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I Questions on Lexicology Semantics 1 What is morpheme and types of morphemes? Morpheme are the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit (cf phonemes) occur in speech as parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme Types of morphemes Morphemes in English can be classified into root morrpheme morrphemes and affixal morphemes + Root morphemes come into two small kinds free M ex Table, Boy bound M ex girl – girls + Affixal M can be broken into two kinds g.
I Questions on Lexicology-Semantics What is morpheme and types of morphemes? - Morpheme are the smallest indivisible meaningful language unit- (cf.phonemes) occur in speech as parts of words, not independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme - Types of morphemes: Morphemes in English can be classified into root morrpheme morrphemes and affixal morphemes: + Root morphemes come into two small kinds: _ free M ex: Table, Boy _ bound M ex: girl – girls + Affixal M can be broken into two kinds: grammatical M and Derivational M _ Grammatical M and Derivational M comes into three kinds: prefix ex: unkind, mislead infix ex: salesman, fisherman suffix ex: kindly, leader What is a word and types of words? - Word is an independent language unit which has both sound and spelling form and is capable to form a sentence by itself Ex Today, house, what… - There are types of words : + simple (R): heart + derived (R+A): hearty + compound (R+R): sweet heart What is the difference between a word and a morpheme? - The main difference is that while a word can stand alone, a morphemes may not be able to stand alone What is word formation and ways of word formation? - Word formation refers to the way in which new words are formed on the basic of other words or morphemes ways of word formation: Trang + affixation ex: unhappy unlucky, uneven; dishonest, assistance, appearance, existence, audience; +compounding ex: (n) blackboards (tấm bảng đen), store-keepers (thủ kho), mothers-in-law (mẹ chồng), passers-by (khách qua đường) (v) handwash (giặt tay), handwashes, handwashing, handwashed (adj) heart-breaking (làm đau xé lòng/ làm đau buồn), heart-broken (rất đau buồn, đau khổ), middle-aged (trung niên – between young and old), first-rate (hạng nhất, loại 1, xuất săc/ cừ) +shortening ex: UK: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GB: Great Britain USA: The United States of America UNO: United Nations Organization UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNICEF: United Nations Children's Emergency Fund UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific WHO/OMS: World Health Organization +conversion ex: Substantiation of adjectives : (adj > n) and verbs ( v > n) - a native , a female, a relative, a daily – nhật báo, elastic – dây thun, a private, an intellectual, a criminal, a conservative, a radical, a red, a grown-up - the blind, the rich, the happy, the good +sound&stress intercharge ex: sound intercharge : food-feed, speak-speech, life-live, adviceadvise, bath-bathe, belief-believe, proof-prove, loss-lose stress intercharge : 'accent(n) ac'cent(v) 'frequent(adj) fre'quent(v) +sound imitation ex: - Sound and movement of water : babble – tiếng róc rách, blob, bubble – bong bóng, bọt, tăm, flush – phun/ toé Trang nước, làm ngập/ tràn nước, gurgle – tiếng ùng ục/ róc rách, gush – phun ra, splash – bắn toé nước, +back formation/back derivation ex: Beggar – người ăn xin to beg house-breaking – vào to house-break nhà để ăn trộm ban ngày babysister – người trông trẻ to baby-sit What is affixation ? The difference between prefixation and suffixation? - affixation is a way of word formation, building new word by adding affixes to roots There are two types of affixation: + prefixation ex: awake, afresh, anew, aloud, alike, alone, misunderstand, mislead, misbehave + Suffixation ex: assistance, appearance, existence, audience; What is compounding and how are compound words classified? - Compounding is a way of word formation, building new word by combining at least two root morphemes Ex blacklist, greenhouse Compound words are classified based on the criteria: + structural classification: + According to the structure of the immediate components - simple stems : handbag, film-star (ngôi điện ảnh) - derived stems : skyscraper (toà nhà chọc trời), long-legged (chân dài), ill-mannered (thô lỗ/ cục cằn), teenager - abbreviated stems : maths -teacher, H-bomb, X-ray (tia X) - at least one compound stem: aircraft carrier (tàu sân bay), waste paper basket - v + adv : break-down (sự hỏng máy/ thiết bị), cut-back (phàn cắt bớt/ đoạn phim chiếu lại) + According to the part of speech - compound nouns : girlfriend, greengrocer (người buôn bán rau quả), splashdown (sự hạ xuống biển tàu vũ trụ) - compound adjectives : red-hot (nóng đỏ/ giận bừng bừng/ nhiệt huyết), peace-loving (u chuộng hồ bình), man-made, middleaged Trang - compound verbs : to whitewash (minh oan/(n) nước vôi), to carpet- bomb (ném bom rải thảm), to streamline (tổ chức hợp lý hoá) - compound adverbs : whole-heartedly (hết lòng), shamefacedly (xấu hổ), self-confidently - compound prepositions : onto, into, hereafter (sau đây) + According to the type of composition - compounds formed by juxtaposition (vị trí kề nhau): backache (chứng đau lưng), heart-broken, railroad - compounds formed by morphological means (with an infix}: spokesman, Afro-Asian (người Châu Á), speedometer (đồng hồ tốc độ) - compounds formed by syntactical means: (word group —> compound ): up-to-date (cập nhật/ đại), forget-me-not (Đừng quên tôi), cash-and-carry (tiền trao cháo múc) - compounds formed by morphological and syntactical means : kind-hearted : with a kind heart blue-eyed : with blue eyes teenager : a person in his teens + According to the relation between components - Coordinative components – QH đẳng lập (both are independent) :socio- economical (kinh tế xã hội), brain master, mother-earth, parent-teacher - Subordinative components – QH phụ (one component dominates over the other): wrist-watch (đồng hồ đeo tay), gatekeeper, spaceship + semantic classification: + Non-idiomatic – kp nghĩa thành ngữ (morphologically motivated- đoán đc nghĩa): The meaning of the whole can deduced from the meanings of the components: door-handle (tay nắm cửa), headache, rose-bush (khóm hoa hồng), lifeboat (thuyền cứu sinh), bedroom, sunlight + Idiomatic- nghĩa thành ngữ (non-motivated- k đoán đc nghĩa): no semantic relation between components: nightmare, lotus-eater (kẻ hưởng lạc/ kẻ thích nhàn hạ), lipservice (lời nói đãi bôi), eyewash (thuốc rửa mắt), horse sense (lương tri chất phác), monkey-business (công việc vớ vẩn) + phonetic classification Trang They are reduplicative compounds which fall into three subgroups: + reduplicative compounds proper: hush-hush (làm thinh), poohpooh (coi thường/ khinh rẻ), murmur (rì rào/ thầm), quackquack, puff-puff (máy phụt), fifty-fifty (năm mươi – năm mươi/ bên nửa) – láy nguyên + ablaut combinations: the second basic morpheme is repeated with a different vowel: sing-song (giọng đều/ giọng ê a), chitchat (câu chuyện phiếm/ tán gẫu), ding-dong (tiếng bing boong (n)/ (adj) gay go), ping-pong (bóng bàn), zip-zag, tip-top (đỉnh cao (n)/ (adj) tuyệt mỹ, hoàn hảo) – láy âm đầu + rhyme combinations: two pseudo- morphemes is joined to rhyme: walkie-talkie (bộ đàm), willy-nilly (dù muốn dù khơng/ khơng có định hướng hay kế hoạch), hotchpotch (mớ hỗn độn), hurry-scurry (ngược xuôi lộn xộn (adj)/ (n) tình trạng adj/ (v) hành động adj), lovey-dovey (adj – đa cảm, yêu thương, âu yếm) – láy vần What is the difference between a compound and a free-word group? - A compound words differs from a free word group in aspects: + Phonological aspect:compound words often have stress on the first element Ex; + Most the compounds have a stress on the first component e.g 'classroom, 'greenhouse, "boy-friend, to 'whitewash, to'bottlefeed, "snub- nosed, 'forget-me-not, 'mothers-in-law, 'passer-by, 'dancing-girl cf free word groups : a green 'house, a dancing 'girl e.g A : Look at that beautiful dancing 'girl B : She's a well-known 'dancing-girl If you don't drive the 'bluebottle (con ruổi xanh) away, I will throw the blue'bottle on your face + Semantic integrity aspect :The meaning of compound words is not the sum of their components EX: dirty work (dishonorable proceedings) fuss-pot (person easily excited and nervous about trifles) (người hay làm to chuyện) slow-coach (person who thinks and acts slowly) (chậm rùa) chatterbox (person who talks a great deal without saying anything important) (chóp lười đầu mơi) Trang blue-stocking woman (woman who affects literary tastes and learning) (nữ học giả) lip-service (superficial service from the lips only) (lời nói k thành thật/ cửa miệng) – to pay lip-serve to sb(chỉ khéo mồm, không thành thật với ai)/st (thừa nhận st ngồi miệng) lip-reading (interpretation (giải thích) of the motion of the lips) lipstick (a stick of cosmetics for redding the lips) + Structural integrity aspect: Compounds are indivisible and it is impossible to insert any other words Endings are added to the whole word e.g black-markets (chợ đen), blackbirds, blackmail (sự hăm doạ để tống tiền), blacklist, blacklegs (kẻ lừa đảo), red-tape (thói quan liêu), fair- haired + Graphic aspect: A compound can be spelt in three ways : with a hyphen (dấu gạch ngang) between two components, with break and without break e.g air-line, air line, airline match-box, match box, matchbox Few compounds have connective elements (infixes) e.g statesman, handicraft, savings-bank, goods-train, AngloSaxon What is shortening and types of shortening? - a way of word formation, building new word(s) by reducing the root It is a very productive way of word building used in colloquial speech, documents and advertisements - There are types of shortening: abbreviation and blending + abbreviation : Acronyms: words built from the initials of components + Monograms: UK: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland GB: Great Britain USA: The United States of America UNO: United Nations Organization + Homonymy-based acronyms: I.O.U Clipping Trang +initial: car (motor car), plane (air plane), phone (telephone), bus(omnibus) drome (airdrome) + final: exam(examination), lab(laboratory), prof (professor),doc(document),ad (advertisement), + inito-final: fridge( refrigerator), flu(influenza), +medial: fancy(fantacy), Mr.(Mister), Mrs., Mmes Ms.(Messrs, Messieurs), Dr(Doctor) + elliptic-conversational: sitdown(demonstration), pop(popular music), +blending: parts of two words merge into a new word Ex:brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog( smoke+fog), telecast(telebroadcast), medicare ( medical care),telex (telegramme express), What is conversion? State the types of conversion? - Process of coining a new word in a different part of speech without adding any element - types of conversion: Substantiation of adjectives : (adj n) and verbs ( v n) - a native , a female, a relative, a daily – nhật báo - a go (1 lần lượt), a find, black-out, take-over, a stand, a must, a walk, a move Adjectivization of nouns (n adj) a silver cup, a gold ring, an iron knife Verbalization of nouns or adjectives (n/adj v) to hand, water, land, pocket, arm, elbow, silence, skin, bottle, railroad, honeymoon, rubber-stamp, machine-gun, head, eye, finger, fish, shoulder, better, black, up, down, lower, narrow, clear, clean, cool, quiet Adverbialization of adjectives (adj adv) fast ,long, high, pretty, hard, wrong, dead Partial conversion (chuyển đổi từ loại khơng hồn tồn) Trang to have a look/ talk/ smoke/ swim/ wash/ chat/ drink/ sleep/ dance/ rest to give a ring/kick/ blow/ cry/ laugh/ whistle/jerk/jump/start/ answer to take a ride / walk/ the lead to make a move/dive/request/suggestion/ attempt/agreement Individual coinage – nói cách cho vuông in conversation 'Hello, dear!' He hello-deared everybody I'm tired of his 'hello-dear' 10 What is the difference between affixation and back-formation? - Affixation: formation of words by adding affixes to roots prefixation+suffixation - Back-formation: building of a new word by subbtracting a real or supposed affix from the existing word Eg: editor >to edit 11 State types of meaning of words? - Words in English often have types of meaning : Gram meaning ( functional words ) and Lexical meaning ( notional words) Ex: - For lexical meaning, it is often broken into denotational meaning and connotational meaning Ex: - Denotational meaning refersto abstract and concrete things/concepts while con-notational meaning refers to speakers viewpoint or emotion Ex: - a science / study which deals with words, morphemes and word groups - a science which studies and describes systematically the vocabulary of a given language 12 What is context? State the kinds of context? - Context is an environment with helps us to understand the meaning of word It is also the minimal stretch of speech that determines each meaning of a word - There are two types of context: Trang + linguistic: lexical ex: black days/period (unhappy, full of hardships) Grammatical ex: Yesterday I gave her a ring and asked her to go out with me + non-linguistic(situational) ex: to set has 126 meanings in maximum I won't set my foot in his house You must set your name to this document The machine was set in motion 13 What is homonym? State the kinds of homonym? - Homonym words identical in pronunciation and/or spelling, but different in meaning They are not connected semantically (They have no semantic relation) They are quite different words eg He ran fast (quickly) -Types of homonyms a- according to form: + Full/perfect homonyms: words identical both in pronunciation and spelling They are of the same part of speech e.g ball: a round object used in games ball: gathering of people for dancing seal: a sea animal seal: a design printed on paper by means of a stamp + Partial homonyms: words identical both in pronunciation and/or spelling They are homonymous only in some of the forms of their respective paradigms They may be found both within the same part of speech and in different parts of speech eg to found - (he) found pail (n) - pale (adj) lie, lied, lied lie, lay, lain lay, laid, laid b according to meaning: + Lexical homonyms: words of the same part of speech, but of different meanings and there is no semantic relation between them eg match: que diêm; trận đấu board: ván, boong tàu, ủy ban spring: mùa xuân, Trang suối, lò so + Grammatical homonyms: words of different parts of speech eg work (n) - work (v) asked (simple past) - asked (PII) brothers - brother's light (n) - light (adj) From a different angle, homonyms are classified into: + Homophones: words identical in pronunciation, but different or coincidental in spelling eg son - sun air - heir night - knight ear - ear not - knot buy - by - bye race - race piece - peace write - right - rite + Homographs: words of the same spelling, but of different pronunciation eg tear/ti∂/ - tear /te∂/ bow /b∂u/ - bow / bau/ wind/wind/ - wind/waind/ lead /li:d/ - lead / led / 14 What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? - They are different in the folowing aspects: a Semantic criterion: connection between meanings Homonyms Polysemantic words game: trò chơi, thi đấu hand: part of body game: thú săn help skill pointer of a clock b Derivational criterion: homonyms have their own derivation eg air - aircraft, airfield, airline air (suggestive appearance) - no derivatives to have an air of importance to put on airs to put on an air of innocence c Criterion of synonyms: homonyms have different synonyms eg bay (n) - syn gulf bay (n) syn barking d Criterion of combination: homonyms have different valency (combination ability) or different paradigms eg game, games: trò chơi, thi đấu long(adj)- longer, longest game: thú săn long (v)- longed, longing 15 What is synonym? State the types of synonym? T r a n g 10 - Synonyms are words (two or more) of the same part of speech, similar in their denotational meaning, but different in their phonetic and graphic forms, connotational meaning and combinability eg to help, to aid , to assist, to succour to help sb st , to aid sb to st humanitarian aid : viện trợ nhân đạo Types of synonyms + Absolute synonyms: words having the same denotational and connotational meanings They are few in number This is a result of borrowing and territorial synonyms.(dialect) eg Br E - team (in a football match) Am E - squad luggage baggage autumn fall lift elevator flat apartment + Semantic synonyms: words differing in shades of meaning eg beautiful, pretty, good-looking, nice, lovely, fair to ask, to beg, to entreat, to ask, to question, to interrogate hoy-simmering-boiling + Stylistic synonyms: words belonging to different stylistic layers văn phong, differing in emotive value, expressiveness eg policeman - bobby (colloq.) - cop (sl) father - dad (colloq.) - daddy (colloq., emotional) man - fellow, chap (colloq), lad to begin - to commence (lit., official) - Euphemisms uyển ngữ: words or expressions synonymous to those denoting unpleasant notions or processes and sounding pleasant or basing on the desire not to hurt other people's feelings eg to die - to pass away, to depart this life/world dead - late, deceased to dismiss —to sack, fire, corpse - remains poor - underprivileged crisis -recession, slow-down, depression drunk-merry, intoxicated + Semantic-stylistic synonyms: words differing both in shades of meaning and stylistic aspect eg house - shack, slum, pad (sl.) to dismiss, to sack, to fire, to expel, to lay off, to kick out (sl) T r a n g 11 + Phraseological synonyms đồng nghiã mặt thành ngữ: words differing in their combinability eg exercises make money native tongue foreign language to raise/lift a finger to raise prices/wages/questions to say smth (to sb) to tell sb smth much many 16 What is metaphor? State the types of similarities? 17 What is metonymy? State the cases of relation? 18 What is idiomatic expression and its study ? Phraseology is the study of set expressions called phraseological units These "set expressions are completely or partially idiomatic and reproduced in speech as ready- made units 19 What is the difference between idioms and proverbs/saying? 20 State stylistic classification of the English vocabulary? Stylistically English words are divided into two main layers , we have standard words and non-standard words Standard words: Neutral words : man, boy, father, ……… Colloquial words : fellow, bike, dad,…… Bookish words : infant, lexicology,……… Non-standard words : Slangs : buck, mug, cop …… Vulgar words : dam, hell, bloody ……… Dialectal words : loch= lake …… T r a n g 12 II Exercises Students will one of the following exercise models Identify derived words in the following passage and state the way of wordformation they are coined Petunia has a well-equipped primary and secondary school There is a goodsized sports field, but instead of playing football the boys usually choose to knit, like their fathers, while the girl make wool Underline the metaphoric expressions and state what type of similarity they express a green apple; green with envy /………………………………./ the wings of a bird; the wings of an aero-plane /…………………………./ the root of a tree; the root of the matter /………………………………./ Discuss the relation in metonymy of the underlined part in the following sentences I have never read Balzac in the original /………………………………./ My sister is fond of old china /………………………………./ The coffee-pot is boiling /………………………………./ Give the synonyms to the underlined words He returned to his lodgings late They started early in the morning He's been very sweet to his mother Read the following pairs of sentences and mark the underlined words with /P/ if they are poly-semantic and with /H/ if they are homonymous Match the marks with the numbers a, Children, put up your right hand, please T r a n g 13 b, I think I have no right to know that a, What a nice ball pen b, They made snow balls and threw at one another a, What can I for you? b, Give me a can of beer, please Explain the meaning of the underlined words: He downed his gun She had never outed before He voiced his dream T r a n g 14 ... formation/back derivation ex: Beggar – người ăn xin to beg house-breaking – vào to house-break nhà để ăn trộm ban ngày babysister – người trông trẻ to baby-sit What is affixation ? The difference between... chiếu lại) + According to the part of speech - compound nouns : girlfriend, greengrocer (người buôn bán rau quả), splashdown (sự hạ xuống biển tàu vũ trụ) - compound adjectives : red-hot (nóng... huyết), peace-loving (u chuộng hồ bình), man-made, middleaged Trang - compound verbs : to whitewash (minh oan/(n) nước vôi), to carpet- bomb (ném bom rải thảm), to streamline (tổ chức hợp lý hố) -