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Edited by
Timo Ståhl, Matthias Wismar, Eeva Ollila,
Eero Lahtinen & Kimmo Leppo
Health in All Policies
Prospects and potentials
on Health Systems and Policies
European
Health in All Policies
Prospects and potentials
This volume was produced as a part of a project entitled “Europe for Health and Wealth”,
which was supported by funding from the European Union Public Health Programme.
It was published by the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, under the auspices of
the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a partnership between the World
Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, the Governments of Belgium, Finland,
Greece, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden, the Veneto Region of Italy, the European
Investment Bank, the Open Society Institute, the World Bank, CRP-Santé Luxembourg the
London School of Economics and Political Science, and the London School of Hygiene &
Tropical Medicine.
The advice and help of the members of the advisory editorial board have been indispensable.
They have not only given general directions for the book, but many of them also made
comments on individual chapters. Two anonymous external reviewers reviewed the chapters.
The editors want to thank the external reviewers for their significant contribution to the
publication. Their advice and constructive criticism was instrumental in achieving the final
form and content of this book.
Editorial board:
Dr Jarkko Eskola (former Director-General at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland)
Dr Josep Figueras (Director, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and
Head of the WHO European Centre on Health Policy, Brussels, Belgium)
Dr Maarike Harro (Director-General, National Institute for Health Development, Estonia)
Dr Anna Hedin (Desk Officer, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Stockholm, Sweden)
Dr Meri Koivusalo (Senior Researcher, STAKES, Finland)
Dr Tapani Melkas (Director, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland)
Dr José Pereira Miguel (High Commissioner for Health, Portugal)
Dr Horst Noack (Professor, Medizinische Universität Graz, Austria)
Dr Don Nutbeam (Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Sydney, Australia)
Dr Pekka Puska (Director-General, National Public Health Institute, Finland )
Dr Rolf Rosenbrock (Professor, Social Science Research Center Berlin, Germany)
Ms Imogen Sharp (Head, Health Inequalities – UK Presidency of EU, Department of Health,
England)
We would also like to thank Mike Meakin for the copy-editing and his involvement in the
project management of this book.
Health in All Policies
Prospects and potentials
Edited by
Timo Ståhl
PhD
Senior Researcher, STAKES, Helsinki, Finland
Matthias Wismar
PhD
Health Policy Analyst, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
Eeva Ollila
MD, DMedSci
Senior Researcher, STAKES, Helsinki, Finland
Eero Lahtinen
MD, PhD
Ministerial Adviser, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki, Finland
Kimmo Leppo
MD, PhD
Director-General, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki, Finland
© Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2006
All rights reserved. Please address requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication to:
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
Health Department
Finland
kirjaamo.stm@stm.fi
The views expressed by authors or editors do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policies
of the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, the European Commission, or the European
Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners.
ISBN 952-00-1964-2
Printed and bound in Finland
Further copies of this publication are available from:
asiakaspalvelu@stakes.fi
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
List of contributors ix
Foreword xiii
Robert Madelin
Preface xv
Liisa Hyssälä
Introduction xvii
Part 1 Health in All Policies: the wider context
1 Principles and challenges of Health in All Policies 3
Marita Sihto, Eeva Ollila, Meri Koivusalo
2 Moving health higher up the European agenda 21
Meri Koivusalo
Part 2 Sectoral experiences
3 The promotion of heart health: a vital investment for Europe 41
Pekka Jousilahti
4 Health in the world of work 65
Riitta-Maija Hämäläinen, Kari Lindström
5 Public health, food and agriculture policy in the European Union 93
Liselotte Schäfer Elinder, Karen Lock, Mojca Gabrijelcic Blenkus
ˆˆˆ
6 Health in alcohol policies: the European Union and its Nordic 111
Member States
Christoffer Tigerstedt, Thomas Karlsson, Pia Mäkelä, Esa Österberg,
Ismo Tuominen
7 Environment and health: perspectives from the intersectoral experience 129
in Europe
Marco Martuzzi
Part 3 Governance
8 Opportunities and challenges for including health components in 145
the policy-making process
Anna Ritsatakis, Jorma Järvisalo
9 Towards closer intersectoral cooperation: the preparation of the 169
Finnish national health report
Timo Ståhl, Eero Lahtinen
Part 4 Health impact assessment
10 Health impact assessment and Health in All Policies 189
John Kemm
11 The use of health impact assessment across Europe 209
Julia Blau, Kelly Ernst, Matthias Wismar, Franz Baro, Mojca Gabrijelcic
Blenkus, Konrade von Bremen, Rainer Fehr, Gabriel Gulis, Tapani Kauppinen,
Odile Mekel, Kirsi Nelimarkka, Kerttu Perttilä, Nina Scagnetti, Martin Sprenger,
Ingrid Stegeman, Rudolf Welteke
12 Implementing and institutionalizing health impact assessment in Europe 231
Matthias Wismar, Julia Blau, Kelly Ernst, Eva Elliott, Alison Golby,
Loes van Herten, Teresa Lavin, Marius Stricka, Gareth Williams
13 A case study of the role of health impact assessment in 253
implementing welfare strategy at local level
Tapani Kauppinen, Kirsi Nelimarkka, Kerttu Perttilä
Part 5 Conclusions and the way forward
14 Towards a healthier future 269
Eeva Ollila, Eero Lahtinen, Tapani Melkas, Matthias Wismar, Timo Ståhl,
Kimmo Leppo
Contentsvi
ˆˆ
ˆ
ˆ
List of figures
Figure I.1 Europe’s growing wealth xix
Figure I.2 Europe’s increased health xx
Figure I.3 Europe’s declining fertility rate xxii
Figure I.4 Europe’s ageing population xxii
Figure I.5 Europe’s population is shrinking xxiii
Figure I.6 The determinants of health xxvii
Figure 3.1 The role of smoking, high-serum total cholesterol, high 46
blood pressure, obesity and physical inactivity on the
development of coronary heart disease
Figure 3.2 IMPACT model showing the decline in coronary heart 47
disease mortality in Finland between 1982 and 1997
Figure 3.3 Age-adjusted coronary heart disease mortality in Finland 49
and 24 other countries, per 100 000, from 1965 to 1969
Figure 3.4 Coronary heart disease mortality changes in the North 52
Karelia province and the whole of Finland from 1970 to
2002 in men aged 35–64 years
Figure 3.5 Fruit and vegetables withdrawn in the EU from 1997 to 2001 54
Figure 3.6 The price of cigarettes (Marlboro) in Europe in January 2005 57
Figure 4.1 The interrelationship between work, health and employability 77
Figure 6.1 Total consumption of alcohol in litres per inhabitant over 120
15 years of age, and alcohol-related mortality (alcohol-
related diseases and poisonings), 1969–2004
Figure 6.2 Recorded, unrecorded and total alcohol consumption in 120
litres per capita in Finland, 1994–2005
Figure 9.1 Coordination of EU affairs within the Finnish Government 180
Figure 10.1 The sequence of processes in health impact assessment 189
Figure 10.2 Causal links in alcohol policy 192
Figure 11.1 The focus of health impact assessment presentation 213
Figure 11.2 Community and stakeholder participation in health 221
impact assessment as reported in the fact sheets
Figure 11.3 Types of health impact assessment by level as reported 227
in the fact sheets
Figure 13.1 The health impact assessment in the city of Kajaani 256
was organized according to a “hand model”
Figure 13.2 Who is right? Health impact assessment helps to collect 257
and structure participants’ knowledge and information on
health issues
List of tables
Table 2.1 The 2005 plan for priority areas in work for Community 27
action in the field of public health (2003–2008)
Table 3.1 Mortality rate per 100 000 in the EU in 2002 42
Table 3.2 Costs of cardiovascular diseases (€ million) in 43
different EU countries
Table 3.3 Coronary heart disease mortality rate per 100 000 in 45
different EU countries in 2002 by gender
Table 3.4 Overall mortality due to smoking as a proportion of all 56
deaths in the EU (year 2000 data)
Table 4.1 A matrix of the framework of actions on workers’ health 68
(some illustrative examples)
Table 4.2 Some adverse health effects of changes in workplaces 75
Table 6.1 Changes in the operational environment in alcohol policy in 124
the EU, from the point of view of the Finnish Member State
Table 7.1 Burden of disease for selected environmental factors 134
and injuries in the European Region
Table 9.1 Priority-setting of policies and activities from (2002 to 2005) 178
as defined by the respective ministries for the promotion of
health and welfare of the population
Table 11.1 Health impact assessments as reported in the fact sheets 215
Table 11.2 The objectives of health impact assessment as reported 218
in the analysed sample of documents
Table 11.3 Factors to stratify health impact assessment in order to 219
take health inequalities into account
Table 11.4 Sectors of health impact assessment 223
Table 11.5 Stages of health impact assessment as reported in the 226
fact sheets
Table 12.1 Policy, regulation or other means of endorsement to 236
provide a framework and basis for action for health
impact assessment
Table 12.2 Selected aspects of health intelligence for health impact 238
assessment
Table 12.3 Budgets for health impact assessment at national level 238
Table 12.4 Costs of a health impact assessment 241
Table 12.5 Resource generation and capacity building: 242
organizations and institutions involved
Table 12.6 Ministries whose policies were the subject of health 247
impact assessments in the Netherlands and Finland
Table 12.7 Reporting to the decision-makers (based on a sample 249
of 158 health impact assessments)
Table 13.1 Which model is the best possible? In the city of Kajaani, 260
the effects of the implementation of the welfare strategy
were analysed by health impact assessment. A working
group formed three models for organizing health promotion
and services in the municipality
Contributors
For those contributors based at STAKES (The National Research and
Development Centre for Welfare and Health), the address is P.O. Box 220,
Helsinki, FIN-00531, Finland.
Franz Baro Professor of Psychiatry, Collaborating Centre on Health and
Psychosocial and Psychobiological Factors, Rue de l’Autonomie 4, 1070
Brussels, Belgium
Julia Blau
MSc, Research Officer, European Observatory on Health Systems
and Policies, WHO European Centre for Health Policy, Rue de l’Autonomie
4, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Mojca Gabrijelcic Blenkus
MD, Specialist in Public Health, Head of the
Department for Health Promotion, Institute of Public Health of the
Republic of Slovenia, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Konrade von Bremen
MD, MHEM, Senior Researcher, Institute of Health
Economics and Management, University of Lausanne, César Roux 19,
1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
Liselotte Schäfer Elinder
PhD, Director, Associate Professor, Department of
Health Behaviour, Swedish National Institute of Public Health,
S-103 52 Stockholm, Sweden
Eva Elliott, Senior Research Fellow, The Cardiff Institute of Society,
Health and Ethics, 53 Park Place, Cardiff CF23 3AT, UK
Kelly Ernst
MPH, Research Officer, European Observatory on Health
Systems and Policies, WHO European Centre for Health Policy,
Rue de l’Autonomie 4, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Rainer Fehr
MPH, PhD, LÖGD (Landesinstitut für den Öffentlichen
Gesundheitsdienst NRW), Institute of Public Health, North Rhine-
Westphalia, Westerfeldstrasse 35–37, D-33613 Bielefeld, Germany
Alison Golby
PhD, Research Associate, The Cardiff Institute of Society,
Health and Ethics, 53 Park Place, Cardiff CF23 3AT, UK
Gabriel Gulis
PhD, Associate Professor, Unit of Health, University of
Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrsvej 9–10, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
Riitta-Maija Hämäläinen
PhD, Researcher, Finnish Institute of
Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland
ˆˆˆ
[...]... workers is increasing, putting even more emphasis on appropriate and effective strategies to integrate older workers into the labour market Declining populations and dwindling labour market participation could result in shrinking economies unless there are gains in productivity and income Again, this could put pressure on the European social model in terms of financial sustainability, undermining social... policy options can be formulated in terms of a virtuous and vicious cycle Investing in health and maintaining and raising the health status of European populations will contribute not only to increased well-being but also to economic stability and growth This, in turn, may strengthen the financial sustainability of health care systems In effect, a productive investment in health is the chance to embark... constructed in other sectors beyond the health sector It concludes that changes in policy-making forums have made it increasingly challenging for those aiming at improved population health to integrate health aspects into policy-making Other policies have other aims and priorities, and integrating health considerations in other policies requires a solid information base, personnel with appropriate public health. .. HiAP, and the need to reconcile the aims and values of the various policies We then discuss the challenges in the implementation of HiAP Finally we deal with the aim of decreasing health inequalities and the fact that while addressing inequalities in health is an intrinsic part of HiAP, it needs special emphases and attention, as addressing health determinants does not automatically also address determinants... values and principles similar to those in the WHO’s call for multisectoral action for health, 26 and the concept of building healthy public policies, 27 or the whole government approach.28 Policies, determinants and the population’s health are conceptualized as a chain of causation Health in All Policies starts at the source of this chain and it may help to make policies more consistent overall and therefore... further integration of health aspects into European policy-making at all levels HiAP is a strategy with a solid background in science which aims at influencing health determinants so as to improve, maintain and protect health An HiAP approach has its analytical and scientific roots in public health sciences, hygiene and epidemiology It is especially rooted in the broader policy-level interventions on health. .. Netherlands Jorma Järvisalo DMedSci, Research Professor, Health Policy and International Development, Social Insurance Institution, Peltolantie 3, FIN-20720 Turku, Finland Pekka Jousilahti MD, PhD, Research Professor, National Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland Thomas... health training and a good knowledge of the policy-making system and structures, as well as negotiating skills Implementation remains a challenge for HiAP and five aspects of key relevance in the context of implementation are 4 Health in All Policies: Prospects and potentials discussed The means and mechanisms for implementing HiAP are discussed in more detail in Chapter 8 This chapter starts by looking... Sweden and Finland.22, 23 However, contradictory results have also been obtained.24 Health in All Policies: strengthening the link between health and other policies Policies shape the conditions in which we live and work and these conditions may have positive or negative consequences for the health of a given population and individuals Factors that are found to have the most significant influence on health. .. legislatures and regulatory agencies Supranational institutions’ policies may overrule government policies. 9 The scientific background and principles of Health in All Policies The HiAP approach is solidly rooted in the public health sciences and the interaction among and knowledge of health, governance and public policies Knowledge about factors outside of health care which contribute to health and ill health . Lahtinen & Kimmo Leppo
Health in All Policies
Prospects and potentials
on Health Systems and Policies
European
Health in All Policies
Prospects and potentials. Madelin
Preface xv
Liisa Hyssälä
Introduction xvii
Part 1 Health in All Policies: the wider context
1 Principles and challenges of Health in All Policies
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