Advanced Computer Architecture - Lecture 1: Introduction. This course of Advanced Computer Architecture has been developed with the assumption that the students have basic knowledge of: digital logic design, computer organization and design, programming model of microprocessor; memory and input/output interfacing with the microprocessor and fundamentals of Computer Architecture;...
CS 704 Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Advanced Computer Architecture Introduction Prof Dr M Ashraf Chughtai VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Advanced Computer Architecture Prerequisites VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Computer System VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Computer Architecture Verses Organization VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Academic History 1944 Stored program concept VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Academic History 1945 ENIAC the World’s First operational calculator VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Academic History 1946 ISA machine 10 times faster than ENIAC VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Commercial History 1949 – 51 UNIVAC-I $1 Million VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction Commercial History … Cont’d 1952 - 63 IBM-701 CDC 6600 PDP-8 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 10 Processor Design: Input/Output and Storage Computer Architecture Perspective Cont’d Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Memory Hierarchy L1 Cache Processor Design Cache design, block size and associativity VLSI Instruction Set Architecture Addressing modes and Protection Pipelining, Instruction Level Parallelism, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation, Vector, DSP VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 26 Memory Hierarchy: Computer Architecture Perspective Cont’d Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Virtual Memory DRAM Memory Hierarchy L2 Cache Processor Design VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch Pipelining, ILP etc Lecture 1-Introduction 27 I/O and Storage: Computer Architecture Perspective Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Disks and Tape Input/Output and Storage RAID DRAM Memory Hierarchy Processor Design L2 Cache L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch Pipelining, ILP VU-Advanced Computer etc Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 28 Multiprocessor and Networks: Computer Architecture Perspective Disks, WORM, Tape Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection RAID Shared memory P DRAM Memory Hierarchy M … P P P Interconnecting network L2 Cache Network switches Routing, bandwidth, latency Processor Design L1 Cache Instruction Set Arch Pipelining, ILP VU-Advanced Computer etc Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 29 Computer Design Cycle Performance Technology and Cost VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 30 Computer Design Cycle Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Benchmarks Performance Technology and cost The computer design is evaluated for bottlenecks using certain benchmarks to achieve the optimum performance VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 31 Performance (Metric) ….Design cycle cont’d Time/Latency: The wall clock or CPU elapsed time Throughput: The number of results per second Other measures such as MIPS, MFLOPS, clock frequency (MHz), cache size not make any sense VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 32 Performance (Measuring Tools) … Design Cycle Cont’d Benchmarks: Hardware: Cost, delay, area, power consumption Simulation (at levels - ISA, RT, Gate, Circuit) Queuing Theory Rules of Thumb Fundamental “Laws”/Principles VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 33 Computer Design Cycle 1: Performance Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks using Benchmarks 2: Technology Workloads Simulate New Designs and Organizations The Technology Trends motivate new designs These designs are simulated to evaluate the performance for different levels of workloads Simulation helps in keeping the result verification VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 34 Technology Trends: Computer Generations Vacuum tube Transistor Small scale integration 1946-1957 1st Gen 1958-1964 2nd Gen 1965-1968 – Up to 100 devices/chip Medium scale integration 1969-1971 3rd Gen – 100-3,000 devices/chip Large scale integration 1972-1977 – 3,000 - 100,000 devices/chip Very large scale integration 1978 on 4th Gen – 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices/chip Ultra large scale integration – Over 100,000,000 devices/chip VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 35 Technology Trends: Processor Transistor density 100,000,000 Graduating Window 5.2 – 15 Million transistors in PowerPC and Pentium Pro 10,000,000 I Pentium I 80486 Moor’s Law 1,000,000 Transistors I 80386 I 80286 100,000 I 8086 10,000 I 8080 I 4004 1,000 1970 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Lecture 1-Introduction 36 Technology Trends: Processor Performance Performance of Microprocessor is more than supercomputer 1000 Supercomputers 100 Mainframes 10 Minicomputers Microprocessors 0.1 1965 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Lecture 1-Introduction 37 Computer Design Cycle 3: Cost 1: Performance Implementation Complexity The systems are implemented using the latest technology to obtain cost effective, high performance solution - the implementation complexities are given due consideration Implement Next Generation System 2: Technology VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 38 Price Verses Cost The relationship between cost and price is complex one The cost is the total amount spends to produce a product The price is the amount for which a finished good is sold The cost passes through different stages before it becomes price A small change in cost may have a big impact on price VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 39 Thank You and Aslamu-a-Lacum VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1-Introduction 40 ... Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction Computer System VU -Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction Computer Architecture Verses Organization VU -Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture. .. 51 UNIVAC-I $1 Million VU -Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction Commercial History … Cont’d 1952 - 63 IBM-701 CDC 6600 PDP-8 VU -Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction. . .Advanced Computer Architecture Introduction Prof Dr M Ashraf Chughtai VU -Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction Advanced Computer Architecture Prerequisites VU -Advanced Computer