Báo cáo khoa học:Người kiến tạo không gian theo tinh thần mới pdf

THONC TIN VAN H6A NGHe THUAT Ngirai kien tao i(iidng gian tinii tiian mdii DUONG THU HANG Of cac nudc phuong Dong, tinh hien dai la thuat ngiif duoc hiet den nhu 1^ Icet qua ciia cuoc tiep xuc v6i phuong Tay tir TK XVIII. Trong linh vuc van chuong tinh hien dai dugc the hien b^ng su gi^i the cdc gia trj tinh than truyen thdng; hinh thanh nhufng gia trj tinh than mofi va phuong thuc bieu hien cua n6 voi tinh than dan chu vd tu chu. Hien tugng ndy chi thuc sir bat dau Ig ro khi cuoc tiep xlJc Dong Tay xay den 6 Viet Nam cung nhu cac nudc khac trong khu vuc. T ^ cu(5i TK XIX, ngudi Viet Nam ndi ridng, ngudi chdu A ndi chung bdt ddu nhdn ra rdng van hda truydn thd'ng Idu ddi dang ty hao xua nay hidn dang bi lae hau, bd' tdc can dupc ddi mdi cho phu hop vdi thdi dai Qua trinh ddi mdi dd la qua trinh hidn dai hda. Tuy nhidn, vide xac dinh npi ham, tidu chi, md'c thdi gian khdi dau ciia tinh hidn dai cung nhu qua trinh hidn dai hda trong ITnh vyc van hda van hpc la van de kha thu vi, gay nhieu tranh cai va chua cd hdi kd't. Quay trd lai vdi thdi gian dau cua cupc tid'p xuc van hda phuang Tay d Nam Bd. Nhin tdng quan, gidi tri thQc yeu nudc dupc chia lam hai phe chit chid'n dd'n cung va chii hda dd' duy tan, ty cudng. Cudi cung, sQ menh lich su thupc ve phai duy tdn. Song, trong ra't nhidu ngudi cd tu tudng ddi mdi thi khdng phai ai cung roi dung tdm ddn nhdn cua lich su de ed the thyc hidn dupc tam huye't eua minh. Phan Thanh Gian, Pham Phu ThQ, Nguydn Trudng To, Nguydn Lp Traeh deu la nhQng ngudi sdng d nua cud'i TK XIX, dupe di nhidu va md rdng tdm mat va ddu the hidn rat rd tu tudng va tdm huyd't canh tdn dd't nudc. Ddy la nhung tu tudng tid'n bp xuat phat tQ nhung didu trdng tha'y va bdng nhan quan tinh tdo, mdi me. Tuy vay, viec hp dua ra cac ban didu trdn, dd nghi nha Nguydn tid'n hanh nhQng eai each Idn de giup da't nudc hung thinh ddu khdng thanh edng. Truang VTnh Ky la mpt hidn tupng khde la: cung thdi vdi Phan Thanh Gian, nhung dng cd vdn tri thQc Ddng - Tdy cd the coi la khdng Id trong bdi canh van hda Viet Nam thdi d'y. Chpn con dudng tid'p thu van hda Au Tdy, di theo xu hudng canh tdn cua Nguydn Trudng To, Nguydn Lp Traeh , nhung sy chuyen chu cua Truang VTnh Ky la nhQng boat dpng thyc tidn trong ITnh vyc van hda; va nhOng chu truang van hda cua dng md ra mpt xu hudng mdi trong boat ddng sang tac va boat ddng van chuong. Ndi each khac, Truang VTnh Ky la ngudi md ddu cho sy dung hpp Ddng Tdy bdng boat dpng thyc tidn, va cd mpt tac dpng Idn dd'i vdi dudng thdi va hau sinh. Vay, ca sd nao da giup dng chpn dupc ldi di ridng cho minh? Trudc hd't, phai ke dd'n con ngudi tdn giao va qua trinh dao tao cua Truang Vinh Ky. Ong xuat than trong mpt gia dinh cdng giao thdi Thidu Tri, que d Cai Man, lang VTnh Thanh, huydn Tan Minh, tinh VTnh Long. Tuy sdm md cdi cha nhung dupc me cho di hpc chQ Han tu Iuc ldn 5, dd'n 11 tudi Truang VTnh Ky da thdng Sd309 Thang 3-2010 CHAN DUNG VAN HOA thao Tic thu, Ngd kinh. Nhd ndi tieng hpc gidi nen Truang VTnh Ky dupc mdt linh muc ngudi Phap xin nudi va hpc chQ qud'c ngQ va chQ La tinh. Nam 1848, dng dupc hpc than hpc va trid't hoc tai chung vidn Pinhalu d Nam Vang vdi y hudng trd thanh mpt linh myc. Tai day, dng da hoc thdm tie'ng Cao Midn, Lao va Xidm La tu cac ban cung chung vidn. TQ nam 1852 dd'n nam 1858, dng dupe chpn gui sang hpc tai chiing vidn Penang. Trong 6 nam ay, bdn canh vide hpc cac kid'n thQc tdn giao bdng tie'ng La tinh, dng cdn ty hpc cac sinh ngQ khac nhu Phap, Anh, Y, Hoa, Ma Lai, An Dp, Nhat Nhin dai the, khac vdi con dudng cua nhidu tri thiic ddng nidn; thdi cupc va sd phan da dua day Truong VTnh Ky sdm tu bd cai ndi Nho hpc d que nha ma luu lac dd'n eae vung dat xa la dd linh hpi nhidu nen van minh ldn tren the' gidi. Ong da dupe dao tao mpt each bai ban, ed he thdng de trd thanh mpt giao sT ctla dao Thidn Quia vd dng cung ty dao tao de trd thanh mpt nha bae hpc thdng thao gan 20 ngoai ngQ, dupc xe'p thQ 17 trong danh sach 18 nha thdng thai tren thd' gidi duang thdi. Nhu vay, nd'u theo nhan dinh cua M.G Puginier, "cd hai cdng eu dac bidt ed thd lam thay ddi mpt dan tdc. dd la ton giao va ngdn ngQ" (1) thi Truong VTnh Ky CO dit ca hai. Rd't nhieu nghidn cQu eho thay d Truong VTnh Ky con ngudi tdn giao hd't sQc sau dam, nhung hanh xu ciia dng lai khdng gid'ng m'i nhung ngudi chiu anh hudng cua "chu nghTa giao sT" (chQ dung cua Dd Quang Hung) vd'n rat nang nd trong dao cdng gido luc bay gid. Tuy la con chidn cua Chua, dupc hap thu van hoa phuang Tay tQ nhd nhung vd'n tri thQc truydn thd'ng ludn la the'manh de dng thyc hidn muc tidu canh tan van hda eua minh. Trd vd nudc chiu tang me nam 1859, chQng kid'n canh tan sat gido dan eua trieu dinh va nha't la ddi didn vdi sy dp dao tQ quan sy den nen tang tri thirc cua thyc dan Phap, chang trai 22 tudi vdi hpc van va ban ITnh cua minh da trd thanh ngudi thdng ngdn thQ nhat cho ehinh quyen Phap vao nam 1860. Trong chuyen di Phap nam 1863 eung sQ doan Phan Thanh Gian, dng da dupe tid'p xuc va kd't ban vdi nhimg nha bdc hpc ndi tid'ng thupc cac ITnh vyc khac nhau nhu Duruy, Victor Hugo, Renan, Lettre, Paul Bert Khdng thd phii nhdn sy ngudng mp va niem tin CLia dng vao van hda Phap, rpng ra la van hda phuang Tdy, song dng khdng hd roi vao tinh trang "dT Au vi trung" nhu nhieu tri thQc Tay hpc khac. d Truang VTnh Ky, sy dan xen, giao hda Ddng - Tay, cu - mdi, truydn thd'ng - hidn dai the hien trong nhidu khia canh. Chdng han, dng thupc ldp ngudi lam vide eho Phap sdm nha't nhung khdng vao lang Tay, ludn mac khan ddng ao dai chQ khdng mac Au phyc Trong bidn khao, dich thuat, sang tac , dng dung mpt cdng cy mdi, mpt phuang phap mdi me dd' the hidn nhQng npi dung quen thudc, binh dan. Didu nay da dupc nha nghidn cuu Vu Ngpc Phan danh gid: " .Vdi ta't ca cac sach rat khac nhau do Truang VTnh Ky bidn tap, dich thuat, soan va xuat ban trong thdi gian 1863-1898, ngudi ta thay rd dng la mpt nha bac hpe ed de td chQc va cd phuong phap, chQ khdng edn phai la mdt nha van nhu nhQng nha van khac" (2). Tuy nhidn, ban than sy dan xen ay da la mpt mau thudn khie'n cho cupc ddi va sy nghidp eua dng gap nhieu trdc trd. Chpn con dudng nuong theo Phap dd eanh tan dd't nude nhieu khi ddng nghTa vdi vide thyc hidn mim dd ddng hda cua thyc dan Phap. Dien hinh la vide truydn ba chQ qud'c ngQ, trong con mdt cua ngudi Phap thi: "Ong Truang VTnh Ky dap Qng dung vdi nhQng ydu cdu ma cae vi dd dd'c, thd'ng ddc da timg bay td ngay tQ luc Phap mdi chinh phuc Nam Ky, " (3). Trong thyc te', nhQng gi Truang VTnh Ky lam vuot qua khudn khd chii dinh cua chinh quydn thyc ddn. Nd'u hp mud'n dung chQ qud'c ngQ lam cdng cy nd dich thi Truang VTnh Ky bid'n thanh vu khi de canh tan dat nude. Hay vdi vide lam cpng tac vidn va mpt thdi lam chu but Gia Dinh bdo, mpt td bao dupc bao trp va chiu sy kiem duyet cua ehinh quydn thyc dan; Truang VTnh Ky da bid't tan dyng co hpi dupe tin dung de bdng tai nang ciia minh bdi ddp mpt CO nen mdi eho van hda dan tpc. Bdi the, eai nhin eua ehinh ngudi Phap ve Trucmg VTnh Ky cung khdng ddng nhat. Lue thi dng dupc coi la "ngudi con uu tu", luc thi lai la "hidn than eiia Sd 309 Thang 3-2010 TH6NC TIN VAN HOA NGHe THUAT phan tir dang nghi ngd nhd't trong dam ngudi VidtNam"(4) La mpt trong sd it ngudi tid'p xuc va tid'p nhan sdm nhat, sau sde nhd't van hda Phap, Truang VTnh Ky khdng, hoac it khi nhin Phap nhu mpt ddi thu ma nhu mpt thd' lyc van minh cd chd ban chd kem minh ndn cdn dupc khai thac tid'p can hpc hdi dd bd sung cho vide kid'n tao mpt nen van hda dan tdc mdi. Trong mdt bQc thu gui cho Stanislas Meunieu, Truang VTnh Ky da vid't: "Tdi ehi cd the lam trung gian giQa hai dan tpc vQa mdi gap nhau d Nam Ky. Tdi chi cd the lam cho hai dan tpc hid'u nhau va ydu men nhau. Vi the ma tdi da lien tuc dich tQ Viet sang Phap va tQ Phap sang Viet, bdi tdi vdn xac tin rdng: ddng sau ngdn ngQ, ddng sau cac tQ ngQ, mpt ngdy ndo dd tu tudng se dupe chuyd'n qua, vd rdi day dd'i vdi chung tdi la bdt ddu lam quen vdi nen van minh td't dep cua quy ngai" (5). Suy nghT va hanh dpng ciia Truang VTnh Ky, va sau nay ciia Pham Quynh bi ldn dn bdi dinh thuc manh Phdp = ke' tin) da thd'm sdu vao tu tudng ngudi dan Viet Nam cd truyen thd'ng ddnh giac dd'n cung de cQu nudc. Cd thd' thd'y, du cd tham gia cac boat dpng chinh tri, cd thdi gian lam vide cho Phap nhung Truang VTnh Ky da danh nhieu thdi gian vd tdm lyc ban ca vao cac hoat dpng van hda vdi myc dich tang cudng sy hieu bid't giua hai ddn tdc va cd lpi cho Viet Nam: "Myc dich ciia nhQng cdng trinh khidm td'n nay la lam cho vide hpc bid't tid'ng ndi cua ke chinh phyc va ciia ngudi bi chinh phuc cd thd' thyc hidn ldn cho nhau, la thdt chat ban nQa nhung quan he cd Ipi cho quyen lpi chung rang bupc hp vdi nhau, la cai thidn sd phdn ngudi Annam cdn dupe phue hdi bdng each lam cho vide giao due hpe vd'n cua hp dupc hoan hao ban, bdng each lam cho hp hieu the nao la cupc sdng ciia mpt dan tdc va phdt tridn ludn trdn con dudng tid'n bd cung vdi cac nudc khac trdn toan cau"(6). Giai phdp phi truyen thdng nay eiia Truang VTnh Ky thyc ra khdng khae vdi tinh than giao luu "hda nhap nhung khdng hda tan" vi van hda hidn nay cua chung ta la bao nhidu. Tuy tao ra mpt cu sd'c ldn vdi ddng bao ciia nudc Viet Nam vdn cd truyen thdng "sdng danh giac thac cung danh giac", song nd thyc sy da md ra mpt khdng gian tinh thdn mdi. Ldn dau. tidn trong lich su van hpc, mpt thQ van ty mdi mang tinh dai chung ghi am tie'ng ndi hang ngdy dupe dung khid'n cho van hpc trd thanh tdi san tinh than khdng chi cua tang ldp trdn. Ldn ddu tidn ngudi ta cd the thudng xuydn bdi bd tri thQc va ndm bdt thdng tin, du cdn sa gian, qua cac td Gia Dinh bdo, Thdng logi khda trinh Cung vdi nd, bp phdn van xudi qud'c ngQ vd'n xa la trong ddi sd'ng van hpc dupe Truang VTnh Ky chu trpng, dao sau: "Ngudi Annam thich dpe van chuang, thi phu, ngdn ngQ hoa van bdng bdy. De dua ngudi Annam tu cai trang tri thi ca ve cai rd ret ciia van xudi dd' kich dpng ldng ydu thich dpe sach va dd cho hp tap lam quen vdi van xudi di ddi vdi van vdn tdi da tim each thdm nhQng y tudng mdi ciia ndn hpc van hidn dai vao nen hpc van Annam cu de ngudi Annam vdn cd the giQ lai ndn hpc van Annam cu dupc bd tuc va thdm phong phu bdng ndn hpc van mdi de tao thanh mpt tdng hpp ddy du va hoan hao" (7). Rdi hang loat cac cdng trinh bidn khao, dich thuat, suu tdm, sang tdc vdi nhung thao tae, phuang phap mang tinh khoa hpc va thyc chQng cao dupc dem ra "trinh lang". Ddc bidt, vide bid'n van chuang thdnh mpt san phdm thi trudng tu khdu vid't, in dd'n phat hanh da tao ndn khdng khf sdi dpng hoan toan khac trudc. Tac phdm van hpc cua cdc nho sT trudc day thudng dm tham tim dd'n ddc gia. Vide Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi ciia Phan Huy Chii dupe vua thudng mdt lang vang la mpt dpt xua't lich su. Nhung nay, Truang VTnh Ky bdng nhieu each de cd the dua tac phdm cua minh dd'n vdi ngudi dpe nhu vid't thu de nghi ehinh quyen thyc ddn mua eho cac trudng hpc, rao gia ban trdn bia bao, dang quang cao trdn bdo Hinh anh chat vat ciia mdt nha van kid'u mdi trong budc dau ddi mat vdi quy ludt thi trudng ciia Truang VTnh Ky da dupe phat hidn qua danh gia ciia nha nghien cQu Bdng Giang: "Trdn mat tran van hda, Truang VTnh Ky cdn mdn, miet mai theo dudi cdng vide cua minh ke tu khi budc chan ra (20-12-1860) cho den liic m S6 309 i SACH HAY NEN DOC ha trdn, de lai mdt cdng trinh dd sp ma dd dang. Sach vid't ra khdng phai theo ldnh ctia "quan thdy" hay don dat hang ctia nha cam quyen thupc dia. Cud'n nao nha duang eye thay can thi mdi lo vide in Tac gia ty lo lieu mpi viec. Sach khd tieu thu thl lam don xin nha nudc mua de phan phdi cho cac trudng, dupc phdn nao hay phan ay. Cudi ddi, tac gia cdn np nha in Rey&Curio] "(8). Nhu vay, Truang VTnh Ky la san pham dac trung cua thdi ky lich su xa hpi van hda mdi. Ong la ngudi dau tien cua Viet Nam chpn con dudng nuang theo Phap dd canh tan da't nudc. Co sd cua sy lya chpn dd la do dng cd trinh dd hpc van sau rpng, cd nang lyc thidn phu vd nhieu ITnh \'yc, cd kinh nghiem, cam quan va chii kid'n sau nhieu lan tryc tid'p tid'p xuc vdi van minh phuang Tay. Trong dng hpi tu du ta't ca nhQng dieu kidn de trd thanh "ngudi md dau cupc dd'i thoai Ddng - Tay" (chu dung cua Dd Lai Tliuy). Cac boat ddng cua dng du xuat phat tu dpng ca nao, vdi muc dich gi thi trdn thyc te cung da kie'n tao ndn mpt khdng gian tinh thiin mdi. Tuy phai gan nua the ky sau, dpi dd'n khi Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc ra ddi, cac hoat dpng nhu Truang VTnh Ky da lam mdi dupc tie'p sQc, tao mpt budc phat tridn mau le song, cdng lao ctla dng, ngudi dat vidn gaeh dau tidn cho mpt CO do, cdn dupc ghi nhan J rr D.TH Vi^t Nrtm tiortQ qua khii" Ti/ ! William Dampier 1. Din theo D6 Quang Hung, Khia cgnh tdn gido a Truang Vinh Ky trong cuon The ky XXI iiliin ve Truong VTnh Ky. Tap chi Xi(a vd nay. N.xb Tre. TP.HCM. 2001. lr.79-87. 2. Vu Ngpc Phan, Nhd vdn hien dgi, lap 1, N.xb Vdn hgc. 1994. 3. Phillipe Dcvillers. Ngudi Phdp vd ngudi Annam bgn hay thu. Ngo Van Quy dich, Nxb Tdiig hgp TP.HCM. 2006. 4. 5, 6. Dan ihco Dinh Xuan Lam. De di tdi mgt ddnh gid thda ddng ve Truang Vinh Ky, trong cuon The ky XXI iiliiii ve Truang Vinh Ky. Tap chi Xra vd nav. Nxb Tre'. TP.HCM, 2001. tr. 13. 15, 17. 7. 8. Biing Giang, Suang mu tren tdc phd'm Truang Vinh Ky. Nxb Vdn hgc. 1993. MOT CHUYEN DU HANH OEN OANG NGOAI 'ft 1 «" 1 \d\rji li>'-j'j "if. —"Jr "^P? DAMPIER VA CHUYEN DU HANH DANG NGOAI HOANG ANH TUAN T rong sd nhimg nha du hanh chau Au dd'n tham va md ta vuong qudc Dang Ngoai cud'i thdi trung dai nhu Samuel Baron, Richard thi William Dampier dupc coi la mpt trong nhung nha du hanh vT dai nha't cua thdi dai. Ong da di vdng quanh the gidi 3 ldn va nhieu chuye'n di lai giua cac iuc dia Au - My, Au - A trong khoang 40 nam hanh nghd di bidn. Chuyd'n du hiinh cua Dampier tdi Dang Ngoai dupc thyc hidn nam 1688, ngay sau khi dng vQa tu mien Tay An vupt Thai Binh Duong sang phuang Ddng. Udc vpng tim kid'm mpt vi tri quan trpng trong nhQng chuye'n di tham hid'm tiem nang budn ban ciia cdng ty Ddng An Anh (EIC) vdi cac nudc tren ban dao Ddng Thang 3-2010 So 309 KTI . linh vuc van chuong tinh hien dai dugc the hien b^ng su gi^i the cdc gia trj tinh than truyen thdng; hinh thanh nhufng gia trj tinh than mofi . song nd thyc sy da md ra mpt khdng gian tinh thdn mdi. Ldn dau. tidn trong lich su van hpc, mpt thQ van ty mdi mang tinh dai chung ghi am tie'ng