Enzyme Biocatalysis Principles and Applications pptx

[...]... presentation of enzyme nomenclature and classification can be obtained from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the website http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/ enzyme/ 1 Introduction 19 1.5 Applications of Enzymes Enzyme as Process Catalysts Enzymes were used long before their nature and properties were known Some digestive enzymes and pepsin were... hydrolase (1,4 β-D-glucan glucano hydrolase) and a cellobiase (β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) (Mandels and Reese 1960; Illanes and Rossi 1980; Marsden and Gray 1986) These fractions act synergistically to breakdown the cellulose fibers down to glucose (Ryu and Mandels 1980) Cellulases have many and increasing applications in the food, feed, detergent and textile industries and also in the pharmaceutical industry... food and beverages, detergents, leather and pharmaceuticals Acid and neutral proteases are relevant to the food industry and, among them, rennin and its substitutes are of paramount importance in cheesemaking; its evolution and present status is analyzed in depth in section 2.1 Plant and animal acid and neutral proteases are still important, especially in pharmaceutical products and some food applications. .. application like, food, feed, laundry, textiles and tanning (Uhlig 1998) have been extended in recent years to the pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals industry (Lauwers and Scharp´ 1997; Huisman and Gray 2002; Aehle 2003; Pollard and Woodley e 2006) In fact, enzyme applications in organic synthesis represent now the most promising and challenging area for enzyme technology development (Asano 2002; Schoemaker... case of food and cosmetic applications) (Benkovic and Ballesteros 1997; Wegman et al 2001) However, enzymes are complex molecular structures that are intrinsically labile and costly to produce, which are definite disadvantages with respect to chemical catalysts (Bommarius and Broering 2005) While the advantages of biocatalysis are there to stay, most of its present restrictions can be and are being... reversibly to the enzyme and are not part of its structure; coenzymes bound to enzymes actually take part in the reaction and, therefore, are sometime called cosubstrates, since they are stoichiometric in nature (Kula 2002) Coenzymes often function as intermediate carriers of electrons (i.e NAD+ or FAD+ in dehydrogenases), specific atoms (i.e coenzyme Q in H atom transfer) or functional groups (i.e coenzyme A... proteases in dough making and the use of pancreatin in leather bating Most conventional uses of enzymes refer to 20 A Illanes the use of hydrolases as process catalysts or additives for the food, feed, detergent, leather and textile industries and despite the impressive advances in biocatalysis they still represent the major share of the enzyme market Most relevant applications of those enzymes are summarized... of an additional molecule to perform biocatalysis, (ii) those that require cofactors that remain unaltered and tightly bound to the enzyme performing in a catalytic fashion, and (iii) those requiring coenzymes that are chemically modified and dissociated during catalysis, performing in a stoichiometric fashion The requirement of cofactors or coenzymes to perform biocatalysis has profound technological... pectinases and hemicellulases for the extraction of juices, oils and agar (San Mart´n et al 1988; Uhlig 1998; Ovandoı Chac´ n and Waliszewski 2005), for the enzymatic stonewashing of denim and coto ton fabric bio-polishing (Foody and Tolan 1999; Anish et al 2006), as ingredients in detergent formulations (Convents et al 1995) and in several digestive-aid preparations in combination with other hydrolytic enzymes... when studying enzyme thermal inactivation: enzyme activity increases with temperature but enzyme stability decreases These opposite trends make temperature a critical variable in any enzymatic process and make it prone to optimization This aspect will be thoroughly analyzed in Chapters 3 and 5 Enzyme specificity is another relevant property of enzymes strictly related to its structure Enzymes are usually . class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" Enzyme Biocatalysis Andr ´ es Illanes Editor Enzyme Biocatalysis Principles and Applications 123 Prof. Dr. Andr ´ es Illanes School. Determination of Enzyme Activity. . . . 8 1.4 Enzyme Classes. Properties and Technological Significance . . . . . . . 16 1.5 Applications of Enzymes. Enzyme as