H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H WORLD REPORT | 2011 EVENTS OF 2010 H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H WORLD REPORT 2011 EVENTS OF 2010 Copyright © 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-1-58322-921-7 Front cover photo: Aung Myo Thein, 42, spent more than six years in prison in Burma for his activism as a student union leader More than 2,200 political prisoners—including artists, journalists, students, monks, and political activists—remain locked up in Burma's squalid prisons © 2010 Platon for Human Rights Watch Back cover photo: A child migrant worker from Kyrgyzstan picks tobacco leaves in Kazakhstan Every year thousands of Kyrgyz migrant workers, often together with their children, find work in tobacco farming, where many are subjected to abuse and exploitation by employers © 2009 Moises Saman/Magnum for Human Rights Watch Cover and book design by Rafael Jiménez 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 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Building 4th Floor, Apt 26 Nicholas Turk Street Medawar, Beirut, Lebanon 20753909 Tel: +961-1-447833, Fax +961-1-446497 www.hrw.org Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all WORLD REPORT 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is one of the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse For over 30 years, Human Rights Watch has worked tenaciously to lay the legal and moral groundwork for deep-rooted change and has fought to bring greater justice and security to people around the world Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Europe and Central Asia division (then known as Helsinki Watch) Today, it also includes divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa; a United States program; thematic divisions or programs on arms, business and human rights, children’s rights, health and human rights, international justice, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights, refugees, terrorism/counterterrorism, and women’s rights; and an emergencies program It maintains offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Cairo, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington DC, and Zurich, and field presences in 20 other locations globally Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH The staff includes Kenneth Roth, Executive Director; Michele Alexander, Deputy Executive Director, Development and Global Initiatives; Carroll Bogert, Deputy Executive Director, External Relations; Iain Levine, Deputy Executive Director, Program; Walid Ayoub, Information Technology Director; Clive Baldwin, Senior Legal Advisor; Emma Daly, Communications Director; Alan Feldstein, Associate General Counsel; Barbara Guglielmo, Acting Operations Director; Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director; Maria Pignataro Nielsen, Global Human Resources Director; Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel; Aisling Reidy, Senior Legal Advisor; James Ross, Legal and Policy Director; Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director; and Minky Worden, Director of Global Initiatives The division directors of Human Rights Watch are Brad Adams, Asia; Joseph Amon, Health and Human Rights; John Biaggi, International Film Festival; Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies; Rachel Denber (acting), Europe and Central Asia; Richard Dicker, International Justice; Boris Dittrich (acting), Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights; Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy; Arvind Ganesan, Business and Human Rights; Liesl Gerntholtz, Women’s Rights; Steve Goose, Arms; Joanne Mariner, Terrorism/Counterterrorism; Alison Parker, United States; Rona Peligal (acting), Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Lois Whitman, Children’s Rights; and Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East and North Africa The advocacy directors of Human Rights Watch are Philippe Bolopion, United Nations–New York; Juliette De Rivero, United Nations–Geneva; Jean-Marie Fardeau, Paris; Lotte Leicht, European Union; Wenzel Michalski, Berlin; Tom Malinowski, Washington DC; and Tom Porteous, London The members of the board of directors are James F Hoge, Chair, Susan Manilow, Vice-Chair, Joel Motley, Vice-Chair, Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair, John J Studzinski, Vice-Chair, Bruce J Klatsky, Treasurer, Karen Ackman, Jorge Castañeda, Tony Elliott, Hassan Elmasry, Michael G Fisch, Michael E Gellert, Betsy Karel, Wendy Keys, Robert Kissane, Joanne Leedom-Ackerman, Oki Matsumoto, Barry Meyer, Pat Mitchell, Joan R Platt, Amy Rao, Neil Rimer, Victoria Riskin, Amy L Robbins, Shelley Rubin, Kevin P Ryan, Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, Darian W Swig, John R Taylor, and Catherine Zennström Emeritus board members are Robert L Bernstein, Founding Chair, 1979-1997, Jonathan F Fanton, Chair, 1998-2003, Jane Olson, 2004-2010, Lisa Anderson, David M Brown, William D Carmichael, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H Henkin, Stephen L Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Josh Mailman, Samuel K Murumba, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Orville Schell, Gary Sick, and Malcolm B Smith WORLD REPORT 2011 Acknowledgments A compilation of this magnitude requires contribution from a large number of people, including most of the Human Rights Watch staff The contributors were: Pema Abrahams, Brad Adams, Maria Aissa de Figueredo, Setenay Akdag, Brahim Alansari, Chris Albin-Lackey, Yousif al-Timimi, Joseph Amon, Amy Auguston, Leeam Azulay, Clive Baldwin, Neela Banerjee, Shantha Barriga, Jo Becker, Fatima-Zahra Benfkira, Nicholas Bequelin, Andrea Berg, Carroll Bogert, Philippe Bolopion, Tess Borden, Amy Braunschweiger, Sebastian Brett, Reed Brody, Christen Broecker, Jane Buchanan, Wolfgang Buettner, Maria Burnett, Elizabeth Calvin, Haleh Chahrokh, Anna Chaplin, Grace Choi, Sara Colm, Jon Connolly, Adam Coogle, Kaitlin Cordes, Zama Coursen-Neff, Emma Daly, Philippe Dam, Kiran D’Amico, Sara Darehshori, Juliette de Rivero, Kristina DeMain, Rachel Denber, Richard Dicker, Boris Dittrich, Kanae Doi, Corinne Dufka, Andrej Dynko, Jessica Evans, Elizabeth Evenson, Jean-Marie Fardeau, Guillermo Farias, Jamie Fellner, Bill Frelick, Arvind Ganesan, Meenakshi Ganguly, Liesl Gerntholtz, Alex Gertner, Neela Ghoshal, Thomas Gilchrist, Allison Gill, Antonio Ginatta, Giorgi Gogia, Eric Goldstein, Steve Goose, Yulia Gorbunova, Ian Gorvin, Jessie Graham, Laura Graham, Eric Guttschuss, Danielle Haas, Andreas Harsono, Ali Dayan Hasan, Leslie Haskell, Jehanne Henry, Eleanor Hevey, Peggy Hicks, Saleh Hijazi, Nadim Houry, Lindsey Hutchison, Peter Huvos, Claire Ivers, Balkees Jarrah, Rafael Jiménez, Preeti Kannan, Tiseke Kasambala, Aruna Kashyap, Nick Kemming, Elise Keppler, Amr Khairy, Nadya Khalife, Viktoria Kim, Carolyn Kindelan, Juliane Kippenberg, Amanda Klasing, Kyle Knight, Soo Ryun Kwon, Erica Lally, Mignon Lamia, Adrianne Lapar, Leslie Lefkow, Lotte Leicht, Iain Levine, Diederik Lohman, Tanya Lokshina, Jiaying Long, Anna Lopriore, Linda Louie, Drake Lucas, Lena Miriam Macke, Tom Malinowski, Noga Malkin, Ahmed Mansour, Joanne Mariner Edmon Marukyan, Dave Mathieson, Géraldine Mattioli-Zeltner, Veronica Matushaj, Maria McFarland, Megan McLemore, Amanda McRae, Wenzel Michalski, Kathy Mills, Lisa Misol, Marianne Mollmann, Ella Moran, Heba Morayef, Mani Mostofi, Priyanka Motaparthy, Rasha Moumneh, Siphokazi Mthathi, Jim Murphy, Samer Muscati, Dipika Nath, Stephanie Neider, Rachel Nicholson, Agnes Ndige Muriungi Odhiambo, Jessica Ognian, Erin O’Leary, Alison Parker, Sarah Parkes, Elaine Pearson, Rona Peligal, Sasha Petrov, Sunai Phasuk, Enrique Piraces, Laura Pitter, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dinah PoKempner, Tom Porteous, Jyotsna Poudyal, Andrea Prasow, Marina Pravdic, Mustafa Qadri, Daniela Ramirez, Ben Rawlence, Rachel Reid, Aisling Reidy, Meghan Rhoad, Sophie Richardson, Lisa Rimli, Mihra Rittmann, Phil Robertson, Kathy Rose, James Ross, Kenneth Roth, Faraz Sanei, Joe Saunders, Ida Sawyer, Max Schoening, Jake Scobey-Thal, David Segall, Kathryn Semogas, Kay Seok, Jose Serralvo, Anna Sevortian Vikram Shah, Bede Sheppard, Robin Shulman, Gerry Simpson, Emma Sinclair-Webb, Peter Slezkine, Daniel W Smith, Ole Solvang, Mickey Spiegel, Xabay Spinka, Nik Steinberg, Joe Stork, Judith Sunderland, Steve Swerdlow, Veronika Szente Goldston, Maya Taal, Tamara Taraciuk, Letta Tayler, Carina Tertsakian, Elena Testi, Tej Thapa, Laura Thomas, Katherine Todrys, Simone Troller, Wanda Troszczynska-van Genderen, Farid Tukhbatullin, Bill Van Esveld, Gauri Van Gulik, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Elena Vanko, Nisha Varia, Rezarta Veizaj, Jamie Vernaelde, José Miguel Vivanco, Florentine Vos, Janet Walsh, Ben Ward, Matthew Wells, Lois Whitman, Sarah Leah Whitson, Christoph Wilcke, Daniel Wilkinson, Minky Worden, Riyo Yoshioka Joe Saunders edited the report with assistance from Ian Gorvin, Danielle Haas, Iain Levine, and Robin Shulman Brittany Mitchell coordinated the editing process Layout and production were coordinated by Grace Choi and Rafael Jiménez, with assistance from Anna Lopriore, Veronica Matushaj, Jim Murphy, Enrique Piraces, and Kathy Mills Leeam Azulay, Adam Coogle, Guillermo Farias, Alex Gertner, Thomas Gilchrist, Lindsey Hutchison, Carolyn Kindelan, Kyle Knight, Erica Lally, Adrianne Lapar, Linda Louie, Stephanie Neider, Erin O’Leary, Jessica Ognian, Marina Pravdic, Daniela Ramirez, Jake Scobey-Thal, David Segall, and Vikram Shah proofread the report For a full list of Human Rights Watch staff, please go to our website: www.hrw.org/about/info/staff.html WORLD REPORT 2011 WORLD REPORT 2011 Hostile Shores: Abuse and Refoulement of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Yemen, December 2009, 53pp In the Name of Unity: The Yemeni Government’s Brutal Response to Southern Movement Protests, December 2009, 73pp Zambia Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, April 2010, 135pp Zimbabwe Deliberate Chaos: Ongoing Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe, June 2010, 16pp Sleight of Hand: Repression of the Media and the Illusion of Reform in Zimbabwe, April 2010, 26pp 638 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS 639 WORLD REPORT 2011 640 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS By Theme Arms Issues Meeting the Challenge: Protecting Civilians through the Convention on Cluster Munitions, November 2010, 224pp Business and Human Rights Issues A Strange Case: Violations of Workers’ Freedom of Association in the United States by European Multinational Corporations, September 2010, 130pp An Uncertain Future: Oil Contracts and Stalled Reform in São Tomé e Príncipe, August 2010, 23pp “Hellish Work”: Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan, July 2010, 115pp Deliberate Chaos: Ongoing Human Rights Abuses in the Marange Diamond Fields of Zimbabwe, June 2010, 16pp Transparency and Accountability in Angola, April 2010, 31pp “Unkept Promise”: Failure to End Military Business Activity in Indonesia, January 2010, 20pp Children’s Rights Issues Their Future is at Stake: Attacks on Teachers and Schools in Pakistan’s Balochistan Province, December 2010, 40pp Needless Pain: Government Failure to Provide Palliative Care for Children in Kenya, September 2010, 78pp “Targets of Both Sides”: Violence against Students, Teachers, and Schools in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces, September 2010, 111pp “Hellish Work”: Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan, July 2010, 115pp “Tough, Fair, and Practical”: A Human Rights Framework for Immigration Reform in the United States, July 2010, 24pp Eternal Emergency: No End to Unaccompanied Migrant Children’s Institutionalization in Canary Islands Emergency Centers, June 2010, 40pp Fields of Peril: Child Labor in US Agriculture, May 2010, 99pp “I Lost Everything”: Israel’s Unlawful Destruction of Property during Operation Cast Lead, May 2010, 116pp My So-Called Emancipation: From Foster Care to Homelessness for California Youth, May 2010, 70pp 641 WORLD REPORT 2011 “Off the Backs of the Children: Forced Begging and Other Abuses against Talibés in Senegal, April 2010, 114pp “Skin on the Cable”: The Illegal Arrest, Arbitrary Detention and Torture of People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia, January 2010, 93pp Disability Rights Issues “Once You Enter, You Never Leave”: Deinstitutionalization of Persons with Intellectual or Mental Disabilities in Croatia, September 2010, 74pp “As if We Weren’t Human”: Discrimination and Violence against Women with Disabilities in Northern Uganda, August 2010, 73pp Deportation by Default: Mental Disability, Unfair Hearings, and Indefinite Detention in the US Immigration System, July 2010, 98pp Health and Human Rights Issues Development without Freedom: How Aid Underwrites Repression in Ethiopia, October 2010, 105pp Needless Pain: Government Failure to Provide Palliative Care for Children in Kenya, September 2010, 78pp Illusions of Care: Lack of Accountability for Reproductive Rights in Argentina, August 2010, 52pp “I Am Not Dead, But I Am Not Living”: Barriers to Fistula Prevention and Treatment in Kenya, July 2010, 82pp “I Used to Think the Law Would Protect Me”: Illinois’s Failure to Test Rape Kits, July 2010, 42pp Unaccountable: Addressing Reproductive Health Care Gaps, May 2010, 10pp Sentenced to Stigma: Segregation of HIV-Positive Prisoners in Alabama and South Carolina, April 2010, 45pp Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, April 2010, 135pp “Skin on the Cable”: The Illegal Arrest, Arbitrary Detention and Torture of People Who Use Drugs in Cambodia, January 2010, 93pp “Where Darkness Knows No Limits”: Incarceration, Ill-Treatment and Forced Labor as Drug Rehabilitation in China, January 2010, 37pp International Justice Issues Memorandum for the Ninth Session of the International Criminal Court Assembly of States Parties, November 2010, 37pp 642 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS 643 WORLD REPORT 2011 644 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS Tackling Impunity in Congo: Meaningful Follow-up to the UN Mapping Report, October 2010, 16pp Making Kampala Count: Advancing the Global Fight against Impunity at the ICC Review Conference, May 2010, 102pp Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity: A Digest of the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, January 2010, 500pp LGBT Rights Issues Criminalizing Identities: Rights Abuses in Cameroon based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, November 2010, 62pp Fear for Life: Violence against Gay Men and Men Perceived as Gay in Senegal, November 2010, 95pp “Tough, Fair, and Practical”: A Human Rights Framework for Immigration Reform in the United States, July 2010, 24pp Migrant Worker Issues Ukraine: Buffeted in the Borderland: The Treatment of Asylum Seekers and Migrants in Ukraine, December 2010, 123pp Walls at Every Turn: Abuse of Migrant Domestic Workers through Kuwait’s Sponsorship System, October 2010, 97pp Without Protection: How the Lebanese Justice System Fails Migrant Domestic Workers, September 2010, 54pp Deportation by Default: Mental Disability, Unfair Hearings, and Indefinite Detention in the US Immigration System, July 2010, 98pp “Hellish Work”: Exploitation of Migrant Tobacco Workers in Kazakhstan, July 2010, 115pp “Tough, Fair, and Practical”: A Human Rights Framework for Immigration Reform in the United States, July 2010, 24pp Eternal Emergency: No End to Unaccompanied Migrant Children’s Institutionalization in Canary Islands Emergency Centers, June 2010, 40pp Fields of Peril: Child Labor in US Agriculture, May 2010, 99pp “Off the Backs of the Children: Forced Begging and Other Abuses against Talibés in Senegal, April 2010, 114pp Slow Reform: Protection of Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia and the Middle East, April 2010, 26pp 645 WORLD REPORT 2011 Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, April 2010, 135pp From the Tiger to the Crocodile: Abuse of Migrant Workers in Thailand, February 2010, 124pp Refugees/Displaced Persons Issues Rights Displaced: Forced Returns of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from Western Europe to Kosovo, October 2010, 77pp Always on the Run: The Vicious Cycle of Displacement in Eastern Congo, September 2010, 88pp “Where is the Justice?”: Interethnic Violence in Southern Kyrgyzstan and its Aftermath, August 2010, 91pp “Tough, Fair, and Practical”: A Human Rights Framework for Immigration Reform in the United States, July 2010, 24pp “Welcome to Kenya”: Police Abuse of Somali Refugees, June 2010, 94pp Costly and Unfair: Flaws in US Immigration Detention Policy, May 2010, 11pp Fast-Tracked Unfairness: Detention and Denial of Women Asylum Seekers in the UK, February 2010, 69pp Terrorism and Counterterrorism Issues Protesting as a Terrorist Offense: The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey, November 2010, 74pp Morocco: “Stop Looking for Your Son”: Illegal Detentions under the Counterterrorism Law, October 2010, 56pp Back to the Future: India’s 2008 Counterterrorism Laws, July 2010, 20pp Without Suspicion: Stop and Search under the Terrorism Act 2000, July 2010, 64pp “No Questions Asked”: Intelligence Cooperation with Countries that Torture, June 2010, 62pp Harsh War, Harsh Peace: Abuses by al-Shabaab, the Transitional Federal Government, and AMISOM in Somalia, April 2010, 62pp Women’s Rights Issues Policing Morality: Abuses in the Application of Sharia in Aceh, Indonesia, December 2010, 10pp Criminalizing Identities: Rights Abuses in Cameroon based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, November 2010, 62pp Afraid and Forgotten: Lawlessness, Rape, and Impunity in Western Côte d’Ivoire, October 2010, 72pp 646 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS 647 WORLD REPORT 2011 Dignity on Trial: India’s Need for Sound Standards for Conducting and Interpreting Forensic Examinations of Rape Survivors, September 2010, 54pp Detained and at Risk: Sexual Abuse and Harassment in United States Immigration Detention, August 2010, 24pp Illusions of Care: Lack of Accountability for Reproductive Rights in Argentina, August 2010, 52pp “I Am Not Dead, But I Am Not Living”: Barriers to Fistula Prevention and Treatment in Kenya, July 2010, 82pp “I Used to Think the Law Would Protect Me”: Illinois’s Failure to Test Rape Kits, July 2010, 42pp The “Ten-Dollar Talib” and Women’s Rights: Afghan Women and the Risks of Reintegration and Reconciliation, July 2010, 65pp “Tough, Fair, and Practical”: A Human Rights Framework for Immigration Reform in the United States, July 2010, 24pp “They Took Me and Told Me Nothing”: Female Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan, June 2010, 80pp “Welcome to Kenya”: Police Abuse of Somali Refugees, June 2010, 94pp Unaccountable: Addressing Reproductive Health Care Gaps, May 2010, 10pp Slow Reform: Protection of Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia and the Middle East, April 2010, 26pp Fast-Tracked Unfairness: Detention and Denial of Women Asylum Seekers in the UK, February 2010, 69pp A State of Isolation: Access to Abortion for Women in Ireland, January 2010, 57pp All reports can be accessed online and ordered at www.hrw.org/en/publications 648 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH PUBLICATIONS 649 H U M A N HUMAN RIGH TS WATCH R I G H T S 350 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10118-3299 www.hrw.org WORLD REPORT | 2011 W A T C H Front cover: Former Burmese political prisoner © 2010 Platon for Human Rights Watch Back cover: Child worker in Kazakhstan © 2009 Moises Saman/Magnum for Human Rights Watch Cover Design by Rafael Jiménez This 21st annual World Report summarizes human rights conditions in more than 90 countries and territories worldwide It reflects extensive investigative work undertaken in 2010 by Human Rights Watch staff, usually in close partnership with domestic human rights activists With increasing frequency, governments that might exert pressure for human rights improvement are accepting the rationalizations and subterfuges of repressive governments, favoring private “dialogue” and “cooperation” over more hard-nosed approaches In principle there is nothing wrong with dialogue, but it should not be a substitute for public pressure when the government in question lacks the political will to respect rights Human Rights Watch calls on governmental supporters of human rights to ensure that the quest for cooperation does not become an excuse for inaction SEVEN STORIES PRESS 140 Watts Street New York, NY 10013 www.sevenstories.com $ 25.00 U.S ... of human rights for all WORLD REPORT 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is one of the world? ??s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights By... proofread the report For a full list of Human Rights Watch staff, please go to our website: www.hrw.org/about/info/staff.html WORLD REPORT 2011 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This 21st annual World Report is dedicated... H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H WORLD REPORT 2011 EVENTS OF 2010 Copyright © 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: