Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za EDITED BY ADAM HABIB & KRISTINA BENTLEY Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2008 ISBN 978-0-7969-2189-5 © 2008 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Lisa Treffry-Goatley Typeset by Stacey Gibson Cover design by FUEL Design Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za CONTENTS List of tables and figures vii List of acronyms ix Preface xi Section 1 Debating the concepts and analysing the statistics Chapter 1 Racial redress, national identity and citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa 3 Kristina Bentley and Adam Habib Chapter 2 Counting on ‘race’: what the surveys say (and do not say) about ‘race’ and redress 33 Steven Friedman and Zimitri Erasmus Section 2 Case studies from the public service, the economy, education and sport The public service Chapter 3 Affirmative action in the public service 77 Mcebisi Ndletyana Chapter 4 Assessing racial redress in the public service 99 Vinothan Naidoo Chapter 5 Set-up for failure: racial redress in the Department of Public Service and Administration 129 Ivor Chipkin Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za The economy Chapter 6 Affirmative action and cosmopolitan citizenship in South Africa 153 Geoffrey Modisha Chapter 7 New patterns of exclusion in the South African mining industry 179 Andries Bezuidenhout Chapter 8 Transformation in small, medium and micro enterprises 209 Diana Sanchez Education Chapter 9 The meaning of racial redress in South African schools, 1994 to 2006 230 Linda Chisholm Chapter 10 Race, redress and historically black universities 263 Seán Morrow Sport Chapter 11 Sport for all: exploring the boundaries of sport and citizenship in ‘liberated’ South Africa 289 Ashwin Desai and Dhevarsha Ramjettan Chapter 12 Citizenship and cosmopolitanism: football in South Africa 314 Ashwin Desai Section 3: Conclusion Chapter 13 An alternative framework for redress and citizenship 337 Kristina Bentley and Adam Habib List of contributors 355 Index 357 Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 4.1: Public service organisation and employment, 1993 101 Table 4.2: Racial composition of central government, provincial administrations and self-governing ‘states’, 1989 102 Table 4.3: Demographic targets for the public service at management level 105 Table 4.4: Comparison of apartheid-period and post-apartheid public service departments and administration 118 Table 4.5: Mobility of senior managers in the public service, 1998–2002 120 Table 4.6: Ratio of senior managers to subordinates (national and provincial levels), 2006 121 Table 4.7: Senior management vacancy in selected national government departments 122 Table 4.8: Senior management vacancy rate compared with changes in post establishments, 2004–06 123 Table 5.1: Ratio of managers to other staff in DPSA 142 Table 5.2: Ratio of African managers to other staff in DPSA 143 Table 6.1: Profile of the formally employed by race and gender, 2006 162 Table 6.2: The profile of economically active population by race and gender, 2004 162 Table 6.3: Changes at top management level, 2000–04 167 Table 6.4: Unemployment trends among the economically active by population group and sex (expanded definition of unemployment), 2001 and 2004 172 Table 7.1: Externalisation in the South African mining industry by sector, 2005 191 Table 7.2: Externalisation in the South African mining industry by province, 2005 192 Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za viii Table 8.1: State-owned development agencies 216 Table 8.2: Qualification levels for small enterprises 220 Table 8.3: Scorecard for qualifying small enterprises 220 Table 11.1: Demographic profiles in cricket in 2002 and numbers required for equity 307 FIGURES Figure 4.1: Racial breakdown of managers in the public service, 1995–2001 109 Figure 4.2: Public servant managers at all levels, by race, as percentage of total managers, 1995–2001 110 Figure 4.3: Aggregate racial composition of the public service, 2004–06 111 Figure 4.4: Africans as a percentage of occupational categories in the public service, 2004–06 112 Figure 4.5: Africans as a percentage of occupational categories in the wider economy, 2004–05 113 Figure 4.6: Senior management in the public service by gender, 2004–06 114 Figure 4.7: Middle management in the public service by gender, 2004–06 114 Figure 4.8: Gender representation in provincial government, 2006 115 Figure 4.9: Gender representation in national government, 2006 115 Figure 4.10: Senior management mobility by race, 1998–2002 121 Figure 5.1: Senior managers by province and national departments 141 Figure 6.1: Percentage of employed workers by occupational category and race, 2006 163 Figure 6.2: Percentage of employed workers by occupational category and gender, 2006 164 Figure 6.3: Proportion of recruited workers by occupational category and race, 2006 165 Figure 6.4: Proportion of recruited workers by occupational category and gender, 2006 166 Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za ix LIST OF ACRONYMS ANC African National Congress BEE black economic empowerment CRL Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities BEC Black Empowerment Commission CEE Commission for Employment Equity Cosatu Congress of South African trade unions DoL Department of Labour DPSA Department of Public Service and Administration DoSD Department of Social Development DTI Department of Trade and Industry EEA Employment Equity Act EEC Employment Equity Commission GDP gross domestic product GNU Government of National Unity HDI historically disadvantaged institution HRC Human Rights Commission HSRC Human Sciences Research Council IJR Institute for Justice and Reconciliation NSA National Skills Authority NSDS National Skills Development Strategy PCAS Policy Co-ordination and Advisory Services PDI previously disadvantaged individual Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za x PERSAL personnel and salary information system (DPSA) PRC Presidential Review Commission PSC Public Service Commission SGB School Governing Body RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SACN South African Cities Network SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations SASAS South African Social Attitudes Survey SDA Skills Development Act SMME small, medium and micro enterprise UFH University of Fort Hare UNDP United Nations Development Programme WPTPS White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za [...]... understanding the redress programme in South Africa 17 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za THE IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF REDRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA Which of these comparative experiences are playing themselves out in South Africa? Clearly redress has been under way in South Africa for more than a decade Is this redress initiative an example of civic or ethnic... these experiences is reflected in the implementation of redress since 1994? An answer to this question requires both a summary of the implementation of redress in South Africa and an assessment of its consequences 19 Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA The South African government’s implementation of redress has involved three distinct elements First, a significant... these lessons to be applied in a social context marked by economic inequality, which itself is a historical product of racial dispossession? After all, economic inequality is likely to continuously undermine any nation-building initiative The answer lies in recognising the necessity of redress In South Africa s case, for instance, black people, and the African majority in particular, have for over... to much of the world including the USA and western Europe And it is a debate that has become all the more urgent internationally given the ‘war 3 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za against terror’ and the inroads into civil liberties that have been made in the West in the name of security The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No 108 of... reflections are finally brought together in a concluding section which, through an analysis of the contemporary literature on race, class and redress in South Africa, defines a set of research questions that serve as the foundation of the empirical chapters in this book CITIZENSHIP NATION BUILDING AND DEMOCRACY , Identity in South Africa is a complicated matter The most obvious vector of identity in any country... was hugely successful in reducing unemployment rates overall Nevertheless, it is worth noting that its beneficiaries were mainly the indigenous Malays Indeed, for the Chinese and Indian Malays, unemployment actually increased Lam and Yeoh also argue that the NEP dichotomised Malaysia into Bumiputra and non-Bumiputra, resulting in a massive emigration of, in particular, the Malay Chinese population, with... may be’ (Mamdani 2001: 661) It is choice and consciousness that defines one as a South African A person is a South African because they want to be a South African – they live here and see this as home People describe themselves as South Africans to the outside world by carrying this country’s passport and holding its citizenship South Africanness is an identity constructed by political choice, even though... studies on South Africa, racial terminology and its uses became an issue of debate and reflection in the research and editorial processes of the production of this volume ‘Black’ is officially defined in the South African legislation as being inclusive of African, coloured, and Indian people After much deliberation, it was decided to use the lower case for black, coloured and white when used in relation... a racial, ethnic, or cultural group, but rather on more objective criteria such as the full realisation of citizenship 15 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za The most well-known African example of the implementation of this redress model is Tanzania Miguel, in a comparative study of public policy in Tanzania and Kenya, identifies a number of key policy interventions... communities of struggle in the pursuit of a single nation (Taylor 2002: 85–88) The liberation movement was largely successful in challenging the notion of racialised nations In myriads of ways this was done, and it eroded the very foundations of the apartheid project The challenge, however, has changed in post-apartheid South Africa South Africans are no longer in the struggle to undermine the apartheid . www.hsrcpress.ac.za RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA 4 against terror’ and the inroads into civil liberties that have been made in the West in the. and cosmopolitan citizenship in South Africa 153 Geoffrey Modisha Chapter 7 New patterns of exclusion in the South African mining industry 179 Andries