Viec nghien euu ddc diem vd gid trj su dyng cuo chung se giup cho gido vien vd hqc sinh phd thdng khdng chi ndm bdt duqc mdt loqi tu loqi trong tieng Viet md cdn biet vdn dyng chung tron
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TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO
O ThS DirONG THI THUY VINH*
Trong nhd trudng phd thdng, cdc phuong tien
tu ngCr bieu thj tinh hnh thdi duqc nghien
CUU nhu Id mot loqi tinh thdi tu, thudc nhdm
trq tu (heu tu) nhdn mqnh Viec nghien euu ddc
diem vd gid trj su dyng cuo chung se giup cho
gido vien vd hqc sinh phd thdng khdng chi ndm
bdt duqc mdt loqi tu loqi trong tieng Viet md cdn
biet vdn dyng chung trong qud trinh gidng dqy
vd gioo hep mdt cdch hieu qud (chdng hqn nhu
phdn tich cdu, Hm hieu phong cdch cuo mot so
nhd vdn, hm hieu net vdn hod Viet Nam quo ngdn
ngCr cuo qudn chung nhdn ddn, )
Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi ehi de cdp mot
khto cqnh, dd Id hm hieu vdi net phong cdch cuo
nhd vdn Nam Coo quo viec su dyng cdc phuang
hen tu ngu (PTTN) chi do tin cdy
1 Khdi qudt ve hnh thdi chi do tin cqy vd
cdc PTTN bieu hien tinh thdi chi do tin cdy
trong tde phdm cua N a m Cao
Tinh thdi chi do tin cdy (TTCOTC) Id hnh thdi
neu len muc do tin cdy trong niem tin cua ngudi
ndi ddi vdi ndi dung sy viec duqc neu d trong cdu
Cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong tde phdm
eua Nam Coo ed the duqc phdn loqi theo cdc
tieu chi khde nhou nhu: vj tri trong cdu, ddc diem
cdu tqo vd sdc thdi y nghTo md chung bieu dqt
Khi phdn loqi cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC
theo sdc thdi y nghTo, cd the chio ro thdnh cdc
nhdm sau:
1) Khdng djnh tinh chdn li duong nhien cua
ndi dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: tdt nhien, le
dinhiin, li duong nhiin, cdnhiin, dt, chdc chdn,
chinh dung, qud, that, qud that, that qud, qud
tinh, that tinh, ki tinh, phdi ndi, su that (Id/thi),
fhucte(ld/fhi),
Vi dy 1: Cdi mat my chac chdn Id si khdng
dugc tuoi tinh ldm ( 1 ; 201)
2) Khdng djnh ndi dung cua menh de nhu cd
mdt gid trj tuong ddi hodc mdt khd ndng xdc
thyc hqn che nhu: that ra, ke ra, xem ra, xem
chung, chung, thiiu chut nua, mdt ti nua
Vi dy 2: KM nhu the thi cung re (2; 14d)
3) Thien ve khdng djnh ndi dung menh de h-ong
cdu Id cd thdt, gdm: chdc, chdc id, chdc hdn, hdn
Id, cd the, rdt cd the, y hdn Id thudng,
Vi dy 3: Han Id San dd cd dieu gi bdt mdn ve
vg y ddy (2; ld5)
4) Thien ve nghi ngd hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi
dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua chdc, chd
chdc, chang le (nhe), khdng le, chdc gi, Idm nhu thi, hog (Id), chua han, chd le (nhe), le ndo,
Vi dy 4: Khdng le vi mdt dua md cd mdy dua cung e mudn ( 1 ; 401)
5) Nua hn nuo ngd ve Hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi
dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua biet chung,
cd le, khdng cd le, cd khi, biit ddu, dudng nhu, hog chdng, hinh nhu, nghe ddu,
Vi dy 5: Khdng mdy chieu hg khdng dn, dudng nhu dd nghiin roi (2; 208)
2 V d i net ve phong cdch N a m Cao duqc the hien qua viec su d u n g cdc PTTN bieu hien
n C D T C
2.1 Qua viec su dyng cdc PTTN bieu hien
TTCOTC, nhd vdn Nam Coo dd bde Id mdt trong nhung net ddc trung cuo phong cdch Id hnh chdt
tru hnh Ngodi viec su dyng but phdp hien thyc
mdt cdch nghiem ngdt, nhd vdn cdn the hien edi
Tdi cuo minh thdng quo nhi/ng y kien ddnh gid,
quo thdi do, Hnh cdm ddi vdi cdc sy vdt, hien tuqng Nhung ddnh gid cua dng cd khi vdi h/ cdch Id Idi tde gid nhung phdn Idn Id dn trong sy ddnh gid cuo cdc nhdn vdt chinh, nhdn vdt phy bdi dng mudn de hien thyc ty edt len tieng ndi cuo minh Nhung Id ngudi dqe, chung to van nhdn
ro nhCrng ddnh gid mong ddm ddu dn cd nhdn cuo tde gid de to biet rdng, ddng sou nhCrng nhdn
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* Tnrcing Dai hoc sir pham - OH Thai Nguyen
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 1 7 (ki i • 7/2009)
Trang 2djnh tudng chung nhu rdt khdch quon dy Id mdt
trdi hm ludn biet dau cung ndi dau cuo nhdn vqt,
ludn biet se chio vdi nhCrng niem hqnh phuc mong
manh, nhd nhoi cuo nhdn vdt
Vi du 6: Cd le tdi bdn con chd ddy, dng gido
q ' ( l ; 4 0 5 )
Trong truyen «Ldo Hgc", khi ldo Hqe bde bqeh
vol dng gido suy nghT tren thi bdn thdn ldo dd cd
nhCrng li do de cho rdng cdn phdi bdn chd Nhung
dng gido biet ldo ndi vdy thdi vd dd nghe ldo
ndi edu dd nhdm rdi, «ehdng bao gid ldo bdn
ddu" vi dd Id con chd md eon trai ldo mua ve
nudi ddnh de luc cudi vq thi thjt; ldo quy nd nhu
con vd chi cd nd Id bqn Vdy Id ldo Hqc dd ed
nhCrng li do rdt thuyet phyc de bdn chd nhung Iqi
khdng du can ddm bdn nd di Ldo tdm sy vdi
dng gido cd the chi Id mong sy chio se vd xem
xet Iqi nhCrng li do ddn den quyet djnh bdn chd
hoy khdng bdn cuo minh
Cung bdi vi tde gid rdt hieu noi Idng cuo nhdn
vqt ldo Hqc nen mdi de ldo cd sy bdn khodn,
day dut nhu vdy thdng qua viee dung tu «cd le"
2.2 Khdng chi vdy, viee su dyng ede PTTN
bieu hien TTCOTC cdn giup cho Idi vdn Nam Coo
mong phong cdch khdu ngCr Ldi vdn cuo dng
thdm dam hoi thd cuo cudc sdng, gdn gui vdi Idi
dn tieng ndi hdng ngdy cuo qudn chung nhdn
ddn Chinh vi the, nhd vdn dd the hien duqc giqng
dieu, tdm li, tinh cdch cuo tung nhdn vdt vd phdn
biet duqc nhung cdnh ngd, tinh edeh, sd phdn
khde nhou, ngdn ngi/ ndo thi tinh cdch dy
Vi dy 7: Chdc Id rugu bo ( 1 ; 220)
Ody Id Idi binh ludn cuo nhdn vdt bd dd Cdnh
ve choi ruqu md nhdn vdt Sinh mang bieu dng
dd trong truyen «Ddn khdch" Bd thdy «Cdi cd
choi ed bqe gidy vdng cdn thdn Cdi nhdn hieu
in dep ldm" Tu hinh thuc bdt mdt vd duqc Idm
cdn thdn, bd duo ro mdt nhdn djnh ve ehdt luqng
cuo chai ruqu Nhung bd dd khdng ddm khdng
djnh dut khodt vi dng bd ehuo duqc nem thu,
chua duqe kiem nghiem nen khdng biet ed «bd"
thdt hoy khdng Khi nghe nhdn xet cuo bd dd
chdc rdng ngudi dqe oi eung mim cudi Cudi vi
thdy bd dd dung Id ngudi ndng ddn chdt phdc
sdng trong cdn nhd «cd bo gion cot tre, mdi r q "
Vdi nhi/ng hieu biet rdt it di cua minh, bd ehi cd
the ddnh gid chdt luqng quo hinh thue Thyc te thi
dd Id chai ruqu ddu, «chua nhu the tuong o i "
theo nhu Idi nhdn xet cuo Sinh khi nem thu ruqu
trong choi bj roi vd
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 1 7 (ki i • 7/2009)
Vol nhi/ng ngudi tri thuc thi Iqi khde Nhung nhdn djnh, ddnh gid euo hq ed sy phdn tich chqt che, lo gic hon
Vi dy 8: Rdt ed the ngudi fa khdng Idy ddng ndo ed (2; 151)
Ody Id nhdn xet cuo Son trong tde phdm
«Sd'ng m d n " Khi Son ndi edu ndy, ngudi nghe hieu rdng San dd phdn tich thyc te kT cdng vd
cd CO sd de tin vdo dieu dd Theo Son, Thu vd Son Id thdy gido cua con trai cy Hdi Nam, cd the ngudi to cdn mudn hoi thdy gido d de kem them cho con nen se khdng Idy tien trq Od Id
dieu hqp le thudng Nhung vi giuy, khdng mudn
mang tieng Id «lqi d y n g " chdng hqn, nen Son mdi dua nhdn djnh cuo minh vdo the khd ndng xdy ro khd coo: «rdt cd the" Neu Son khdng djnh Id «chdc chdn" thi onh dd khdng phdi Id mdt onh thdy gido duqc hqc hdnh tu te Nhung khi nghe Son ndi dieu ndy thi Thu Iqi cd suy nghT khde, dd Id «Nhung Iqi eung rdt ed the nguoi
to ddi mdi thdng bo ehye ddng"
3 Vdi nhi/ng sdc thdi bieu cdm phong phu vd tinh te, cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC dd giup cho viec dien dqt khdng ehi trong gioo tiep md cdn trong cdc trong vdn trd nen sdng ddng, hdp ddn hon bdi ngudi nghe, ngudi doc cd the thdy duqe thdi do, cdch ddnh gid cung nhu nhi/ng edm xue
md ngudi ndi, ngudi viet gui gdm trong dd Trong gidi hqn cho phep, chung tdi moi chi de cdp den mdt hudng hm hieu cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC
Hi vqng cdn cd djp bdn ludn sdu vd rdng hon ve nhi/ng phuong tien ndy
Vdi Nam Coo, viee su dyng vdi tdn so coo cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong cdc tde phdm
dd giup dng them mdt Idn ni/o khdng djnh sy
phong phu, tinh te cuo ngdn ngu ddn tqc vd td
ddm them nhCrng net phong edeh.ddc ddo cuo minh Hieu gid trj cuo nhCrng bieu thue hnh thdi
md dng su dyng, ta Iqi edng them yeu quy vd trdn trqng nhung trong vdn cuo dng •
(1) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 1 NXB Vdn hpe, H 1987 (2) Tuyen tap Nam Cao, tap 2 NXB Vdn hpe, H 2002
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Diep Quang Ban (chu bien) - Hoang Dan Nguphap
tieng Viet (saeh CDSP) NXB Gido due, H 2000
2 Le Bien Tur loai tieng Viet hien dai NXB Gido
ducH 1999
3 Hoang Phe (chu bien) Tudien tieng Viet Trung tam tCr die'n ngOn ngO, H 1992
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