Lighting with Artificial Light 08 pot

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Good Lighting for Sports and Leisure Facilities 8 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 3 From soccer stadiums to fit- ness centres – sports and leisure amenities are a big investment, costly to build and costly to run. And the soundness of that investment hinges on how much the amenities are used. It takes more than just architectural allure to ensure acceptance, how- ever. Users need to feel comfortable, especially recreational users, most of whom only have time for sport in the evenings, i.e. when it is usually dark. That is where lighting comes in. Sport is also a popular form of recreation for non- participants, as evidenced by the rising spectator fig- ures registered at sporting events and the high view- ing ratings of sports broad- casts on television. Here too, lighting is vital. So whether sports and leisure amenities are for indoor or outdoor activities, they need good lighting: for exercise, practice and training, for matches and competitions, for spectator events and television broadcasts. And the light- ing needs to be designed with careful attention to detail, taking account of the nature of the sport in question, the speed of players’ movements, the size and speed of balls, the position of spectators. Sport and fitness are a major market. At the be- ginning of the new millen- nium, membership of the clubs affiliated to the Ger- man Sports Federation totalled around 27 million. What’s more, the organi- sation reckons nearly 50 million Germans do some kind of sport on a regular basis. That is more than twice as many as in 1990. And all those people appreciate good lighting – because it extends the opening hours of sports and leisure facilities and makes sport more fun. So it’s nice to know that good lighting is not expen- sive. In both the public and the private sector, sports and leisure facility operat- ing costs are kept low by modern energy-efficient lighting systems. The pay- back time of such systems is thus short – especially where facilities are well patronised, where they add to the recreational profile of the town or region, where they act as a mag- net for tourists. Editorial F FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 4 1 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lighting for sports 2 and leisure facilities General sports halls 4 handball • basketball • volleyball • fistball • soccer • combat sports • weightlifting General sports halls 6 hockey • table tennis • badminton • fencing • boxing Special sports halls 8 tennis • squash • cycling • riding Special sports halls 10 ice hockey • speed skating • figure skating • curling Special sports halls 12 shooting • nine-pin bowling • ten-pin bowling Fitness studios 13 Indoor swimming pools 14 water polo • competitive swimming • synchronised swimming • high and springboard diving Leisure pools 16 Service areas 18 saunas • solaria Service areas 19 showers • lavatories Service areas 20 changing rooms Service areas 21 entrance areas • ticket dispensers • communi- cation routes • staircases Service areas 22 pay points • bistros • cafeterias • bars General 24 sports grounds soccer • American football • baseball • hockey • athletics Special outdoor 26 sports facilities tennis • golf • equestrian sports: riding, racing, trotting Special recreational 28 sports facilities boccia • mini-golf • inline skating Outdoor swimming 29 pools Winter sports 30 skiing: cross-country, downhill, ski jumping • snowboarding • bobsleigh and tobogganing • curling Lamps 32 Luminaires 34 Lighting technology 36 Sports lighting for TV Standards, regulations, 38 literature Information from 41 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 1 Contents FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 1 2 Sports halls Most sports halls are suit- able for many different sports. Some are also used for non-sporting events, e.g. events staged by local clubs and associations. And sports hall lighting has to cater to all the visual re- quirements of these diverse forms of use. So before any move is made to de- sign a lighting system for a sports hall, it has to be established which sports are going to take place in it and what other forms of use are anticipated (see “Supplementary lighting for multi-purpose halls”, Page 5). One thing that must al- ways be ensured is a level of lighting high enough to meet the requirements of the sport presenting the most demanding visual task. Good general lighting alone cannot meet all re- quirements. Special-pur- pose sports halls which are custom-built for specific sports, such as tennis, squash, riding or shooting, need supplementary light- ing. This is essential for performance of the visual tasks presented by the sport in question. The arrangement of lumi- naires needed for general lighting depends on the lighting requirements set out in the European stan- dard DIN EN 12193 and on the specific geometry of the hall. A regular luminaire arrangement is customary. Whether luminaires are re- cessed, surface-mounted or suspended depends on the height of the hall and the nature of the ceiling. Lumi- naires for 26 mm or 16 mm diameter three-band fluo- rescent lamps and round or rectangular spots for metal halide lamps are a suitable choice. Luminaires used in sports halls need to be impact-resistant. Lighting is not required only to make a sports hall interi- or bright, however; it should also ensure an agreeable atmosphere. This applies especially where a hall is used for sports with an aes- thetic dimension, such as dancing, and other, non- sporting events. Lamps of warm white or neutral white light colour are thus recom- mended and colour render- ing should be good to very good (colour rendering in- dex R a ≥ 80). In partitionable sports halls, direction of play and main lines of vision swing through 90 degrees when the hall is divided. Here, luminaires need to be glare-suppressed for all lines of vision. This is re- commended for non-parti- tionable halls too. Sports grounds Luminaires suitable for sports ground lighting in- clude round or rectangular floods and spots with asymmetrical or symmetri- cal beam. The luminaires should be mounted on four or six masts posi- tioned at the sides of the playing field, which is usu- ally rectangular. Certain sports, such as tennis, are played only on special courts. These sports often present spe- cial visual requirements and call for a luminaire arrangement which differs from the standard sports ground solution. Floodlights should always be mounted as high as possible so that players are not dazzled when they look up at a high-flying ball. The arrangement and lighting characteristics of the luminaires determine the glare situation for play- ers and spectators, whose visual requirements must always be considered in any appraisal of the light- ing. Some floods may need to be adjusted or shielded. Glare cannot be ruled out altogether, however. “General” and “special” Many sports can share the same facilities; others – such as tennis – require facilities which are specifi- cally designed for them. In this booklet, a distinc- tion is thus made between general and special sports halls and general and special sports grounds. Shadows on the pitch must not be too harsh. Floodlight beams should therefore overlap. To avoid deep shadows, all areas of the pitch should be lit from more than one direction. Lighting for sports and leisure facilities Sports Halls • Sports Grounds 2 3 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 2 3 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Level of competition Lighting class l ll lll International/national • Regional • • Local • • • Training • • School/leisure sport • Lighting for TV broadcasts Lighting needs to meet special requirements for tele- vision broadcasts and video recordings made for train- ing purposes. Thanks to today’s high-resolution camera technology, standard-compliant lighting is generally ade- quate for training video recordings. Professional televi- sion, however, calls for special lighting systems designed and installed by specialists. For good TV pictures, key quantities are vertical illuminance, colour temperature (light colour) and the colour rendering properties of lamps (see Page 37). Lighting requirements On the following pages are tables showing the key minimum lighting require- ments of individual sports. The data are taken from DIN EN 12193. This stan- dard sets out requirements for other lighting quality features, too, such as maintained at all times. Design values should be at least 25 % higher than service values. Lighting uniformity For good vision, it is im- portant to ensure not only the requisite level of light- ing but also an even distri- bution of lighting: pro- nounced patches of light and shade overtax the hu- man eye because of the need for constant adapta- tion. Uniformity of illumi- nance (horizontal and ver- tical) is expressed as the ratio of minimum (E min ) to mean (E av ) or minimum (E min ) to maximum (E max ) illuminance. Lighting classes Lighting requirements for a youth team soccer match are not as high as those for a national team game. To meet these diverse re- quirements for players and spectators, DIN EN 12193 sets out three lighting classes with different light- ing criteria. The values stated are minimum re- quirements. The higher the competition level and the farther spectators are away from the action, the higher the lighting class required (see table). Lighting class I: Top-level competition events, top-level training Lighting class II: Medium-level competition events, power training Lighting class III: Simple competition events (usually no spectators), general training, general school and leisure sport Illuminance Illuminance (E) indicates the amount of luminous flux from a light source falling on a horizontal or vertical plane. It is meas- ured in lux (lx). The mini- mum values for horizontal (E h ) and vertical (E v ) illumi- nance defined in DIN EN 12193 apply to the Princi- pal Area (PA). The tables set out mean (av = average), horizontal (E h,av ) and vertical (E v,av ) illuminance values. Unless stated otherwise, mean vertical illuminance should be at least 30 % of hori- zontal illuminance. Illumi- nance values are service values, which need to be Reference areas DIN EN 12193 defines reference areas for each type of sport: the Principal Area (PA), which is the actual pitch or court, and a Total Area (TA), which in- cludes the areas surround- ing the pitch or court. Illu- minance and uniformity of illuminance requirements mostly relate to the Princi- pal Area of the sport. Table numbers In a series of tables num- bered A.1 to A.28, DIN EN 12193 describes the light- ing quality requirements of the 60 most popular sports in Europe. To ensure accu- rate reference to these ta- bles and to other planning aids in the standard, the numbers assigned to the tables in this booklet are identical to those of the ta- bles relating to the same sports in the standard, e.g. A.14 for baseball. Class Horizontal Horizontal illuminance illuminance (diamond/infield) (field/outfield) E h,av E h,min /E h,av E h,av E h,min /E h,av lx lx l 750 0.7 500 0.5 ll 500 0.7 300 0.5 lll 300 0.5 200 0.3 Baseball A.14 colour rendering, glare limitation and the refer- ence areas used to define standard requirements. Furthermore, it stipulates the number of points on the reference areas at which calculations need to be made or measurements taken. FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 3 General sports halls Handball • Basketball • Volleyball • Fistball • Soccer • Combat Sports • Weightlifting Ball sports are often team sports: handball, basket- ball, volleyball, fistball – and the most popular team sport worldwide, soccer. Even indoors, fields of play are larger than for many other sports because they need to ac- commodate greater num- bers of players. For a good clear view of the entire pitch or court, it is impor- tant to ensure uniform illu- mination throughout the hall. To guard against glare for eyes following high-flying balls, luminaires for a vol- leyball court should not be mounted on the ceiling di- rectly above the field of Class horizontal illuminance E h,av E h,min /E h,av lx l750 0.7 ll 500 0.7 lll 200 0.5 1 Luminaires should not be positioned directly over the court. In the case of combat sports, good visual condi- tions are particularly im- portant because athletes need to monitor each other’s movements con- stantly and be on guard against sudden attack. Even the slightest move- ment can signal an as- sault; fast reactions are vital to avoid defeat. For this reason, the same hori- zontal illuminance values are required for sports like karate, judo and wrestling as for normal ball sports. Weightlifting is another sport calling for strength and concentration. Lighting requirements are thus the same as for combat sports. 4 56 7 8 Handball • Basketball • Volleyball 1 Fistball • Soccer Combat Sports Weightlifting 4 play. Nor should lumi- naires be positioned within a four-metre radius of bas- ketball baskets. A.2 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 4 5 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Supplementary lighting for multi-purpose halls For economic reasons, it may make sense to design a new building – or re- equip an existing one – as a multi-purpose hall from the outset, rather than have just a sports hall. It will then have various possible uses: as a lecture hall or exhibition room, as a venue for club events or stage performances, as an assembly hall for festive occasions. Multi-functional halls need multi-functional lighting: general lighting should be dimmable and backed by supplementary lighting systems on separate cir- cuits with a lighting control system customised to meet requirements. Important: All multi-pur- pose halls are also sports halls, so all luminaires must be impact-resistant. Luminaires which do not meet this requirement, e.g. spots for stage-lighting in- stalled less than 5 metres above floor level, need to be removed for sporting activities. A multi-purpose hall used for sports and entertain- ment, arts events and social gatherings. 9 10 11 12 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 5 6 Hockey is a sport involv- ing a small fast-moving ball. Even smaller is the ball used in table tennis. And those balls change direction fast, too. So, for these sports, DIN EN 12193 requires 300 lx illu- minance even for school and leisure sport (Lighting Class III). For competition table ten- nis, four floodlights are re- quired per table. These need to be mounted later- ally so they do not dazzle players or cause disturbing reflections on the table. What’s more, the area sur- rounding the table-tennis table needs to be illumi- nated for players to a depth of as much as five metres. Badminton is played with a shuttlecock, which is also small and fast. To guard against players being dazzled when they look up at a high-arcing shuttle, luminaires should not be mounted directly over the court. For both badminton and table tennis, adequate vertical illuminance needs to be provided at high levels to prevent camou- flage zones which would make it hard for the eyes to follow the trajectory of the shuttle. This ensures that the shuttle is easy to identify by a receiving player even at the highest point of its trajectory. One of the hallmarks of fencing is lightning-fast movement. And because of the fineness of the foil blade and the fact that the principal visual task is fo- cused on the opponent’s torso, DIN EN 12193 re- quires heightened vertical illuminance. General sports halls Hockey • Table Tennis • Badminton • Fencing • Boxing 13 14 15 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 6 7 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Class Horizontal illuminance E h,av E h,min /E h,av lx l750 0.7 ll 500 0.7 lll 300 0.7 Class Horizontal Vertical illuminance illuminance E h,av E h,min /E h,av E v,av E v,min /E v,av lx lx l 750 0.7 500 0.7 ll 500 0.7 300 0.7 lll 300 0.7 200 0.7 Class Horizontal Vertical Horizontal illuminance illuminance illuminance ring ring training area E h,av E h,min /E h,av E v,av E h,av lx lx l 2000 0.8 see 300 ll 1000 0.8 remark 300 lll 300 0.5 300 Remark: E v should be at least 50 % of E h . In boxing, the speed and force of movements in the ring necessitate horizontal illuminance values from 500 to 2,000 lx. In addition, to ensure visual comfort for boxers, referee and spectators, DIN EN 12193 requires lamps with good to very good colour ren- dering properties. Good colour rendering is also a prerequisite for video and television recording. The brightly lit ring in the middle of the hall is vital to the atmosphere of a box- ing match. The lighting here is provided by narrow- angle luminaires mounted directly over the ring. Dur- ing fights, the lighting in the auditorium is generally lowered to security level. Fencing Hockey • Table Tennis • Badminton Boxing A.1 A.1 A.10 16 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:17 Uhr Seite 7 8 Being a very fast sport, tennis places high de- mands on players’ visual acuity. So tennis hall light- ing needs to cause little shadowing and minimal glare and should help maintain the marked con- trast between ball and background. There should be no sharp decline in horizontal illuminance for several metres beyond the sidelines because the zones flanking the court are frequently used by players. To prevent tennis players being dazzled when look- ing at high-arcing balls, luminaires should not be positioned directly over the court. The ceiling must also be luminaire-free as far as three metres behind the base line because players very often look up there, especially when serving. An arrangement of Class Horizontal illuminance E h,av E h,min /E h,av lx l 750 0.7 ll 500 0.7 lll 300 0.5 Tennis A.4 luminaires parallel to the sides of the court is the customary solution. “Lighting lures”. This is an argument for shop-lighting but it also applies to tennis halls equipped with light- ing that offers a special degree of comfort: de- signed for 750 lx illumi- nance (lighting class I), the lighting system permits a two-stage reduction to 500 lx and 300 lx. Players thus have a choice of dif- ferent lighting levels to suit their requirements and pocket. Luminaires used in tennis halls and squash courts need to be impact-resist- ant. Special sports halls Tennis • Squash • Cycling • Riding 23.77 m 36.60 m 18.30 m 3 m 3 m obstacle- free area court illuminated area 10.97 m 18.30 m 11.50 m ε ε 10.97 m 17 The diagrams show how luminaires should be posi- tioned outside the court to avoid dazzling players. FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 12:10 Uhr Seite 8 [...]... well lit Lighting for bistros and cafeterias needs to be attuned to the architectural surroundings Primary design objective: customer comfort To achieve this, the lighting needs to keep 22 track meet the general lighting requirements A second or third lighting system, e.g wallwashers or pendant luminaires assigned to tables, can then be used to furnish accent lighting At bars too, a stimulating lighting. .. pastimes Standard-compliant lane lighting facilitates the visual task for players – but bowlers expect more: they expect lighting that helps create an agreeable atmosphere So special attention should be paid to lighting outside the actual bowling area Accentuating, even indirect lighting – not too bright, not too low – is the key to an attractive lighting concept here Recommended light colour: warm white 27... assured if the lighting system is designed to permit a two-stage reduction in lighting level, from the 500 lx illuminance required for Lighting Class I to 300 lx and 200 lx Players thus have a choice of different lighting levels to suit their requirements and pocket 26 67 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 Newcomers to golf start by practising their swing on the driving range Artificial lighting extends... attractive scene Supplementary accent lighting with wall luminaires, for instance, makes for a more interesting and informal atmosphere The lighting concept for workout areas can also be adopted for spinning, power step, stretching and back-muscle training rooms In at least one of the rooms, the light colour of the lamps should be warm white and the lighting dimmable The lowered lighting acts as a relaxation... rooms, the relevant standards stipulate a lighting level of at least 100 lx For greater comfort and convenience, however, 300 lx is recommended The higher lighting level makes items in lockers or sports bags easier to find, for example It also heightens users’ sense of security and avoids any impression of lack of cleanliness Accent lighting makes for a less clinical lighting atmosphere, enhancing visual... low-voltage tungstenhalogen lamps can be used for accent lighting 51 Mirror lighting Two luminaires are needed to ensure shadow-free reflections of a face These must be mounted on either side of the mirror For larger mirrors, this side -lighting can be usefully supplemented by luminaires over the mirror All luminaires need to be designed for glare-free lighting 52 53 54 20 FGL Heft8_englisch 20.03.2002 11:18... catering counters, correct lighting facilitates communication between customers and staff Adequate general brightness and stimulating accent lighting make these zones an attractive place to spend time before and after sport Sometimes, computerised tills with monitors stand on or behind the counters Here too, the lighting needs to be correct: no reflections on screens, adequate light on keyboards or keypads,... recreational users as well as water sports athletes But recreational users come with greater expectations of a welcoming atmosphere This needs to be taken into account when the lighting system is designed: the pool experience can be enhanced by underwater floodlights, warm-white lamps setting dot-like lighting accents, and general lighting provided by luminaires which make a definite design statement and... elegant luminaires and a considered choice of light sources and light colour In the water, underwater floodlighting adds a magical note to a soothing and stimulating world of cas- cades and fountains, grottoes and niches, vegetation and stone The dramatic lighting provided by concealed and conspicuous luminaires can be supplemented by wallwashing or highlighting areas of the ceiling 42 41 43 17 Fördergemeinschaft... lamps Impact-resistant surfacemounted ceiling luminaire with plastic diffuser panel, for three-band fluorescent lamps Recessed specular louver luminaire with three-band fluorescent lamps for general lighting, with integrated emergency light Pendant luminaire with specular louver unit for three-band fluorescent lamps Louvered recessed ceiling luminaire with specular louver unit for compact fluorescent lamps . need multi-functional lighting: general lighting should be dimmable and backed by supplementary lighting systems on separate cir- cuits with a lighting control system. action, the higher the lighting class required (see table). Lighting class I: Top-level competition events, top-level training Lighting class II: Medium-level