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Vocational
Education and
Training in
Southern Africa
A Comparative Study
Edited by
Salim Akoojee, Anthony Gewer and Simon McGrath
RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON
HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
HSRC RESEARCH
MONOGRAPH
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Compiled by the Research Programme on Human Resources Development,
Human Sciences Research Council
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
© 2005 Human Sciences Research Council, in this version
First published 2005
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Contents
List of tables and figures vi
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations viii
1. The multiple context of vocational
education and training in southern Africa
Simon McGrath 1
Introduction 1
The historical legacy 1
International influences 2
This study 6
2. Botswana: united in purpose,
diverse in practice
Salim Akoojee 9
Introduction 9
The socio-political, economic and development context 9
The educational context 15
The TVET system 17
Recent developments 22
Conclusion 29
3. Lesotho: the uphill journey to development
Thomas Magau 32
Contextual realities 32
The educational context 34
The VET system 36
Conclusion 44
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4. Mauritius: ‘the Singapore of Africa’?
Skills for a global island
Anthony Gewer 46
The country context 46
The educational context 49
The VET system 54
Summary and conclusions 63
5. Mozambique: towards rehabilitation and
transformation
Nimrod Mbele 65
Introduction 65
The country context 65
The educational context 68
The TVET system 71
Key issues in Mozambican TVET 74
Conclusion 79
6. Namibia: repositioning vocational education
and training
Mahlubi Mabizela 81
Introduction 81
Locating Namibia 81
The education system 84
The VET system 85
Current vision and changes in the VET system 95
Conclusion 98
7. South Africa: skills development as a tool
for social and economic development
Salim Akoojee, Anthony Gewer and Simon McGrath 99
Introduction 99
Setting the scene: economic and development contexts 99
The educational context 103
The unfinished business of building a new integrated VET system 106
Attempts to strengthen the integration of education and training 112
A decade on: assessing and explaining successes and failures 115
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8. The Kingdom of Swaziland: escaping the
colonial legacy
Jennifer Roberts 118
Introduction 118
The social and economic context 118
The Swaziland education system 123
VET in Swaziland 126
Emerging policy issues and directions 137
9. Key issues and challenges for transformation
Simon McGrath 139
Understanding the extent and limits of regional convergence in VET policy 139
A vision for VET? 140
VET and the bigger policy picture 142
The VET debates 144
Conclusion 151
References 152
v
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List of tables and figures
Tables
Table 2.1 Key economic indicators 10
Table 2.2 Botswana exports (P million), selected years and sectors 11
Table 2.3 Literacy rates 15
Table 2.4 Public education expenditure 16
Table 2.5 School enrolment ratios 16
Table 2.6 TVET provision in Botswana 17
Table 2.7 The cost of TVET (per student per year) 24
Table 3.1 Macroeconomic plan indicators, selected years 34
Table 3.2 Some social indicators 34
Table 3.3 Number of teachers and students by level in Lesotho’s
education system, 1998 35
Table 4.1 Mauritius and the 2003 Human Development Index 47
Table 4.2 Human Development Index trends, 1975–2001 47
Table 4.3 Schooling statistics for 2002 51
Table 4.4 Post-secondary (polytechnic) statistics for 2002 53
Table 4.5 Post-secondary (higher education) statistics for 2002 54
Table 5.1 Qualifications of the labour force by location 69
Table 5.2 The public school population of Mozambique, 1998 71
Table 5.3 Qualification background of teachers in selected TVET institutions 76
Table 6.1 Percentage contribution of different sectors to the country’s GDP and
employment 82
Table 6.2 Student headcount enrolments at VTCs 93
Table 7.1 The National Qualifications Framework 104
Table 7.2 Total headcount enrolments in education and training sectors,
1970s–2000 105
Table 8.1 Population statistics 119
Table 8.2 Human development indicators 120
Table 8.3 Paid employment by sector 122
Table 8.4 Employment by skills level 122
Table 8.5 Selected education statistics 124
Table 8.6 Aggregate enrolments by sector 124
Table 8.7 Budget allocations by educational sector, 2003 125
Table 8.8 VET enrolments by institution 129
Table 8.9 Accessing and exiting the VET system 129
Table 8.10 Ministerial responsibility for institutions 130
Figures
Figure 4.1 The structure of education in Mauritius 50
Figure 6.1 The structure of the VET system in Namibia 88
vi
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Acknowledgements
This volume represents the collective endeavours of a number of persons. I would like to
thank my co-editors and the country chapter writers for their efforts. I would also like to
thank our three co-funders and their representatives on the project’s steering committee:
Barry Masoga (British Council), Andre Kraak (HSRC) and Nick Taylor (JET Education
Services). Particular thanks must also go to Barry for his leadership in ensuring that this is
not simply a report on an academic study but a step on a journey towards better regional
co-operation in the area of vocational education and training. My appreciation also goes
to Cilna de Kock and Leonorah Khanyile, who provided support to the research activities
and to the final seminar in Mauritius. My thanks also go to Rosalind Burford and all her
team at the British Council, Mauritius, and Roland du Bois and the Industrial and
Vocational Training Board of Mauritius for co-hosting the regional seminar.
This volume would not have been possible without the assistance of a large number of
institutional leaders and senior officials who gave their time to the researchers in order to
enrich our understandings of the systems in which they are working. You are too many
to name individually but we hope that your investment of time in our research is
compensated for by this report.
Dr Simon McGrath
Director: Research Programme on Human Resources Development,
Human Sciences Research Council
Pretoria
August 2004
vii
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Abbreviations
ABET Adult Basic Education and Training (South Africa)
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
ANC African National Congress (South Africa)
BDC Botswana Development Corporation
BDP Botswana Democratic Party
BNQF Botswana National Qualifications Framework
BNVQ Botswana National Vocational Qualification
BOTA Botswana Training Authority
BTEP Botswana Technical Education Programme
CBET Competency Based Education and Training (Namibia)
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CHSC Cambridge Higher School Certificate
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
COSC Cambridge Overseas School Certificate
COSDEC Community Skills Development Centre (Namibia)
CPE Certificate of Primary Education (Mauritius)
Danida Danish International Development Agency
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
DINET National Directorate for Technical Education (Mozambique)
DIVT Directorate of Industrial and Vocational Training (Swaziland)
DoE Department of Education (South Africa)
DoL Department of Labour (South Africa)
DVET Department of Vocational Education and Training (Botswana)
E Emalingeni (Swaziland)
ECOL Examination Council of Lesotho
EPZ Export Processing Zone
ESD Employment Services Division (Mauritius)
ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan (Mozambique)
EU European Union
FE Further Education (United Kingdom)
FET Further Education and Training (South Africa)
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FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution (South Africa)
GET General Education and Training (South Africa)
GNP Gross National Product
HDI Human Development Index
HET Higher Education and Training (South Africa)
HR Human Resources
HRDS Human Resources Development Strategy (South Africa)
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa)
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IDT International Development Target
ILO International Labour Office
IMF International Monetary Fund
INEFP National Institute for Work and Vocational Training Directorate
(Mozambique)
IVTB Industrial and Vocational Training Board (Mauritius, Swaziland)
M Maloti (Lesotho)
MBESC Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture (Namibia)
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MESR Ministry of Education and Scientific Research (Mauritius)
MHETEC Ministry of Higher Education, Training and Employment Creation
(Namibia)
MINED Ministry of Education (Mozambique)
MLHA Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs (Botswana)
MMM Mouvement Militant Mauricien
MoE Ministry of Education
MoET Ministry of Education and Training (Lesotho)
MQA Mauritius Qualifications Authority
MSM Mouvement Socialist Militant (Mauritius)
MTTC Madirelo Training and Testing Centre (Botswana)
N$ Namibian dollar
NACA National Aids Co-ordination Agency (Botswana)
NCC Namibia Chamber of Craft
NCC National Craft Certificate (Lesotho)
NDP National Development Plan (Botswana)
NDS National Development Strategy (Swaziland)
NEC National Education Commission (Swaziland)
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vocational education and training in southern africa
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non-governmental Organisation
NIED National Institute for Educational Development (Namibia)
NIMT Namibia Institute of Mining Technology
NNTO Namibia National Training Organisation
NPCC National Productivity and Competitiveness Council (Mauritius)
NPVET National Policy on Vocational Education and Training (Botswana)
NQA Namibia Qualifications Authority
NQF National Qualifications Framework
NSA National Skills Authority (South Africa)
NSDS National Skills Development Strategy (South Africa)
NSF National Skills Fund (South Africa)
NSSB National Standards-Setting Bodies (Namibia)
NTA National Training Authority (Namibia)
NTB National Training Board (South Africa)
NTC National Trade Certificate (Mauritius)
NTL National Training Levy (Namibia)
NTTCC National Trade Testing and Certification Centre (Namibia)
NVQF National Vocational Qualifications Framework (Botswana)
NVTA National Vocational Training Act (Namibia)
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
P Pula (Botswana)
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PTES Professional Technical Education Strategy (Mozambique)
RNPE Revised National Policy on Education (Botswana)
RQF Regional Qualifications Framework
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAQA South African Qualifications Authority
SCOT Swaziland College of Technology
SETA Sector Education and Training Authority (South Africa)
SMMEs Small, medium and micro enterprises
TAC Trade Advisory Committee (Namibia)
TAFE Technical and Further Education (Australia)
TC Technical College (Botswana)
TSMTF Technical School Management Trust Fund (Mauritius)
TVD Department of Technical and Vocational Training (Lesotho)
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
VET Vocational Education and Training
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[...]...abbreviations Vocational and Commercial Training Institute (Swaziland) VTA Vocational Training Act (Botswana) VTB Vocational Training Board (Namibia) VTC Vocational Training Centre (Botswana, Namibia) VTF Vocational Training Fund (Namibia) WVTC Windhoek Vocational Training Centre (Namibia) Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za VOCTIM xi ©HSRC 2005 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za vocational education and. .. vocational education and training in southern africa xii ©HSRC 2005 CHAPTER 1 The multiple contexts of vocational education and training in southern Africa Simon McGrath Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Introduction This volume is intended to develop and share knowledge within the southern African region regarding the challenges faced by vocational education and training (VET) systems and the responses... specifically to establish the Botswana Training Authority as the statutory body ‘to coordinate and promote vocational training in Botswana’ This terminology implicitly excludes vocational education and training, suggesting that the BOTA does not cover areas of Department of Vocational Education and Training (DVET) responsibility, an issue that continues to be contentious (see below) In terms of the Act, the BOTA... of the Income Tax Act provides for the deduction of 200 per cent of expenses incurred by an employer on approved training of citizen employees, covering training costs, salaries of trainees, and the cost of equipment and other facilities utilised in training; • The Financial Assistance Plan: a training grant, as part of the Financial Assistance Plan, is provided to eligible companies for training of... certificate training and informal training Each is described below: • Trade certificate training programmes: These lead to a C, B or National Craft Certificate issued by the Madirelo Training and Testing Centre (MTTC) There is certification in 17 trades including auto mechanics, bricklaying, plastering, carpentry, electrical, forestry, general agriculture, plumbing and textiles/dressmaking • Skills... made in an attempt to increase articulation between formal training systems and the majority labour market (the so-called informal sector) and drew attention to the degree of training that took place away from the formal system in the informal sector itself The policy impact of the book lay in raising the profile of training in and for the informal sector – areas that saw a significant increase in agency... for US investors who intend setting up in sub-Saharan Africa 11 ©HSRC 2005 vocational education and training in southern africa identify emerging key social and economic priorities and challenges for the prescribed period The Ninth National Development Plan (NDP9) runs from 2003/4 to 2008/9 and is linked for the first time to Vision 2016, a statement of intent identifying key policy thrusts in anticipation... allowing them to rent workshops and equipment and by providing them with business advisory and accounting services Projects aimed at women include gardening, horticulture, sewing and knitting projects In addition, brigades are expected to provide literacy, non-formal education services, and craft and business skills to the community Brigades offer three levels of training: trade certificate training, ... computing and Institutions bookkeeping 53 Certificates and diplomas Botswana College of Agriculture Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Technical Artisan training in a Colleges (TCs), variety of trades formerly Vocational Training Centres (VTCs) 1 Certificates, diplomas and degrees in agriculture 1 Modelled on BIFSA (Building Federation of South Africa) , this training facility focuses on training. .. education and training of the existing workforce, for their skills upgrading and re -training in the light of rapid technological change; • to provide opportunities for school leavers who have completed basic school education to learn skills that will improve opportunities for employment and selfemployment; and 19 ©HSRC 2005 vocational education and training in southern africa • to increase national . Department of Technical and Vocational Training (Lesotho)
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
VET Vocational Education and Training
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VOCTIM Vocational and Commercial Training Institute (Swaziland)
VTA Vocational Training Act (Botswana)
VTB Vocational Training Board (Namibia)
VTC Vocational
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