AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:00 PM Page vi Betsy Ross 417 Benjamin Rush 426 Deborah Sampson 434 Daniel Shays 443 Charles Townshend 451 Horace Walpole 459 Mercy Otis Warren 468 George Washington 478 Phillis Wheatley 489 John Wilkes 499 Index xxxiii Contents vii AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:00 PM Page vii S pecial thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug- gestions provided by U•X•L’s American Revolution Refer- ence Library advisors: • Mary Alice Anderson, Media Specialist, Winona Middle School, Winona, Minnesota. • Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional Library System, Edmonds, Washington. • Frances Bryant Bradburn, Section Chief, Information Tech- nology Evaluation Services, Public Schools of North Car- olina, Raleigh, North Carolina. • Sara K. Brooke, Director of Libraries, Ellis School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. • Peter Butts, Media Specialist, East Middle School, Holland, Michigan. ix Advisory Board AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:01 PM Page ix A merican Revolution: Biographies presents biographies of sixty men and women who took part in, influenced, or were in some way affected by the American Revolution. Among the people profiled in each of the two volumes are American patriots and presidents; colonists who remained loyal to Eng- land; Native Americans, royalty, politicians, scoundrels, and military officers from foreign nations who helped or hindered the American fight for freedom; writers, poets, and publishers; and heroic colonial women who wrote, took up arms, acted as spies, or raised funds for American independence. American Revolution: Biographies not only includes the biographies of such famous patriots as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, it also features the life stories of less celebrated people such as Phillis Wheatley, renowned poet and former slave; Frenchman Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who designed the city of Washington, D.C.; Deborah Sampson, a woman who donned a military uniform and served as an army soldier; and Frederika von Riedesel, a German who chronicled the Revolution while traveling throughout the colonies with her young family as her husband fought for the British. xi Reader’s Guide AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:01 PM Page xi Other features American Revolution: Biographies also highlights interest- ing people with ties to the main biography subjects, and adds details that help round out events of the Revolutionary period. Each entry contains cross-references to other individuals pro- filed in the two-volume set, and each offers a list of sources— including web sites—for further information about the indi- vidual profiled. A timeline and glossary introduce each volume and a cumulative subject index concludes each volume. American Revolution: Biographies has two companion volumes: American Revolution: Almanac, which describes in narrative form the events leading up to the war and the major events of the war; and American Revolution: Primary Sources, which contains excerpts from more than thirty Revolutionary- era documents. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Mary Reilly McCall, who contributed encouragement, enthusiasm, and several biogra- phies to this set. Comments and suggestions We welcome your comments on this work as well as your suggestions for topics to be featured in future editions of American Revolution: Biographies. Please write: Editors, American Revolution: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax: 248- 414-5043; or send e-mail via www.galegroup.com. xii American Revolution: Biographies AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:01 PM Page xii xiii 1754 Start of the French and Indian War, pitting the French and their Indian allies against the British for control of North America. 1760 George III becomes King of England. 1762 James Otis Jr., brother of Mercy Otis Warren, pub- lishes a pamphlet arguing for a limitation on Parlia- ment’s right to interfere with colonial affairs. 1763 French and Indian War ends with a British victory. To appease Native Americans, King George III forbids colo- nial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. 1765 In March, King George III approves the Stamp Act, which taxes the American colonies to pay for the French and Indian War. Horace Walpole, British Member of Parliament, opposes the Stamp Act before Parliament and speaks out for the rights of American colonists. In July, Boston patriots (“Sons of Liberty”) unite in opposition to the Stamp Act. In August, a mob destroys the house of Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson to protest the act. Timeline of Events in Revolutionary America AmRevBioFM.qxp 7/29/03 3:01 PM Page xiii [...]... institutions Continental army: An army of American colonists formed during the American Revolution Continental Congress: An assembly of delegates from the American colonies (later states) The delegates governed before and during the Revolutionary War and under the Articles of Confederation The Continental Congress first met in 1774 The Crisis: Also known as The American Crisis, a series of pamphlets written... frontier and in Canada between 1754 and 1763 French Revolution: An event lasting from 1789 to 1799 that ended the thousand-year rule of kings in France and established France as a republic The American Revolution and the American experiment with democracy was an inspiration to many French people, but while the American experiment thrived, the French Revolution ended in chaos G Great Britain: The island... to openly aid the American cause 1780 xviii In May, Charleston, South Carolina, falls to British troops American Revolution: Biographies In June, Massachusetts’s constitution asserts that “all men are born free and equal”; this includes black slaves In Sentiments of an American Woman, Esther De Berdt Reed calls on colonial women to sacrifice luxuries and instead give money to the American army In September,... is named the temporary seat of the new U.S government 1789 David Ramsay’s History of the Revolution is published In April, George Washington is sworn in as the first U.S president xx American Revolution: Biographies In July, the French Revolution begins in Paris King Louis XVI will be beheaded in 1792 during this revolution In September, the U.S Army is established by Congress 1791 The Bill of Rights,... share assigned to a group During the American Revolution, when too few men volunteered to be soldiers in the Continental army, Congress assigned a quota to each colony, representing the number of men the colony was expected to round up and send to serve in the army R Radical: A person who favors revolutionary changes in a nation’s political structure xxviii American Revolution: Biographies Rebel: A person... Abodaher, David J Warrior on Two Continents: Thaddeus Kosciuszko New York: Julian Messner, 1968 262 American Revolution: Biographies “Kosciuszko, Tadeusz.” Webster’s American Military Biographies Springfield, MA: G & C Merriam Co Publishers, 1978, pp 221-22 “Kosciuszko, Thaddeus.” Who Was Who During the American Revolution Compiled by the editors of Who’s Who in America Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc.,... Hessians: Citizens of Hesse-Cassel, once a part of Germany German soldiers (mercenaries) were hired by King George III to fight for the British in the American Revolution Many came from Hesse-Cassel; as a result, all German soldiers were called Hessians xxvi American Revolution: Biographies I Intolerable Acts: Four laws passed by the British government in 1774 to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party Iroquois... winning the Revolutionary War 1782 Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens go to France to draw up a peace treaty Deborah Sampson, disguised as a man, enlists in the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment and fights against the Tories and Native Americans 1783 Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant and the Iroquois Confederacy begin blocking American westward expansion In April, Congress declares the Revolutionary... collected to pay for the expenses of government Revolution: A sudden political overthrow; a forcible substitution of rulers Revolutionary War: The war for American independence from Great Britain The fighting began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and lasted through the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 S Saratoga, Battle of: A major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in northern New York... an officer’s commission from the Continental Congress, the governing body during the American Revolution (1775–83) American Charles Henry Lee, who had served in the Polish army for five years and later held a military position in America, helped Kosciuszko obtain a commission with the Continental army, the army of the American rebels Kosciuszko got involved in America’s fight for independence out of . introduce each volume and a cumulative subject index concludes each volume. American Revolution: Biographies has two companion volumes: American Revolution: . to be featured in future editions of American Revolution: Biographies. Please write: Editors, American Revolution: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd.,