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ASOURCEBOOKOF
AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
COMPILED BY
GWENDOLEN H. SWINBURNE, M.A.
DIP. ED., MELB. UNIV.
LONDON
G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
1919
CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
INTRODUCTION
I submit this volume to the public in the hope that it may increase the amount of
interest usually shown in AustralianHistory by deepening the general knowledge of
the subject, and illustrating it by those vivid details which arrest the attention and
enable the student to visualize past events.
The number of events described in aSourceBook must necessarily be smaller than
that in histories of another type; but the aim is to place the student in contact with the
evidence ofhistory in order that he may become his own historian by drawing his own
deductions from the contemporary records. The greatest historian can find no
materials ulterior to such as are here presented, for there is nothing ulterior to them but
the deeds themselves. They are the records written by the men who gave their life and
health to lay the foundation of Australia's greatness—by Phillip, weakening under the
racking cares of the infant state; by Sturt in the scorching desert, as the last duty of an
exhausting day. They are aglow with the heat of action; they are inspiring in their
quiet modesty and strength.
In order to give greater continuity to the volume, short introductions have been placed
at the head of each selection. It has been impossible to quote in full all the documents
of which use has been made, but fuller information may be obtained by reference to
the "source" mentioned at the head of each selection. The editor or author of the
source and its date of publication are shown in order to facilitate further research.
The SourceBook has been compiled with attention to the requirements of schools, and
it is hoped that teachers in Australia will avail themselves of the opportunity to
introduce the study ofhistory from contemporary documents, and thus in this respect
bring Australia into line with the other countries where source books are already
familiar. The section on discovery and exploration may with advantage be used in the
study of geography.
My thanks are due to the proprietors of the "Times" for permission to quote certain
pages from "The Times Historyof the War in South Africa," and "The Times History
of the War and Encyclopaedia," and also for the "Dispatch from a Special
Correspondent at the Dardanelles," printed in the "Times," 7 May 1915.
It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor Scott, of
Melbourne University (at whose suggestion the work was undertaken), for his interest
and advice; and to Arthur Wadsworth, Esq., Chief Librarian for the Parliament of the
Commonwealth, for his courteous assistance.
GWENDOLEN H. SWINBURNE.
HAWTHORN,
MELBOURNE.
CONTENTS
PART I
DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
DISCOVERY OF TASMANIA
DESCRIPTION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
THE FIRST VISIT TO THE EASTERN COAST
BASS STRAIT
THE INVESTIGATOR
ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS
AUSTRALIA FELIX (VICTORIA)
THE INTERIOR OF THE CONTINENT.
EXPLORATION OF THE EASTERN RIVER SYSTEM
THE INTERIOR. II
ACROSS THE CONTINENT. SOUTH TO NORTH. I
ACROSS THE CONTINENT. SOUTH TO NORTH. II
FROM WEST TO EAST. I. ALONG THE BIGHT
FROM WEST TO EAST. II. THE INTERIOR
PART II
GENERAL HISTORY
THE FIRST SETTLEMENT
EARLY DIFFICULTIES
PHILLIP'S RESIGNATION
NEW SOUTH WALES CORPS
THE IRISH POLITICAL PRISONERS
THE BLIGH MUTINY
THE BEGINNING OF THE WOOL INDUSTRY
EMANCIPIST CONTROVERSY
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
WAKEFIELD'S SCHEME OF COLONIZATION
FOUNDATION OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
FOUNDATION OF VICTORIA
TRANSPORTATION
INDEPENDENCE OF VICTORIA
GOLD
EFFECTS OF THE GOLD DISCOVERY
THE GOLD MINES
VICTORIA IN 1854
THE BUSHRANGERS
ANTI-TRANSPORTATION MOVEMENT
THE LAND QUESTION
LAND QUESTION IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
THE LAND QUESTION IN NEW SOUTH WALES
QUEENSLAND
PAYMENT OF MEMBERS CRISIS
NEW GUINEA
THE NATIONAL AUSTRALASIAN CONVENTION 1891
THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
THE BOER WAR
THE GREAT WAR
LANDING ON GALLIPOLI
WHAT ANZAC MEANS
MAP OF AUSTRALIA
A SOURCE BOOK OF
AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
PART I
DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
DISCOVERY OF TASMANIA
Source.—Tasman's Journal (edited by Heeres), pp. 1, 11-16
The Spaniard Torres was probably the first European to sight Australia (Cape Yorke);
but Tasman was the first who consciously discovered the Great South Land. In his
search for fresh fields for trade, he came upon Tasmania and New Zealand.
Journal or description drawn up by me, ABEL JAN TASMAN, ofa Voyage made
from the town of Batavia in E. India for the discovery of the unknown Southland, in
the year of our Lord 1642, the 14th of August. May God Almighty vouchsafe his
Blessing on this work. AMEN.
Note.—Days reckoned from midnight to midnight. Longitude calculated from
meridian of Peak of Teneriffe.
Item the 23rd Nov.—Good weather with a south-easterly wind and a steady breeze; in
the morning, we found our rudder broken at top in the tiller hole; we therefore hauled
to windward under reduced sail and fitted a cross beam to either side. By estimation
the west side of Nova Guinea must be North of us.
Item the 24th do. Good weather and a clear sky. In the afternoon about 4 o'clock we
saw land bearing East by North of us; at about 10 miles distance by estimation. The
land we sighted was very high. Towards evening we also saw S.S.E. of us three high
mountains, and to the N.E. two more mountains, but less high than those to
southward. This land being the first we have met with in the South sea and not known
to any European nation, we have conferred on it the name of Anthoony Van
Diemenslandt, in honor of the Hon. Governor-General, our illustrious master, who
sent us to make this discovery; the islands circumjacent so far as known to us, we
have named after the Hon. Councillors of India.
Item 28th do. In the evening we came under the shore. There are under the shore some
small islands one of which looks like a lion.
Item 29th do. In the morning were still near the rock which looks like a lion's head.
Towards noon passed two rocks; the most westerly looks like Pedra Branca, which
lies on the coast of China, the most easterly, looking like a high rugged tower, lies
about 16 miles out from the mainland. Ran through between these rocks and the land.
We came before a way which seemed likely to afford a good anchorage upon which
we resolved to run into it. We again made for the shore, the wind and current having
driven us so far out to sea that we could barely see the land.
Item 1st Dec. We resolved that it would be best and most expedient to touch at the
land, the sooner the better; both to get better acquainted with the land and secure
refreshment for our own behoof. About one hour after sunset we dropped anchorage in
a good harbour, for all of which it behooves us to thank God Almighty with grateful
hearts.
Item 2nd do. Early in the morning we sent our own pilot Major Francoys Jacobz in
command of our pinnace manned with 4 musketeers and 6 rowers, all of them
furnished with pikes and side arms together with the cockboat of the Zeehaen, with
one of her second mates and six musketeers in it, to a bay situated N.W. of us at
upwards ofa mile's distance in order to ascertain what facilities (as regards fresh
water, refreshments, timber and the like) may be available there. About three hours
before nightfall the boats came back, bringing various samples of vegetables, which
they had seen growing there in great abundance, some of them in appearance not
unlike a certain plant growing at the Cabo de Bona Esperance, and fit to be used as
pot-herbs; and another species with long leaves and brackish taste strongly resembling
persil de mer or samphou. The pilot Major and second mate of the Zeehaen made the
following report, to wit:
That they had rowed the space of upwards ofa mile round the said point where they
had found high but level land, covered with vegetation and not cultivated but growing
naturally (by the will of God) abundance of excellent timber and a gently sloping
watercourse in a barren valley; the said water though of good quality being difficult to
procure, because the watercourse is so shallow that the water could be dipped with
bowls only.
That they had heard certain human sounds, and also sounds resembling the music ofa
small trump or a small gong not far from them though they had seen no one.
That they had seen two trees about 2 or 2-1/2 fathoms in thickness measuring from
60-65 feet from the ground to the lowermost branches, which trees bore notches made
with flint implements, the bark having been removed for the purpose; these notches
forming a kind of steps to enable persons to get up the trees and rob birds' nests in
their tops were fully five feet apart; so that our men concluded that the natives here
must be of very tall stature or must be in possession of some sort of artifice for getting
up the said trees. In one of the trees these notched steps were so fresh and new that
they seemed to have been cut less than four days ago.
That on the ground they discovered the footprints of animals, not unlike those ofa
tiger's claws. They also brought on board a small quantity of gum, ofa seemingly very
fine quality, which had exuded from trees, and bore some resemblance to gum-lac.
That at one extremity on the point of the way they had seen large numbers of gulls,
wild ducks, and geese, but had perceived none further inward though they had heard
their cries, and had found no fish except different kinds of mussels forming small
clusters in various places.
That the land is pretty generally covered with trees, standing so far apart that they
allow a passage everywhere and a look-out to a great distance, so that when landing,
our men could always get sight of natives or wild beasts unhindered by dense
shrubbery or underwood, which would prove a great advantage in exploring the
country.
That in the interior they had in several places observed numerous trees which had
deep holes burnt into them at the upper end of the foot while the earth had here and
there been dug out with the fist so as to form a fireplace; the surrounding soil having
become as hard as flint through the action of fire.
A short time before we got sight of our boats returning to the ships, we now and then
saw clouds of dense smoke rising up from the land (it was nearly always north of us)
and surmised this must be a signal given by our men because they were so long
coming back.
When our men came on board again, we inquired of them whether they had been there
and made a fire, to which they returned a negative answer; adding, however, that at
various times and points in the wood they had also seen clouds of smoke ascending.
So there can be no doubt there must be men here of extraordinary stature.
Item 3rd Dec. In the afternoon we went to the S.E. side of this bay, in the boats,
having with us pilot Major Francoys Jacobz, Skipper Gerrit Janz, Isack Gilseman,
supercargo on board the Zeehaen, subcargo Abraham Cooman and our master
carpenter Pieter Jacobz; we carried with us a pole with the Company's mark carved
into it, and a Prince flag to be set up there that those who shall come after us may
become aware we have been here, and have taken possession of the said land as our
lawful property. When we had rowed about half-way with our boats it began to blow
very stiffly, and the sea ran so high that the cockboat of theZeehaen was compelled to
pull back to the ships, while we ran on with our pinnace.
When we had come close inshore in a small inlet the surf ran so high that we could not
get near the shore without running the risk of having our pinnace dashed to pieces. We
then ordered the carpenter aforesaid to swim to the shore alone with the pole and the
flag.
We made him plant the said pole with the flag at the top, into the earth, about the
centre of the bay near four tall trees easily recognizable and standing in the form ofa
crescent, exactly before the one standing lowest. This tree is burnt in just above
ground and is in reality taller than the other three, but it seems to be shorter because it
stands lower on the sloping ground. Our master carpenter, having in the sight of
myself Abel Janz Tasman, skipper Gerrit Janz and subcargo Abraham Cooman
performed the work entrusted to him, we pulled with our pinnace as near the shore as
we ventured to do; the carpenter aforesaid thereupon swam back to the pinnace
through the surf. This work having been duly executed, we pulled back to the ships,
leaving the above-mentioned as a memorial for those who shall come after us, and for
the natives of this country who did not show themselves though we suspect some of
them were at no great distance and closely watching our proceedings.
Item 4th Dec. In the evening we saw a round mountain bearing N.N.W. of us at about
8 miles' distance.
Item 5th do. The high round mountain which we had seen the day before bore now
due W. of us at 6 miles' distance. At this point the land fell off to the N.W. so that we
could no longer steer near the coast here, seeing that the wind was almost ahead. We
therefore convened the Council and the second mates, with whom after due
deliberation we resolved, and subsequently called out to the officer of
the Zeehaen that pursuant to the resolution of the 11th ultimo, we should direct our
course due east, and on the said course run to the full longitude of 195°, or the
Salamonis Islands. Set our course due east in order to make further discoveries.
[This course brought them to New Zealand.]
DESCRIPTION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Source.—The Voyages and Adventures of Captain William Dampier (published
1776). Vol. II, pp. 134-40
Dampier was an Englishman who had joined a company of American buccaneers.
They arrived in May 1698 on the Western coast of Australia, which was by this time
fairly well known to the Dutch under the name of New Holland.
New Holland is a very large tract of land. It is not yet determined whether it is an
island or a main continent; but I am certain that it joins neither to Asia, Africa nor
America. This part of it that we saw is all low even land, with sandy banks against the
sea, only the points are rocky, and so are some of the islands in this bay.
The land is ofa dry sandy soil, destitute of water, except you make wells; yet
producing divers sorts of trees, but the woods are not thick, nor the trees very big.
Most of the trees that we saw are dragon-trees as we supposed, and these too are the
largest trees of any there.
They are about the bigness of our large apple-trees, and about the same height, and the
rind is blackish and somewhat rough. The leaves are ofa dark colour; the gum distils
out of the knots or cracks that are in the bodies of the trees. We compared it with some
gum dragon, or dragon's blood, that was on board, and it was of the same colour and
taste. The other sorts of trees were not known by any of us. There was pretty long
[...]... south, I had no doubt of its being Mr Bass' Western Port Saturday, May 1st At day-dawn I set off with three of the boat's crew, for the highest part of the back hills called Station Peak One or two miles before arriving at the feet of the hills, we entered a wood where an emu and a kangaroo were seen at a distance; and the top of the Peak was reached at ten o'clock I saw the water of the Port as far as N.75... Indented Head; beyond it was a wide branch of the port leading to the westward, and I suspected might have a communication with the sea; for it was almost incredible that such a vast piece of water should not have a larger outlet than that through which we had come Another considerable piece of water was seen, at the distance of three or four leagues; as it appeared to have a communication with the sea to... previously made by Captain Grant After examining the Chart, he said, apparently as a reason for not producing any of his own, that his charts were not constructed on board the ship; but that he transmitted to Paris all his bearings and observations, with a regular series of views of the land and from them the charts were to be made at a future time NAMING THE CONTINENT Had I permitted myself any innovation... original term (Terra Australis), it would have been to convert it into Australia, as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS Source. A Journal ofa Tour of Discovery across the Blue Mountains, N.S.W (Blaxland, 1823), Introduction and pp 1, 22, 29-34 For many years the settlement in N.S.W was confined to the coastal... discovered the land ahead to be Islands detached by several Channels from the main land; upon this we brought to, to wait for the Yawl, and called the other boats on board, and after giving them proper instructions sent them away again to lead us through the channel next the main, and as soon as the yawl was on board, made sail after them with the ship Before and after we anchored we saw a number of people upon... upon this Island, armed in the same manner as all the others we have seen, except one man, who had a bow, and a bundle of arrows, the first we have seen upon this coast From the appearance of the people we expected they would have opposed our landing; but as we approached the shore they all made off, and left us in peaceable possession of as much of the island as served our purpose After landing, I went... return No land could be seen to the northward, and the furthest clearly distinguishable in the opposite direction was a steep island at the distance of four leagues Mr Bass returned at half past two, with a boat-load of seals and albatrosses He had been obliged to fight his way up the cliffs of the islands with the seals, and when arrived at the top, to make a road with his clubs amongst the albatrosses... bluff head, which had been taken for the north end of an island, was part of a ridge of hills rising at Cape Schanck We then bore away westward, in order to trace the land round the head of the deep bight On the west side of the rocky point there was a small opening with breaking water across it; however, on advancing a little more westward the opening assumed a more interesting aspect, and I bore away... days Pease soup was prepared for dinner four days a week as usual; and at other times two ounces of portable broth, in cakes, to each man, with such additions of onions, pepper, etc., as the different messes possessed, made a comfortable addition to their salt meat And neither in this passage, nor, I may add, in any subsequent part of the voyage, were the officers or people restricted to any allowance... running against the wind, to make breakers, in which small vessels should be careful of engaging themselves; and when a ship has passed the entrance, the shoals are a great obstacle to a free passage up the Port No runs of fresh water were seen in my excursions; but Mr Grimes, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, afterwards found several, and in particular a small river falling into the Northern head of . OF AUSTRALIA
A SOURCE BOOK OF
AUSTRALIAN HISTORY
PART I
DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
DISCOVERY OF TASMANIA
Source. —Tasman's Journal (edited by. AUSTRALASIAN CONVENTION 1891
THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
THE BOER WAR
THE GREAT WAR
LANDING ON GALLIPOLI
WHAT ANZAC MEANS
MAP OF AUSTRALIA