Giáo trình quy trình quan trắc và phân tích chất lượng môi trường

iTHj KIM THAI (CHU BIEN) EN THAO - PG S.TS TR A N OLfC HA - K S ~H A: J - S O BA CH - T h S LE NG O C T l/O N G - T h S VU V IET HA Q U YTR IN H QUAN TRAC VA PHAN TICH CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG NHA XUAT BAN XAY Dl/NG PGS.TS NGUY§NTH! KIM THAI (Chubien) PGS.TS L£ TH.I HIEN THAO - PGS.TS TRAN OQC HA - KS THAI MINH SON PGS.TS LEU THO BACH - ThS L£ NGOC TUONG - ThS VCl Vl|T HA Q U Y TR IN H QUAN TRAC VA PHAN TICH CHAt LUUNG MOl TRUONG (Tai ban) NHA XUAT b An XAY Dl/NG HA NCI - 2014 LOfI NOIDAU Cuon sach “Quy truth quart trac va phan tick chat luang moi trudfng” duac viet nham muc tieu cung cap tai lieu gidng day thong nhat ve noi dung va phucmg phap quan trac, phan tich moi truang phii hap cho chuyen nganh ky thuat, cong nghe va quan ly moi truang a cdc trucmg dai hoc va cao dang cung nhu cho cdc chuyen nganh khoa hoc, ky thuat co lien quan Cuon sach cung cap nhicng kien thuc ca ban nhat ve ky thuat quan trac va phan tich thudng duac sir dung danh gia chat hcang moi tnrdng nude, moi truang khvng khi, moi truang dat va chat thai ran nham giup cho sinh vien lam quen va nang cao ky nang quan trac, giam sat chdt luang moi truang Cuon sach la son phSan cua nhi$m vu Khoa hoc cong nghe “Nghien cuu bien soan tai lieu gidng day Quy trinh quan trac va phan tich chdt luang moi truang”phuc vu gidng day cho chuyen nganh Ky thuat, Cong nghe va Quan ly moi truang a cdc truang dai hoc va cao dang phii hop vai chuang trinh khung dao tao nganh Ky thuat Cong nghe Moi truang Bo Giao due va dao tao da ban hanh Ma so cua nhiem vu la B 2009-03-55 MT PGS TS Le Thi Hien Thao chit tri Phan cong bien soan cuon sach nhusau: - PGS TS Nguyen Thi Kim Thai, chu bien va bien soan toan bo Chuang 6, Phu luc D; - PGS.TS Le Thi Hien Thao bien soan muc 1.2 Chuang 1; muc 2.1, 2.3 Chuang 2; muc 3.5 Chuang 3; - PGS.TS Tran Dire Ha bien soan muc 1.3 Chuang 1; muc 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 Chuang va Phu luc C; - KS Thai Minh San bien soan muc 1.4 Chuang 1, tocm bo Chuang va Chuang (tru muc 5.2); - PGS.TS Leu Tho Bach bien soan muc 2.2, 2.4 Chuang 2; muc 3.1, 3.3 Chuang va Phu luc A; - ThS Le Ngoc Tuang bien soan muc 5.2 Chuang - ThS Vu Viet Ha thu thap Phu luc B Trong qua trinh thuc hien nhiem vu duac giao, nhom tac gia bien soan da nhdn duac su ho tra quy bdu cua Trung tarn Quan trac moi truang, Tong cue Bao ve moi truang thuoc Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truang thong qua viec cung cap cdc thong tin phap ly, ky thuat vi boat dong quan trac tinh vuc quan ly va bao ve moi truong & Viet Nam Mac du da rat co gdng, nhtmg khong the tranh khoi nhirng thieu sot, chung tdi mong nhan dime ede y kien dong gop quy bau cua ban doc de cuon sach duac hoan thien Ian xuat ban sau Moi y kien gop y xin gui ve: Bo mon Cong Nghe va Quan ly moi truong Vien Khoa hoc va Ky thuat moi truong Dai hoc Xay dung, 55 Du&ng Giai Phong - Ha Noi Dien thoqi: 04 36288524 Fax: 04.3693714 Xin tran cam cm ! Cac tac gia DANH MUC CHtT VIET TAT Tieng Viet AAS BOD COD CTR DMC DTM KCN KCX QCVN QCXDVN QLCLMT QT QT&PTCLMT TCN TCXDVN TCVN Tieng Anb AAS BODs COD NTU QA/QC TDS TSS VEPA UV-VIS WHO Phucmg phap quang ph6 hap thu nguyen tu Nhu cau oxi hoa sinh hoa Nhu cau oxi hoa hoa hoc Chat thai rin Danh gia Moi trucmg Chien luge Danh gia tac dong moi trudng Khu cong nghiep Khu che xuat Quy chuan ky thuat Quoc gia Quy chuan xay dgng Vi^t Nam Quan ly Chit lugng Moi truong Quantric Quan trac va Phan tich Chat lugng Moi trucmg Tieu chuan Nganh Tieu chuan xay dung Viet Nam Tifiu chuan Viet Nam May quang hap phu Nhu ciu oxi hoa sinh hoa sau Nhu cau oxi hoa hoa hgc Don vj do due Dam bao chat lugng/Kiem soat chat lugng T6ng chat ran hoa tan Ham lugng chat rin la lung Cue Bao ve Moi trucmg May quang To chuc Y ti the giai THUAT NGU* Mau trang hien truang La man nho vat lieu sach duorc xu ly va trai qua tat ca cac dieu kien cua viec liy man ngoa ln$n taring, duqc xu ly, bao quan, van chuyen va phan rich cac thong so phong thi nghiem tuong tu nhu mau that Mau QC loai duoc su dung de kiem soat sir nhiem b ln qua trinh lay mau Mau trang van chuyen: Mot mau nho val Beu sach cua doi tuong nghien cuu duoc van chuyen cung voi mau that cung mot moi taring, duoc bao quan, phan ti'ch cac thong so phong thi nghiem nhu mau that Mau trang thiet bi: Mau trang thiet bi lay mau la mau nho vat lieu sach duoc lay nhu mau that tu thiet bi lay mau, duoc bao quan, van chuyen va phan rich cac thong so nhu mau that Mau QC loai duoc su dung de kiem soat su nhiem ban cua thiet bi lay mSu Mau lap hien truang: Hai (hoac nhieu hon) mau duoc lay tai cung mot vi tri, su dung cung mot thiet bi lay mau va duoc cung mot can bo tien hanh, duoc xu ly, bao quan, van chuyen va phan rich cac thong so phong thi nghiem tuong tu nhu mau that Mau them chat phan tlch hien truang: Mau, vat lieu sach hoac thuoc thu duoc cho them vao mau that voi mot luqng da biet cua mot hay nhieu yeu to phan rich, duoc xir ly, bao quan, van chuyen va phan rich cac thong so nhu mau that Mau QC loai duoc sir dung de danh gia su phan huy, mat mat hoac hap thu cua yeu to phan rich khoang thoi gian tir luc lay mau den phan rich QA (Quality Assurance) : La mot he thong rich hop cac hoat dong quan ly va cac hoat dong ky thuat mot to chuc nham dam bao dieu kien cho tit ca cong viec dat duoc cac tieu chuan da quy dinh ve chat luong QC (Quality Control): La mot chuong trinh danh gia dugrc ket hop voi cac ky thuat sir dung hang ngay, nhu cac hoat dong cu the o hien truang va phong thi nghiem, de danh gia chinh xac va tap trung cua cac phep Chtrcmg M T s o KHAI NIEM CO BAN VE QUAN TRAC CHAT LUONG MOI TRUONG 1.1 MOT SO KHAI NIEM LIEN QUAN T l QUAN TRAC MOI TRUONG 1.1.1 Khai niem ve moi trudng Moi trudng la khai niem dung de chi tong the cac dieu kien ben ngoai tac dong len ca the sinh vat va co quan he mat thiet den su ton tai cua su song - Theo nghia rang: moi trudng la tap hop cac dieu kien va hien tuong ben ngoai co anh hudng tdi mot vat th£ hoac su kien Bdt cu vat th£, su kien nao cung ton tai va dien bien moi trudng nhu moi trudng vat ly, moi trudng phap ly, moi trudng kinh t$, v.v - Theo nghia hep: khai niem dung de chi moi trudng song cua ngudi Moi trudng song cua ngudi la tong hop cac dieu kien vat ly, hoa hoc, kinh ti, x5 hoi bao quanh va co anh huong toi su song va phat trien cua tung ca nhan vk cua nhfing cong dong ngudi Thuat ngu “Moi trudng” thudng dung vdi nghia Moi trudng duoc phan loai theo cac phuong each nhu sau: * Phan loai theo cac tac nhan - Moi trudng tu nhien: moi trudng thien nhien tao nhu song, bien, dat, nui - Moi trudng nhan tao: moi trudng thi, lang mac, cho, trudng hoc, benh vien * Phan loai theo su song - Moi trudng vat ly: la phan cua moi trudng tu nhien, gom co thach quyen, thuy quyln va quyen Noi each khac, moi trudng vat ly la moi trudng khong co su sdng (theo quan diem co dien) - Moi trudng sinh hoc: la phan huu sinh cua moi trudng, hay noi each khac la moi trudng ma d co su song dien * Phan loai theo phan hay moi trudng tai nguyen - Moi trudng ddt: bao gom cac chat vo co, huu ca cung nhu cac qua trinh phat sinh, phat trien cua dat d mot vimg nao No la mot phan sinh thai chung nhung chinh ban than no cung co day du pMn va tu each cua mot moi trudng song nen dugc goi "Moi trudng phan dat" - Moi trudng nude: bao gom tu moi trudng vi mo ve dung luong nhu giot nude den pham vi vi mo nhu song, bien, dai duang; co day du cac phin loai dong thuc vat thuy sinh, vat chit vo co, huu ca vd true tiip hay gian tiep co lien he chat voi - Moi truemg khong khi: bao g6m cac ting quyen, cac dang vat chat, cac hat vd ca, huu ca, vi sinh vat Luat Bao ve moi truemg (BVMT) cua Viet Nam ban hanh nam 2005 da xac dinh: Moi truemg bao gom cac yeu to tu nhien vd vat chdt nhan tao bao quanh nguffi, co anh huong den doi song, san xudt, su ton tqi, phat then cua ngudi vd sinh vat Nhu vay, khai niem moi truong d day khong phai la th i gidi tu nhien noi chung, bat ki, ma la the gidi tu nhien dat moi quan he mat thidt vdi su ton tai va phat trien cua ngudi va sinh vat Quan diem tren ve moi tiudng nhin manh yeu to mang ti'nh ban chat cua moi truong bao gdm cac yeu td bao quanh ngudi, cau true cua no cung dupe thd hien la yeu t6 tu nhien va yeu to vat ch it ngudi tao nen 1.1.2 K h ii a if u ve quan trie moi truong va mang ludi quan trie moi truemg Quan trac vdphan tich moi truemg Id mot qua trinh theo doi va do, thu thudng xuyen vdi muc tieu da dupe xac dinh doi voi mot hoac nhieu chi tieu ve tinh chat vat ly, hoa hoc vd sinh hoc cac phdn moi truong theo mot chucmg trinh da lap sdn ve thdi gian, khong gian vd phuemg phap, de cung cap cac thong tin can thiet ve chat lupng cua moi truong r r ■ > > He thong quan trac moi truemg la mot to hop ky thuat bao gom cac cong cu, phucrng tien bien phap khoa hoc ky thuat cong nghe vd to chuc dam bao kiem soat mot each co he thong trang thai vd xu the phat trien cac chat co kha nang gay hai cho moi truong Mang luai cac tram quan trac vd phdn tich moi truang la tap hop cac tram quan trac vd phan tich moi truong dupe xay dung vd phan bo hop ly pham vi mot vimg, mot khu vuc hoac tren pham vi ca nude de thuc hien nhiem vu quan trac vd phan tich moi truong Trong tram quan trac moi truong la mot to chuc co nhung trang thiet bi, nhan luc vd cac dieu kien can thiet khac, dupe giao thuc hien mot so nhiem vu quan trac vd phan tich moi truong nhat dinh Theo quy che ve danh gia tac dong moi truong cua Bo Tai nguyen vd Moi truong, quan trac vd phan tich moi truong la su tuan thu hay la mot hoat dong, thudng thong qua kiem tra, lay mau, hoac cac phuong tien danh gia khac, dupe vach de muc thuc hien doi vdi nhung dieu kien quy dinh giay chung nhan tuan thu moi truong, nhung giay phep da cap vd bao cao danh gia tac dong moi truong da nop 1.1.3 Phan loai he thong quan trac moi truong Theo quy mo: Cac he thong quan trac moi truong dupe phan thanh: - He thong monitoring toan cau (Global Environmental Monitoring System - GEMS); ft - He thing monitoring vung hoac khu vuc (Regional Environmental Monitoring System - REMS); - He thong quan trac moi truong quoc gia (National Environmental Monitoring System - NEMS); - He thong quan trie moi truimg dia phuong (Local Enviromental Monitoring System LEMS) Theo phan cap quan ly: Cac he thing monitoring duoc phan thanh: - He thong quan trac moi truong ting hop va tong hop nen; - He thong quan trac moi truong theo chuyen nganh nhu nganh nang luong, cong nghiep, dia chat, khoang san Theo phan moi truong: Cac he tiling quan trie moi truong bao gom: - He thong quan trac moi truong khong Ida; - He thong quan trie moi truong nuoc (node n d t va nuoc ngam); - He thong quan trac moi truong mua axit; - He thong quan trac moi truong sinh hoc; - He thong quan trac hieu ung nha kinh va ln£n dSi h|u Theo tinh chat va quy mo trang thiet bi cua he thing cac Upn qaan trie moi truong: - He thong quan trac moi truong di dong ho$c c6 (fink; - He thong quan trac moi truong trung tam va cac traaa ahaah; Theo ban chat cac chat nhiem: - Tram quan trac moi truong CGC; - Tram quan trac mua axit; » _ - Tram quan trac moi truong ve nhiem thuoc trur s is - thude bao ve thuc vat; - Tram quan trac moi truong ve hieu ung nha kinh vitingaadn Theo thbi gian quy trinh va thiet bi cua he thong cac tram q u o trie moi truong: - He thong quan trac moi truong lien tuc va tudpog; - He thong quan trac moi truong gian doan hang ngay, h a ^ tnin, hang thang theo mua r \ rv m 1.2 NHIEM VU CUA HE THONG QUAN TRAC M l TRlTdNG He thong quan trac moi truong thuc hien cac nhiem vu: - Quan trie: Su thay doi cua cac yeu to moi truong bao gom ngu6n goc, cubng tac dong, tan suat, trang thai phan tu sinh quyen chiu tac dong cua moi truong - Danh gia va phan tich cac s6 lieu quan trie duoc bao gom danh gia trang thai thuc te cua moi truong phan tich mot each toan dien, tong hop trang thai cua moi truong bi cac yeu to tac dong - Du bao trang thai moi truong cac yeu t6 tac dong gay nen Sa long qu it ve quy trinh hoat dong cua mot he thong quan trac moi trudng dupe trinh bay dhm h 1.1 Dieu kien tur nhien moi trudng tupng thuy van Tram dac thu nhap so lieu di dong va co dinh Nhirng anh hirong cua chat thai den moi trudng Phan tich xu ly sau cac mau dac thu thap thuc te Phan tich nghien curu cac ket qua phan tich xu ly thuc nghiem Phan tich xu ly nhanh cac so lieu mau dac thuc te Thong bao Thong bao V ugt qua cac chi tieu quy djnh Trong pham vi cac tieu chuan quy djnh So sanh voi cac chi tieu quy djnh ve moi trucrng Dua nhung thong tin, so lieu ve muc anh hudng moi tn r r m o Phan tich nghien cuu cac k€t qua phan tich xu ly thuc nghiem z Hinh 1.1 Sa tong quat ve quy trinh hoat dong cua mot he thong quan trac moi tru&ng 1.3 HOAT DQNG CUA HE THONG QUAN TRAC CHAT Ll/QNG MOI TRU'CING VIET NAM Mang ludi quan trac va phan tich moi trudng (QT&PTMT) Quoc gia hien bao gom 21 tram trung uoug, hoat dong theo co che phoi hop giua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trudng va cac bo/nganh/dia phuoug lien quan So he thong QT&PTMT dupe neu tren hinh 1.2 Theo Quy hoach mang ludi quan trac Quoc gia den nam 2020 mang ludi quan trac tupng thuy van se gom 231 tram tupng be mat, 79 tram tupng nong nghiep, 12 tram rada thdi tiet, tram tham khong vo tuyen, tram ozon buc xa cue tim, 1000