Tuyển tập 20 đề ôn thi chọn đội tuyển học sinh giỏi quốc gia từ các trường chuyên và một nửa được ra đề bởi các thầy cô có kinh nghiệm gần 10 năm. Tập đề giúp học sinh ôn luyện, chuẩn bị tốt nhất cho kỳ thi chọn đội tuyển cấp trường, vòng 1, 2.
TEST PART A Section You will hear part of a radio interview in which the comedian and writer Jane Clarkson is talking about her work For questions 1- 5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear (10 points) What did Jane find difficult about writing a book? A She couldn’t travel around the country B She didn’t get any instant reaction to her work C She had to spend time looking after her daughter D She found the process itself very challenging According to Jane, why did some critics dislike her novel? A They didn’t think the book was funny B They were dismissive of her initial success C They thought her male colleagues were better writers D They thought she should stick to being a comedian Which aspect of Jane’s work as a comedian helped her to write? A her patience C her habit of watching people B her ability to listen D her rational way of thinking According to Jane, how many people react to female comedians? A They’re convinced women can’t tell jokes B They’re afraid the women will break down C They find women’s humour too intense D They find women’s jokes embarrassing What was the disadvantage of the stage image which Jane developed? A It frightened the audience B It made the audience angry C People thought it reflected her real personality D People did not take her seriously any more Section Listen to the recording and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) (10 pts) The speaker has come from the Theosophical Society One of the main points of the talk is to save money She thinks students should more housework She argues that plastic containers won't biodegrade quickly She warns that asthma sufferers should be careful with her recipes Section 4: Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing information Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Over the past few years as first lady, I have had the (1) of traveling all across this country and everywhere I’ve gone and the people I've met and the stories I’ve heard, I have seen the very best of the (2) See, our life before moving to Washington was, was filled with simple joys Saturdays at soccer games, Sundays at grandma’s house, and a date night for Barack and me was either dinner or movie because as an exhausted mum I couldn’t stay awake for both Even back then when Barack was a senator and (3) to me he was still the guy who picked me up for our dates in a car that was so (4) that I could actually see the pavement going by in a hole in the passenger side door He was the guy whose (5) was a coffee table he'd found in a dumpster Well today, after so many (6) and moments that’ve tested my husband in ways I never could have imagined, I have seen first-hand that being president doesn’t change who you are No it (7) who you are When it comes to the health of our families, Barack refused to listen to all those folks to told him to leave (8) for another day, another president He didn’t care whether it was the easy thing to politically, no that's not how he was raised He cared that it was the right thing to When we were first married our combined monthly student loan bill was actually higher than our (9) Yeah!! We were so young, so in love, and so in debt If we wanna give all of our children a foundation for their dreams and opportunities worthy of their promise If we wanna give them that sense of (9) , that belief that here in America there was always something better out there if you're willing to work for it Then we must work like never before, and we must once again come together and stand together for the man we can trust to keep moving this great country forward My husband, our president, Barack Obama Thank you, God bless you, God bless America PART B Part 1: In total, the repairs will cost somewhere in the _ of £3000 A region B field C area D zone Both of the jobs I’ve been offered are fantastic opportunities – I’m in such ! A a constituency B a deviation C an arrhythmia D a quandary Sharon is such a positive person – she her problems, whatever they are A goes light on B throws light to C makes light of D sheds light upon He never buys cigarettes; he always them from his friends A lends B sponges C scrounges D craves The government spokesman glossed the administration’s policy mistakes A out B away C over D bac Tom didn’t know anything about business, so starting his own was A a leap into the clouds B a breakthrough C pure and simple D a leap in the dark 7.Fred has a of staying out of trouble at the office - he never gets involved A trait B ability C skill D knack 8.Anyone who lies under oath will be charged with the course of justice A perverting B inverting C converting D diverting It is imperative what to when there is a fire A that everyone know B that everyone knows C he must know about D that he knew 10 Security at the event has been tightened since last year , about 1000 managed to get in without tickets A Nonetheless B Notwithstanding C At any rate D Any way you slice it 11 He didn’t mention his recent promotion for fear that it would trouble amongst his colleagues A set off B spark off C set out D lead off 12 The recession has heavily impacted our small business so much that we have had no option but to staff A let up B give up C lay off D leave off 13 If a bus doesn’t come, you can always flag a taxi A after B for C off D down 14 I've how many times she's been late for work this month A lost my marbles of B lost count of C lost my head of D lost my mind of 15 That wall would fall over if it wasn’t with planks of wood A propped up B watered down C chanced upon D stored up 16 In the end it all a question of trust A gets round to B adds up to C feels up to D comes down to 17 I’m afraid you’ve got the wrong end of the A loaf B pot C leg D stick 18 From mass production clothing to managing factory lines to understanding the nature of different fabrics, he kept _ and that has brought him where he is today A a millstone around his neck B a sword in the stone C his heart of stone D his nose to the grindstone 19 The weekend is over, so tomorrow morning it’s back to the A grind B labour C drudgery D toil 20.He _ the cart before the horse by buying the ring before he had proposed to her A fastened B tied C put D coupled Part 2: There are ten mistakes in the following passage Find and correct them Line Skiing is one of the most popular sports in the world According to recent Line estimation, about one hundred millions of people ski regularly or occasionally Line Sliding across the snow on skis is also one of the most ancient methods of Line transport known to the man It has demonstrated that men were already travelling Line across the snow by means of primitive skis before the invention of the wheel In Line the Asiatic region of Altai and in Scandinavia, for example , the remains of skis Line have been found which dated back to 4,000 BC Further evidence is supplied by Line ancient cave paintings which depict people skiing, and a Norway saga which tells Line the story of an invasion of its territory 8,000 years ago by a tribe of skiers who Line 10 came from the north Line 11 Nowadays, skiing, apart from a sport, has become a big industry and a Line 12 notable feature of leisure culture Ski resorts and all the activity that they generate Line 13 is the main source of wealth in many mountain regions, which were previously Line 14 remote and accessible And far from its once elitist image, skiing is now enjoyed Line 15 by an increasingly broader spectra of society Line 16 Mistakes …………………… … Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … ………………… …… Line: … 10 ………………… … Line: … Correction Part 3: WHY SPEAKING TO YOURSELF IN THE THIRD PERSON MAKES YOU WISER Simple rumination – the process of churning your concerns around in your head – isn’t the answer to true wisdom It’s likely to cause you to become stuck in the (1) _ of your own thoughts and (2) _ in the emotions that might be leading you astray Certainly, research has shown that people who are (3) _ to rumination also often suffer from impaired decision making under pressure, and are (4) _ a substantially increased risk of depression Instead, the scientific research suggests that you should adopt an ancient rhetorical method favoured by the (5) _ of Julius Caesar and known as ‘illeism’ – or speaking about yourself in the third person (the term was (6) _ in 1809 by the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge from the Latin ille meaning ‘he, that’) If I was considering an argument that I’d had with a friend, for instance, I might start by silently thinking to myself: ‘David felt frustrated that…’ The idea is that this small change in perspective can clear your emotional (7) _, allowing you to see past your biases A bulk of research has already shown that this kind of third-person thinking can temporarily improve decision making Now a preprint at PsyArxiv, which is the (8) _ of the psychologist Igor Grossmann at the University of Waterloo in Canada, finds that it can also bring long-term benefits to thinking and emotional regulation The researchers said this was ‘the first evidence that wisdom-related cognitive and affective processes can be trained in daily life, and of how to so’ A mud B gut A immersed A apt C rut B consumed B inclined A under B in C at B duplicates A minted B coined A impregnation C submerged C likely A likes A fog D hut B mist D prone D within C copies C Launched C smog B coinage D occupied C brainchild D Matches D founded D dew D harness Your answers: Part 4: For questions 1-10, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided (10pts) THE HAPPINESS APP Until recenly, if psychologists wanted to know in (1) way an experience or activity affected us, they had to put their trust (2) our ability to remember With the advent of smartphone apps, that has changed Researchers at Havard University have persuaded thousands of people to take (3) in studies in which an app downloaded to their phones periodically asks (4) they happen to be in their city or town, what they’re doing, what they’re thinking and how happy they feel I’m one of (5) It’s been an irritating but enlightening experience More often (6) not, I’ve found myself muttering “Leave me alone!” when my phone beeped at some inopportune moment but it’s also made me aware of how frequently I’m distracted and how, when distracted, I feel a lot (7) contented than I want to be It seems I’m not the (8) one The researchers have found that whatever we’re doing, if we’re thinking about something (9) , we just don’t feel as happy as we might So focus! It will (10) you good Your answers 10 Part 5: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the text Write your answers (A, B, C or D) in the corresponding numbered boxes (10 pts) THE CREATORS OF GRAMMAR No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I' In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we' Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar? At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch Amazingly, however, this is possible Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilize the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home It was basically a pidgin Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way A new creole was born Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do' 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did' Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language? A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language? A It contained complex grammar B It was based on many different languages C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves D It was created by the land-owners All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT: A The language has been created since 1979 B The language is based on speech and lip reading C The language incorporates signs which children used at home D The language was perfected by younger children In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed? It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers A B C D 'Make-shift' in paragraph is closest in meaning to: A complicated and expressive B simple and temporary C extensive and diverse D private and personal Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT: A All children used the same gestures to show meaning B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language C The hand movements were smoother and smaller D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities Which idea is presented in the final paragraph? A English was probably once a creole B The English past tense system is inaccurate C Linguists have proven that English was created by children D Children say English past tenses differently from adults 9-10 Which TWO ideas best sum up the main ideas of the passage? A Some children are better at grammar than others B Children have the mental capacity to create complex languages C Children are better at learning grammar than adults D Children prefer to invent their own grammar rules than to copy existing rules E All creole languages were perfected by children A likes B duplicates C copies D Matches the likes of someone/something=someone or something that is equal to or as important as the person or thing being mentioned A minted B coined C Launched D founded Coin = to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time A fog B mist C smog D dew Fog= a confused or uncertain state, usually mentally or emotionally A impregnation B coinage C brainchild D harness Coinage=a set of coins of different values used in a country's money system Part 4: For questions 1-10, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided (10 points) what in part where them than less only else 10.do Part 5: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the text Write your answers (A, B, C or D) in the corresponding numbered boxes (10 pts) A A C D B A D B/E B 10 E/B Part 6: Read the following passage and the tasks that follow Write your answer in the space provided (10 pts) i tropics v vii viii iv global male first 10 (officially) category/strengt warming/ names retired h climate change Part 7: Read the text below and answer the questions (15 pts) 1B D 3C 4A 6B 7C 8C 9A 10D Part 5: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the text Write your answers (A, B, C or D) in the corresponding numbered boxes (10 pts) THE CREATORS OF GRAMMAR No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex By changing word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in meaning We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I' In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we' Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar? At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch Amazingly, however, this is possible Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade At that time, slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf Sign languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilize the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home It was basically a pidgin Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way A new creole was born Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do' 'It ended' may once have been 'It end-did' Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by children Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language? A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language Trong đoạn 1, người viết đưa thông tin ngôn ngữ Cherokee? A Để cho thấy văn hóa truyền thống, đơn giản có cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp B Để cho biết ngữ pháp tiếng Anh khác với ngữ pháp Cherokee C Để chứng minh cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp phát minh người Cherokees D Để chứng minh việc học ngơn ngữ Cherokee khó khăn Clue: Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I' What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language? A It contained complex grammar B It was based on many different languages C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves D It was created by the land-owners Có thể suy điều ngơn ngữ pidgin nơ lệ? A Nó chứa ngữ pháp phức tạp B Nó dựa nhiều ngơn ngữ khác C Nó khó hiểu, với người nơ lệ D Nó tạo chủ sở hữu đất đai Clue: Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom =Pidgins chuỗi từ chép từ ngơn ngữ chủ đất Họ có ngữ pháp, nhiều trường hợp, người nghe khó suy luận kiện xảy làm với All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT: A The language has been created since 1979 B The language is based on speech and lip reading C The language incorporates signs which children used at home D The language was perfected by younger children Tất câu sau ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Nicaragua NGOẠI TRỪ: A Ngôn ngữ tạo từ năm 1979 B Ngôn ngữ dựa phát biểu đọc lời nói C Ngơn ngữ kết hợp dấu hiệu mà trẻ em sử dụng nhà D Ngơn ngữ hồn thiện trẻ nhỏ Clue: Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home.= Mặc dù trẻ em dạy nói đọc lời nói lớp học, sân chơi, chúng bắt đầu phát minh hệ thống ký hiệu riêng mình, sử dụng cử mà chúng sử dụng nhà In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed? It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers A B C D 'Make-shift' in paragraph is closest in meaning to: A complicated and expressive B simple and temporary C extensive and diverse D private and personal Make –shift= tạm bợ= simple and temporary Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence? Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved Câu gần nghĩa với câu tô sáng? Ngữ pháp phổ biến đóng phần ngơn ngữ, phổ biến đến mức A Tất ngơn ngữ, cho dù chúng nói vài người hay nhiều người, có ngữ pháp B Một số ngôn ngữ bao gồm nhiều ngữ pháp, ngơn ngữ khác có C Ngôn ngữ chứa nhiều ngữ pháp phổ biến ngôn ngữ chứa ngữ pháp D Ngữ pháp tất ngôn ngữ giống nhau, ngôn ngữ phát triển đâu All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT: A All children used the same gestures to show meaning B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language C The hand movements were smoother and smaller D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities Tất điều sau đặc điểm ngôn ngữ ký hiệu Nicaragua NGOẠI TRỪ: A Tất trẻ em sử dụng cử giống để thể ý nghĩa B Ý nghĩa rõ ràng so với ngôn ngữ ký hiệu trước C Các chuyển động bàn tay nhẹ nhàng nhỏ D Các cử tạo cho đồ vật hoạt động hàng ngày Clue: Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way.= Mặc dù dựa dấu hiệu trẻ lớn hơn, ngôn ngữ trẻ nhỏ trơi chảy đọng hơn, sử dụng loạt thiết bị ngữ pháp để làm rõ nghĩa Hơn nữa, tất trẻ em sử dụng dấu hiệu theo cách Which idea is presented in the final paragraph? A English was probably once a creole B The English past tense system is inaccurate C Linguists have proven that English was created by children D Children say English past tenses differently from adults Ý tưởng trình bày đoạn văn cuối cùng? A Tiếng Anh có lẽ creole B Hệ thống khứ tiếng Anh khơng xác C Các nhà ngơn ngữ học chứng minh tiếng Anh tạo trẻ em D Trẻ em nói khứ tiếng Anh khác với người lớn Clue: Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children 9-10 Which TWO ideas best sum up the main ideas of the passage? A Some children are better at grammar than others B Children have the mental capacity to create complex languages C Children are better at learning grammar than adults D Children prefer to invent their own grammar rules than to copy existing rules E All creole languages were perfected by children Clue: Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy-> B Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way A new creole was born.-> E Your answers: 10 Part 6: Read the following passage and the tasks that follow Write your answer in the space provided (10 pts) HURRICANES A A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, an area of intense low pressure in the tropics surrounded by a violent rotating storm It is called a hurricane in the North Atlantic, the Northeast Pacific east of the dateline, and the South Pacific Ocean east of 160E; west of the dateline it is called a typhoon, and in the Indian Ocean, a cyclone It becomes a hurricane officially if its wind speeds reach 75kmh, or force 12 on the Beaufort scale; below that it is a tropical storm Every year, there are about 100 tropical storms and about 50 of them reach hurricane strength The name comes from "Hurican", the Carib god of evil B i Process of formation Hurricanes need precise meteorological conditions to form: the sea surface temperature needs to be above 26.50C They are formed over the tropic ocean when strong clusters of thunderstorms drift over warm water Warm air from the storm and the ocean surface combine and begin to rise, creating an area of low pressure on the ocean surface Rising warm air causes pressure to decrease at higher altitudes Air rises faster and faster to fill the low pressure, in turn drawing more warm air up off the sea and sucking cold air downwards= Cuồng phong cần điều kiện khí tượng xác để hình thành: nhiệt độ mặt biển cần 26,50C Chúng hình thành đại dương nhiệt đới đám dông mạnh trôi qua vùng nước ấm Khơng khí ấm từ bão bề mặt đại dương kết hợp bắt đầu dâng lên, tạo vùng áp suất thấp bề mặt đại dương Khơng khí ấm tăng lên khiến áp suất giảm độ cao lớn Khơng khí bốc lên ngày nhanh để lấp đầy áp suất thấp, hút thêm khơng khí ấm từ biển lên hút khơng khí lạnh xuống The cluster of thunderstorms merge to become a huge storm, which moves west with the trade winds While it remains over warm water the tropical wave begins to grow Wind speeds increase as air is sucked into the low pressure centre If the depression strengthens and its wind speed climbs above 40mph it becomes a tropic storm and is named by the US National Hurricane Centre Once the sustained winds exceed 74kmp, the storm becomes a hurricane= Tốc độ gió tăng lên khơng khí bị hút vào trung tâm áp suất thấp Nếu áp thấp nhiệt đới mạnh lên tốc độ gió lên 40mph, trở thành bão nhiệt đới đặt tên Trung tâm Bão Quốc gia Hoa Kỳ Một sức gió trì vượt 74 km / h, bão trở thành cuồng phong It can take as long as several days or only a few hours for a depression to develop into a full-blown hurricane The fully developed hurricane is made up of an eye of calm winds surrounded by a spinning vortex of high winds and heavy rainstorms -> Quá trình hình thành C v Damaging effects Hurricanes produce the highest wind speeds, up to 200mph in the most extreme cases, which only the strongest structures can withstand They produce enormous amounts of rain which can lead to catastrophic flash floods Sometimes most seriously, they produce a phenomenon known as a storm surge This is a huge raising of the sea level, caused jointly by the huge winds and the very low atmospheric pressure In the most extreme cases it can be as much as 25ft above normal The hurricane pushes this heightened sea along in front of its path and when it hits the coastline, especially the low-lying coasts, there can be disastrous inundations, especially when the surge combines with torrential rain.= Chúng tạo lượng mưa lớn dẫn đến lũ qt thảm khốc Đơi nghiêm trọng nhất, chúng tạo tượng gọi triều cường Đây tượng mực nước biển dâng cao, gây gió lớn áp suất khí thấp Trong trường hợp khắc nghiệt nhất, cao 25ft so với mức bình thường Bão đẩy vùng biển cao dọc theo đường chạm vào bờ biển, đặc biệt bờ biển trũng thấp, gây ngập lụt thảm khốc, đặc biệt nước dâng kết hợp với mưa xối xả Once a hurricane reaches land, it tends t die out fairly quickly as there is no more warm water to supply heat, but out in the open ocean it can last for a fortnight or more -> Tac động gây thiệt hại D vii System for classification Hurricanes are now measured between strengths and on the Saffir-Simpson scale= Bão đo từ cường độ đến thang đo Saffir-Simpson,, formulated in 1969 by Herbert Saffir, a consulting engineer, and Dr Bob Simpson, the director of the US national Hurricane Center The scale was devised in the aftermath of Hurricane Camille in 1969, one of the most violent storms ever to hit the continental United States Its categories run like this Category one (minimal): winds 75 to 95mph, minor flooding, slight structural damage, storm surge up to 1.5m Category two (moderate): winds between 96 and 110mph, roof and tree damage, storm surge 1.8 to 2.4m Category three (extensive): winds between 111 and 130mph, houses damaged, severe flooding, storm surge 2.7 to 3.7m Category four (extreme): winds of between 131 and 155mph, major structural damage to houses and some roofs destroyed, storm surge of between and 5.5m Category five (catastrophic): winds above 155mph, many buildings destroyed, smaller ones blown away completely, severe inland flooding, storm surge of more than 5.5m -> Hệ thống phân loại bão E viii Speculation about cause Although global warming is confidently expected to produce more violent storms, scientists cannot yet prove a link between current hurricane rates and climate change= Mặc dù tượng ấm lên toàn cầu cho tạo nhiều bão dội hơn, nhà khoa học chưa thể chứng minh mối liên hệ tốc độ bão biến đổi khí hậu There does seem to have been an increase in the number of category five hurricanes worldwide 2004 was more active than 2003 and 2002 but less active than the four years before that -> Suy đoán nguyên nhân F iv Systems for identifying All tropical storms are named, to provide case of communication between forecasters and the general public about forecast, watches and warnings Since the storms can often be long lasting and more than one can be occurring in the same region at the same time, names can reduce the confusion about which storm is being described= Tất bão nhiệt đới đặt tên, để cung cấp thông tin liên lạc người dự báo công chúng dự báo, theo dõi cảnh báo Vì bão thường kéo dài nhiều bão xuất lúc khu vực, nên tên gọi giảm bớt nhầm lẫn việc mô tả bão Before the 20th century, especially in the Caribbean, hurricanes were sometimes named after the saint's day on which they struck land During the Second World War, US Navy meteorologists gave them the female names of wives and loved ones, but by 1950 a formal naming strategy was in place for North Atlantic cyclones, based on the phonetic alphabet of the time (Able, Baker, Charlie and so on.) In 1953 the US Weather Bureau decided to switch to female first names, and with the agreement of the World Meteorological Association, included male first names in the list in 1979 Each meteorological region of the world now has an agreed list of names The letters Q, U, X, Y and Z are not used because few names begin with these letters Quite a few hurricane names, including Andrew, Betsy, Bob, Camille, Hugo and Hilda, have been officially retired because the storms concerned caused damage on a scale unlikely to be repeated= Mỗi vùng khí tượng giới có danh sách thống tên Các chữ Q, U, X, Y Z không sử dụng tên bắt đầu chữ Khá nhiều tên bão, bao gồm Andrew, Betsy, Bob, Camille, Hugo Hilda, thức ngừng hoạt động bão liên quan gây thiệt hại quy mơ khó lặp lại About 50 names have been retired; a country can request retirement Hệ thống cho việc xác định List of headings Your answers i Process of formation Section A ii Effect of a storm surge Section B _ iii Defining characteristics Section C _ iv Systems for identifying Section D _ v Damaging effects Section E _ vi History of hurricanes Section F _ iii vii System for classification viii Speculation about cause ix Effect of low pressure x The Carib god of evil Part You are going to read a magazine article about the use of gadgets by people doing outdoor activities For questions 7–20, choose from the sections of the article A–E Some of the choices may be used more than once Transfer your answers to the answer sheet In which section of the article are the following mentioned? why people were willing to suffer outdoors in the past the need to understand certain terminology a belief about what the reason for doing outdoor activities should be 4.a feeling of reassurance provided by a certain gadget 5.how many people have taken up outdoor activities because of gadgets 6.a criticism of the motivation of people who get a lot of gadgets for outdoor activities 7.a belief that gadgets may prove not to be useful 8.a belief that someone with gadgets would not be a good companion in certain circumstances 9.the high level of demand for gadgets connected with outdoor activities 10.an advantage of outdoor gadgets in addition to the benefits for users Kit Man Gadgets that bring home comforts to the great outdoors have given rise to a new breed of outdoor adventurer But purists are unconvinced A Up there, in the clear fresh air, it isn't just the stars that are glowing You can climb a mountain and find at the top of it a nightmare of hi-tech gadgetry and hardship-avoidance devices Worried about getting lost? Relax with a handheld GPS unit, featuring 3D and aerial display, plus built-in compass and barometric altimeter Lo lắng việc bị lạc? Thư giãn với thiết bị GPS cầm tay, có tính hiển thị 3D không, với la bàn máy đo độ cao khí áp tích hợp.-> Q4 Even the sacred covenant between outdoor types and wet socks has come unravelled with the development of 'hydrophobic' fabrics which repel all moisture At next month's Outdoors Show in Manchester, all this kit and more will be on display for an audience which seemingly can't get enough of it Tại Triển lãm Ngoài trời vào tháng tới Manchester, tất dụng cụ trưng bày cho khán giả dường xem đủ-> Q9 'When we ask people what they come to the show for, they list two things,' says the event's sales manager, Geff Simons 'One is the inspiration to get outdoors in the first place And the other is to see the new gear, the gadgets, the breakthroughs That's what they love.' The event, the showcase of Britain's booming adventure business shows everything the tech- savvy adventurer could wish for, from solar-heated sleeping bags to remote- controlled lanterns B The rise of Kit Man, as the gizmo-fixated menace of the 21st century mountains has been christened, reflects both changing social trends and the dizzying speed of scientific advance Modern hikers have moved on from the Spartan routines of 50 years ago, when discomfort, bad food and danger were seen as part of the authentic outdoor experience khó chịu, thức ăn không ngon nguy hiểm coi phần trải nghiệm ngồi trời đích thực-> Q1 They also have more money and a conditioned attachment to life's luxuries However, basic pioneering disciplines —map-reading, camp-laying, First Aid — have declined, to be shakily replaced by the virtual skills offered by technology With so much gear now available, Kit Man and his kind stand accused by the oldschoolers of being interested only in reaching the summits of gadgetry Kit Man đồng loại anh bị người học cũ cáo buộc quan tâm đến việc đạt đến đỉnh đồ dùng.-> Q6 C 'I think these people are completely missing the point,' huffs author and TV presenter Guy Grieve, who spent a year living alone in the Alaskan wilderness The whole idea of going into the wild is to get away from the things that tie you in knots at home Toàn ý tưởng trở nên hoang dã thoát khỏi thứ trói buộc bạn nhà ->Q3 I'd prefer to take as little as possible — a tent, a rifle, and a few pots and pans All this technology, I mean, it might look fantastic on paper, but when there's a real problem, it's almost certainly going to let you down Tất công nghệ này, ý là, giấy trơng tuyệt vời, có vấn đề thực sự, gần chắn khiến bạn thất vọng.-> Q7 What will see you through is the old stuff, the maps and the bits of rope There are times when you need that kind of dependability Who'd want to be stranded out in the wild with a gadget freak? Ai lại muốn bị mắc kẹt thiên nhiên hoang dã với thứ thiết bị kỳ dị? '-> Q8 ' Travel and adventure writer Clive Tully agrees 'Be suspicious of anything that claims to make your life easier,' he warns 'My experience is that people who depend on technology are woefully ill-prepared in other ways You still need to be able to read a map and the basic stuff.' D None of which is enough to keep Kit Man from his toys The mountains and hills are alive with the sound of ringing mobiles, beeping biometric pressure metres, clicking ultra-violet radiation sensors and the whirring of the current ultimate in gadget chic — a micro helicopter which can be controlled from an iPod to send back live pictures of the route ahead Thus tooled up, Kit Man must consider what he is to wear And as any visit to a contemporary outdoor store shows, this involves not only acquiring new clobber, but new jargon điều khơng liên quan đến việc có áo mà thuật ngữ -> Q2 When he asks about a pair of trousers, he will learn about Moisture Vapour Transfer Rate, Hydrostatic Heat Resistance and Wickability.It is tempting to scoff at Kit Man, but not everyone sides with the romantics Many in the adventure business say gadgets have encouraged thousands who would otherwise not have ventured into the great outdoors= Nhiều người lĩnh vực kinh doanh mạo hiểm nói thiết bị khuyến khích hàng nghìn người khơng muốn mạo hiểm tham gia hoạt động trời tuyệt vời-> Q5 Evidence from the American market also suggests that technology has had a positive environmental impact, and increased safety standards= Bằng chứng từ thị trường Mỹ cho thấy cơng nghệ có tác động tích cực đến mơi trường tăng tiêu chuẩn an toàn-> Q10 Part 8: 1: Tom is (always) the life and soul of parties the life and soul of the party : họ người quảng giao trung tâm hoạt động kiện 2: The young actress had butterflies in her stomach before the audition Have butterflies in one’s stomach: bồn chồn,lo lắng điều 3: The community sang the recently elected mayor’s praises Sing one’s praises : Dành lòng để ca ngợi, tán dương hay điều cách đầy nhiệt huyết 4: The new musical has taken theatre audiences by storm Take sth by storm : làm ai/cái trở nên tiếng To this day, I still don’t understand why he did it To this day : even now, after a very long time 6.It was at Kate’s insistence that we curried favour with our teacher Curry favour with sb: lấy lịng 7.Travellers to this area are advised to carry water lest wells (should) be thin on the ground be thin on the ground: không nhiều, hiếm, có Against all expectations, Sam joined the ranks of the unemployed Join the ranks of : trở thành thành viên nhóm tổ chức My daughter has grown out of the jumper you knitted for her Grow out of : Qúa lớn để vừa quần áo, giày dép// Mất thú vui, hứng thú bạn già trưởng thành hơn// Kết phát triển từ 10 I couldn’t make head nor tail of the plot of the book Make head nor tail of sth: hiểu hc nhân điều ... at D within at the risk of doing sth=used before you say something that may seem offensive or stupid A likes B duplicates C copies D Matches the likes of someone/something=someone or something... seem to have been an increase in the number of category five hurricanes worldwide 200 4 was more active than 200 3 and 200 2 but less active than the four years before that F All tropical storms are... luck Int: I think why people give you a hard time about the novel is surely because we’re so trapped into thinking Jane Clarkson is a comedian It’s as though, you know, you can’t anything else,