Cú pháp hình thái học

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Cú pháp – Hình thái học MORPHOLOGY MORPHEME (hình vị) Hình vị là đơn vị nhỏ nhất có nghĩa hoặc chức năng ngữ pháp VD cats (2 hình vị) (cat có nghĩa) (s chức năng ngữ pháp) Reading Phân loại Dựa theo h.

Cú pháp – Hình thái học MORPHOLOGY MORPHEME (hình vị) Hình vị đơn vị nhỏ có nghĩa chức ngữ pháp VD: cats (2 hình vị) (cat: có nghĩa) (s: chức ngữ pháp) Reading Phân loại: Dựa theo hình thái: (form) - Free morpheme (hình vị tự do): hình vị đứng Ex: honest, possess, study, girl, danger - bound morpheme (hình vị ràng buộc): khơng thể đứng Ex: dishonest = dis (B) + honest (F) malfuntion, unhappy, Dựa theo ý nghĩa: (meaning) - Roots/ bases (căn tố): yếu tố gốc Ex: honest, happy, cat, - Affix (phụ tố): yếu tố phụ, bị ràng buộc Ex: cats, dishonest, unhappy, Affix - Vị trí (position): prefixes (tiền tố), infixes (trung tố), and suffixes (hậu tố) un – happi - fre root ness suf infix: tooth => teeth BT: internationalize - Chức (funtion): + inflectional (biến hình từ): biến đổi hình thái ngữ pháp từ cat + s = cats look + ed = looked + derivational (phái sinh từ): tạo từ read + er = reader VD: taller & teacher: I am reading book: Reading skill: WORDS inter/nation/al/ize Từ đơn vị nhỏ hoạt động câu - Simple words: từ đơn = hình vị Ex: fan, table, - Complex words: từ phức = hình vị (trong có hình vị ràng buộc) Ex: tele vise , tele phone - Compound words: từ ghép = hình vị tự Ex: blackboard, school-girl, Ex2: swimming teacher, white house, BT: Greenhouse: unbelive: swimming: PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION (quá trình tạo từ) a COMPOUNDING (kết hợp từ) Kết hợp từ hay nhiều từ trở lên Home + work = homework Pick + pocket = pickpocket - sunflower, skateboard, whitewash - school- girl, red-hot, self-help - high school, cat lover Compound nouns, Compound verbs, Compound adjectives b DERIVATION (phái sinh từ) teacher re-ask refusal inspection pre-cook c CLIPPING (lược bỏ từ) cắt bỏ phần đầu phần cuối từ, hai để tạo từ Ex: advertisement– ad coeducational student – coed alligator – gator delicatessen – deli automobile – auto cleric – clerk bicycle – bike dormitory – dorm cabriolet – cab examination – exam d ACRONYMY (viết tắt từ) Viết tắt chữ đầu tiên: NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization RADA: radio detecting and ranging NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign language UN or U.N (United Nations) e BLENDING (nối từ) nối phần từ với phần cuối từ khác breakfast + lunch  Brunch smoke + fog  Smog television + marathon  telethon modulator + demodulator Modem Spanish + English  Spanish Motor + hotel = Motel Wireless + Fedility = Wi-fi Sheep + Goal = shoat f BACK FORMATION (hình thành lược sau) từ có xu hướng lược bỏ hình vị sau editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927) Paramedical (1921) paramedic (1967) Bài tập The word ‘truth’ is a word Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a simple b compound c complex The word ‘apparatus’ is a _ word Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a simple b compound c complex The process of word formation in ‘ American + Indian => Amerindian’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a compounding b clipping c blending d derivation The process of word formation in ‘ baby-sitter => baby-sit’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a back-formation b clipping c blending d derivation The process of word formation in ‘ view => preview’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a back-formation b clipping c blending d derivation The process of word formation in ‘ donation => donate’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a back-formation b clipping c blending d derivation The original word of ‘childhood’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a child + hood b child c child + manhood d childish + hood The word ‘oxen’ is a word Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a simple b compound c complex The process of word formation in ‘ radio detecting and ranging => radar’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a compounding b clipping c blending d acronymy A dancing teacher is a: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a compound word b a grammatical structure c simple word d complex word The process of word formation in ‘ shrimp + hamburger => shrimpburger’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a compounding b clipping c blending d derivation The original word of ‘friendship’ is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a friend b friend + shipping c friend + ship d friendly FORM-CLASSIFICATION (phân loại từ) The word classes can be put into three groups: - Form-classes (Hình thái) Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Uninflected words - Structure-classes (Cấu trúc) Qualifiers: (lượng từ) very, much, many, a lot, great, full, Prepositions: (giới từ) at, on, to, in, before, after, because, due to, * ing prepositions: assuming, beginning, barring, concerning, considering, during, following, including, involving, pending regarding, succeeding Ex: Concerning the weather, the trip should be canceled Coming home late, I found a man in my room Determiners: (định từ) the, a, an, this, that, these, those, her, my, * quantifying determiners — some, every, most, no, any, both, half, Auxiliaries (trợ động từ) can could may might shall should will would must ought (to) have, be, Pronouns Reflexive pronouns: -self –selves CLAUSE Mệnh đề nhóm từ chứa chủ ngữ động từ hữu hạn Mệnh đề độc lập: Mệnh đề độc lập câu hồn chỉnh Nó chứa chủ ngữ động từ câu (Nó cịn gọi mệnh đề chính.) Mệnh đề phụ thuộc: Mệnh đề phụ thuộc câu hồn chỉnh Nó phải kết nối với mệnh đề độc lập NOUN CLAUSE Một mệnh đề danh từ sử dụng giống danh từ - Question words: when, why, where, how, who, whom, what, which, whose - whether, if - that • Ex: I know that you pass the exam That you pass the exam makes your parents happy Tell me when you leave FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES 1.2.1 Object of Verb Lan said (that) she liked to live in HCMC I know ( that) you are the champion He told me (that) we could park it at the railway station He asked me where I live 1.2.2 Subject What you are doing is very complex What you want seems good (linking verb) 1.2.3 Object of preposition They laughed at what we said They were thankful for what you did 1.2.4 Complement -Subject complement The fact is that he doesn’t try -Object complement She made me what I am 1.2.5 Complement of a noun The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone The news that he told you was not true 1.2.6 Complement of adjective She is very glad that you are able to come I am afraid that we lost ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Một mệnh đề tính từ mệnh đề phụ thuộc bổ nghĩa cho danh từ who(m), which, that whose, where, when FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: Modifier of a Noun She is the finest woman that ever lived The company hires only men who have experience I remember the day we first met each other It was a cigarette-end that caused that fire last night ADVERB CLAUSE Một mệnh đề trạng ngữ mệnh đề phụ thuộc Nó thực cơng việc trạng từ TIME: after, before, when, while, as, by the time (that), since, until, as soon as, once, as/so long as, whenever, every time (that), the first time (that), the last time (that), the next time (that) I’ll have finished by the time you require When it rains, I usually go to school by bus Everytime that you lose it, (you) sing it for the world MANNER : as, as if, as though, in that She behaved as she was a famous person PLACE : where, wherever Put it back where you find it I ‘ll go wherever you go REASON: because, since, as, now that… I was late because my alarm didn’t go off this morning PURPOSE: so that , in order that, in case… Pavlov rang the bell so that the dog would salivate RESULT/EFFECT: so… that (so+adj/adv+ that); such…that (such+ N+ that) FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB CLAUSES: Một mệnh đề trạng ngữ bổ sung cho động từ câu When he arrives, the band will play Sealed with a kiss The work stops when it rains We will not have school tomorrow unless the snow lets up By form the underlined part in ‘Who you are is what I want to know’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a noun clause b adjective clause c adverb clause 10 By form the underlined part in ‘Whether we are going for a picnic again is the question he’s always asking.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a adjective clause b noun clause c adverb clause 11 By form the underlined part in ‘We’ll delay the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a adjective clause b noun clause c adverb clause 13 By form the underlined part in ‘I don’t remember the town where I was born.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a adjective clause b noun clause c adverb clause 14 By form the underlined part in ‘I don’t remember where I was born.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a noun clause b adjective clause c adverb clause 15 By form the underlined part in ‘I’ll live where you live.’ is a : Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a adverb clause b adjective clause c noun clause BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS TYPES OF SENTENCES by functions - Câu thông báo (statement) Câu hỏi (question) Câu mệnh lệnh (command) Câu cảm thán (exclamation) BY STRUCTURE - SIMPLE SENTENCE ( S + V ) - COMPOUND SENTENCE ( S + V and, but, or S + V) - COMPLEX SENTENCE ( Mệnh đề + mệnh đề phụ) Ex Jane, who always drives fast, bought an Audi Whales, which cannot breathe under water, have lungs instead of gills Whales cannot breathe under water because they have lungs instead of gills BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS Pattern : NOUN BE ADJECTIVE Example: Food is good Pattern NOUN Example: The girl BE is Pattern NOUN1 BE Example: My brother is LINKING VERB (Pattern and 5) ADVERB here NOUN1 a doctor Pattern N Ex: The acrobat seems The party LV ADJ young may become lively Pattern NOUN1 LINKING VERB My sister remained an Pattern 6: NOUN Girls NOUN1 outstanding student INTRANSITIVE VERB smile happily TRANSITIVE VERB (Patterns 7, 8, 9) Pattern 7: NOUN1 TRANSITIVE VERB The boy NOUN2 caught a ball Pattern 8: NOUN1 TrV NOUN2 NOUN3 The mother bought the girl a dress Pattern 9: NOUN1 TrV a NOUN2 b ADJ c PRO d ADV e PREPART f PAST.PART g PREPP MODIFICATION SENTENCE MODIFIERS Bổ ngữ câu trạng ngữ bổ nghĩa cho tất phần lại câu Example: Hopefully, she passed the exam (BNC) # She smiled hopefully at the party (BNĐT) 1.Single-word adverbial Luckily, I knew how to swim Adv/M of S/Av-al Clause adverbial Since the door was closed, we climbed in the back window AdvC/M of S/Av-al Prepositional phrase In fact the contract is invalid PP/M of S/Av-al Absolute structure The guest having departed, we resumed the normal house hold routine Abs.P/M of S/Av-al Infinitive phrase To keep dry in a tent, you should be provided with a fly Inf.P/M of S/Av-al Participle phrase in –ing Considering the circumstances, he was lucky to escape alive Present.PP/M of S/Av-al Relative in -ever Wherever she is, I will find her AdvC/M of S/Av-al POSTNOMINAL MODIFIERS IN NOUN PHRASES Modified adjective He had never seen a girl more lovely Adj./M of N/Aj-al Compounded adjectives The mailman, weary and wet, trudged along in the rain Adj./M of N/Aj-al Uninflected word The boys upstairs UW (Adv.)/M of N/Aj-al Adverb The green hat particularly Adv./M of N/Aj-al Noun Phrase Adjectival The meeting last night Prepositional Phrase Adjectival The students in the class Participle or Participial Phrase, -ing, Adjectival The woman weeping was escorted to the door The hawk, spotting his prey, swooped to the meadow Participle or Participial Phrase, -ed, Adjectival They refused to pay the money demanded PastP/M of N/Aj-al The snow, driven by the wind, sifted through the cracks PastPP/M of N/Aj-al Infinitive Phrase Adjectival, to I have lesson to study Inf.P/M of N/Aj-al Relative Clause Adjectival The old carpenter, who had been laying the floor, stood up and AdjC/M of N/Aj-al straightened his back Appositive Adjectival The Bailey Bugle, a college newspaper, appears weekly SOME SYNTACTIC DETAILS COMPLEMENT 1.1Complement of Adjectives I fear that they are lost NC/ DO/ Nal I am fearful that they are lost NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal He was hopeful of a change PP/ Complement of Adj/ Nal He was hesitant to see her Inf.P/ Complement of Adj./ Nal I am happy that you are here NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal 1.2Complement of Noun Clause as a complement of the noun I fear that they are lost NC/DO/Nal My fear that they are lost came true NC/Comp of noun/Nal 1.3 Complement in –ing and to He wanted to stop trying to postpone working THE EXPLETIVE IT Nó thay cho chủ ngữ thực, sau câu It is nice that you could come It is hard to see the difference The underlined part in “He’s coming today in spite of the fact that I told him I didn’t want him.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a NP / DO / Nal b Av / M / Aval c AvP / M / Aval d A / SC / Nal The underlined part in “Whether we are going for a picnic again is a question he is always asking.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a PP / M / Ajal b PP / M / Aval c NP / CoV / Nal d NP / M / Aval The underlined part in “She appears to be aware of what’s going on.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a NC / OP / Nal b NP / OP / Nal c NP / SC/ Nal d NC / CoA / Nal The underlined part in “The trainees didn’t consider it part of the job to answer calls from time-wasters.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a NP / OC / Nal b NP / DO / Nal c NP / M / Aval d NP / OC / Ajal The underlined part in “We will delay the papers, pending arrival of the contract.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a PP / M / Ajal b NP / M / Ajal c PP / M / Aval d NP / OP / Nal The underlined part in “I wasn’t happy at school until I found I had the ability to make people laugh.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a VP / P / Val b NP / M / Ajal c NC / DO / Nal d VP / M / Ajal The underlined part in “I wasn’t happy at school until I found I had the ability to make people laugh.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a PP / M / Ajal b PP / M / Aval c NP / C o A / Nal d NP / C o N / Nal The underlined part in “She appears to be aware of what’s going on.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a PP / CoA / Nal b PP / CoA / Nal c NC / M / Aval d NC / SC / Nal The underlined part in “The managing director was largely responsible for the collapse of the company.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a PP / C o A / Nal b PP / M / Ajal c PP / M / Aval d PP / C o A / Aval The underlined part in “A century ago, it seemed unlikely that we would find a cure for TB.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a NP / M / Aval b NP / M / Ajal c AvP / M / Aval d AvP / M /Ajal The underlined part in “Standing next to Ed made Jane taller than she is.” can be analyzed as _ Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a AvP / M / Ajal b PP / CoV / Aval c AvC / M / Aval d PP / M / Aval ... infix: tooth => teeth BT: internationalize - Chức (funtion): + inflectional (biến hình từ): biến đổi hình thái ngữ pháp từ cat + s = cats look + ed = looked + derivational (phái sinh từ): tạo từ... Simple words: từ đơn = hình vị Ex: fan, table, - Complex words: từ phức = hình vị (trong có hình vị ràng buộc) Ex: tele vise , tele phone - Compound words: từ ghép = hình vị tự Ex: blackboard,... Motel Wireless + Fedility = Wi-fi Sheep + Goal = shoat f BACK FORMATION (hình thành lược sau) từ có xu hướng lược bỏ hình vị sau editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927) Paramedical

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