绪论
汉语成语概说
1.1.1汉语成语的研究历史及方向
Idioms are a significant linguistic and cultural unit, distinguished by their unique structural forms, semantic content, and cultural characteristics Consequently, scholars of the Chinese language have long focused on idioms, exploring various aspects such as phonetic features, vocabulary, grammatical structures, and cultural elements, as well as their relevance in teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
各位研究词典的学者最早地注意成语特点。在“辞源”（1915 年出版）的
The article outlines several characteristics of Chinese idioms; however, at this stage, scholars have yet to clearly define the boundaries between idioms and other linguistic units.
In his 1954 work "A Discussion on Modern Chinese Vocabulary," author Zhou Mozu explores the study of Chinese idioms from a lexical perspective This has paved the way for other vocabulary studies that delve deeper into the fundamental characteristics of Chinese idioms, their origins, and the meanings they convey Notable contributions to this field include works by scholars such as Shen Songyou and He Sanxi.
In the 1980s, researchers such as Liu Ye (1988) and Yi Yan (1984) contributed to the study of phonetics, exploring various aspects including concepts, scope, structural characteristics, origins, and developmental trends Notable authors in this field include Ma Guofan (1978), Shi Shi (1979), and Xiang Guangzhong (1980), who provided in-depth analyses of phonetic features and annotations.
The article explores various issues related to semantics, structure, and definitions in dictionaries, highlighting significant works such as "Chen He Village," "Baiyun" (2002), "Yu Yulin" (2002), and "Lu Zhuoqun" (1996) It also discusses specialized studies on idiom teaching methods in schools and the cultural characteristics of Chinese idioms, with notable contributions from authors like Ni Baoyuan, Yao Pengyu (1991), and Mo Pengling (2001).
Many Chinese linguists focus their research on the characteristics of idioms used in literary works, particularly in Confucian classics such as the "Analects," "Book of Documents," and "Book of Rites." Notable examples include the work of Peng Ling.
（1995年）、《鲁亚萍》（1996年）等。
With the development of international communication, the comparative study of languages has emerged as a novel field, particularly in the analysis of Chinese idioms in relation to idioms from other languages Research projects typically focus on three aspects: structural features, semantic characteristics, and the cognitive traits of national cultures Most of these studies compare Chinese idioms with those in Russian, English, Korean, and Japanese Notable contributors to this field include Gui Jie, Fan Tianjin (2000), Zhang Shunmei (2001), and Zhang Weidong (2000).
The study of Chinese idioms has seen significant development and achievements across various aspects This highlights the importance and prominent role of idioms within the Chinese vocabulary system and as fixed linguistic units.
1.1.2 汉语成语定义
From a lexical perspective, Zhou Mozu has defined idioms as fixed phrases or set expressions that have been developed through long-term use by the people These idioms typically exhibit stable structures, often consisting of four characters, and function as cohesive units Supporting this view, Liu Jie (2000) also asserts that idioms are fixed phrases characterized by historical and ethnic significance, primarily composed of monosyllabic units, with the fundamental form predominantly being four-character structures.
From the semantic and functional perspective of idioms, Ni Baoyuan (1990) asserts that idioms are fixed phrases or short sentences that have been in use for a considerable period They typically possess a stable structure and profound meaning, functioning similarly to a single word.
Scholar Liu Shuxin presents a differing perspective, asserting that if a fixed phrase possesses a literal meaning and its extended meaning can be understood through this literal interpretation, then that extended meaning represents the true significance of the phrase, which is essentially an idiom.
根据各位汉语学家的看法，我们可以看出成语具有以下突出特点：
+ 一些汉语成语来源于寓言故事、神话或历史事件。
+ 一些成语来源于诗歌或古代文学作品。
意义的象征性
Although the components of idioms are relatively independent linguistic units, the meaning of an idiom often possesses a sense of completeness within its structure.
结构的稳定性
成语是语言单位，由社会约定而成，因此结构比较稳定。
形式的简短性
Idioms are often characterized by their concise and clear form, primarily consisting of a four-character structure Statistics indicate that four-character idioms comprise 94% of Chinese idioms, making them the most common form of idiomatic expression in the language.
The definition mentioned above serves as a typical representation of research findings on Chinese idioms After summarizing the concept of idioms, I propose the following key characteristics.
是具有稳定结构的固定短语，一般是四字结构。
根据习惯而使用，常有历史性，有明确的来源。
成语一般带有象征意义，而不是构成要素的字面意义的总和。
在使用过程中，成语的功能相当于一个词。
1.1.3 汉语成语与其它语言单位的区别
1.1.3.1 成语与惯用语
Idiomatic expressions are fixed phrases that convey complete meanings, functioning similarly to colloquial units The actual significance of idioms is not merely a sum of the literal meanings of their individual components.
一般三音节单位被视为惯用语，四音节单位被视为成语。
如：“耳边风 ”（在耳边吹过的风，比喻听了不放在心上的），“泼冷水”
（比喻挫伤别人的热情或兴致）是惯用语。“春暖花开”、“天寒地冻”是成语。
越南语成语概说
1.2.1越南语成语研究历史及方向
越 南 语 第 一 个 研 究 成 语 词 典 工 程 就 是 范 琼 的 《 关 于 俗 语 民 谣 》
In 1921, significant contributions to the study of Vietnamese idioms were made, notably by Nguyen Luc and Le Van Dang in their work "Vietnamese Idioms" (1976), which provided valuable resources for scholars and enthusiasts alike Additionally, Nguyen Linh's "Dictionary of Vietnamese Proverbs and Idioms" (1989), the compilation "Tales of Idioms and Proverbs" edited by Hoang Van Hanh (1988-1990), and the "Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms" edited by Nguyen Van Khang (1998), along with Chen Qinglian's "Dictionary of Chinese-Vietnamese Proverbs and Idioms," have further enriched the understanding and documentation of Vietnamese colloquial expressions.
The study of idioms in Vietnamese, along with related linguistic units such as compound words, idiomatic expressions, and proverbs, has been extensively explored by notable researchers including Nguyen Van Hieu, Du Youzhu, Nguyen Kim Tan, Qu Ting Xiu, Nguyen Van Minh, Nguyen Thien Gia, Hu Li, Dai Chun Ning, and Zhang Dongshan Significant contributions to understanding the formation, development, semantics, and cultural implications of Vietnamese idioms have been made by scholars like Pei Ke Yue, Nguyen Duc Minh, Phan Chun Thanh, Vu Quang Hao, Nguyen Ru Yi, Nguyen Van Khang, and Nguyen Chun He.
Currently, a research direction that is attracting significant attention from Vietnamese language scholars focuses on the analysis of literary works.
的 成 语 运 用。 这 个研 究 方 向 的代 表 作者 有 ： 瞿 庭秀 （1972） 、 黄 文行
（1973）、阮善甲（1988）、潘文桂（ ）。
依 据 对 比 研 究 方 向 的 工 程 有 ： 阮 春 和 的 《 俄 — — 越 成 语 对 比 》
In recent years, several significant works have contributed to the comparative study of idioms across languages, including Jiang Shiba's "Comparison of Chinese and Vietnamese Idioms" (1996), Huang Gongmingxiong's "Comparison of Russian, English, and Vietnamese Idioms" (1999), and Wu Mingshui's "Comparison of Japanese and Vietnamese Idioms" (2006).
1.2.2 越南语成语定义
到现在为止，各位越南语学家已经提出较多越南成语定义。
One perspective on idioms is that they are fixed phrases that serve a naming function, characterized by structural stability and semantic completeness According to scholars like Ruan Wenming, idioms are units that convey specific content, depicting an image, phenomenon, character, or state Formally, the majority of idioms are considered fixed expressions.
Idioms are fixed phrases where the individual components have lost their independence and combine to form a relatively stable whole.
Idioms are fixed phrases that possess structural stability and semantic completeness They are characterized by their imagery, as idioms are defined as fixed word groups that not only convey complete meanings but also hold significant descriptive value These expressions feature a profound semantic structure, making them both meaningful and vivid in their representation.
Idioms are essential units of language and culture, serving as fixed expressions within vocabulary They possess naming and conceptual reflection functions, as well as communicative roles, highlighting their significance as cultural linguistic units Furthermore, idioms exhibit stability in form and reflect unique national communication and thinking patterns, encapsulating various concepts and phenomena in language.
Scholars have noted various characteristics of Vietnamese idioms Huang Wenxing emphasizes their pragmatic nature, describing idioms as stable structures with complete meanings that are commonly used in daily communication, particularly in spoken language In contrast, Nguyen Ru Yi, Phan Chun Cheng, and Nguyen Van Khang highlight the rhyming aspect of idioms, stating that these fixed phrases are often utilized in everyday life and possess meanings that extend beyond the literal interpretation of their components.
In summary, there is a high degree of consensus regarding the various perspectives on Vietnamese idioms, with subsequent definitions primarily enhancing the fundamental characteristics of these expressions Based on the concepts discussed, we can identify the essential features of Vietnamese idioms.
是固定短语的代表部分
有稳定的形态结构和完整的意义，一般带有象征意义。
有口语文风，常有押韵。
是语言文化单位。
According to the definitions of idioms provided by Chinese and Vietnamese linguists, there are notable differences in their perspectives on this linguistic unit Chinese scholars focus on the number of syllables and the origins of idioms, while Vietnamese scholars emphasize the semantic structure and characteristics of idioms.
1.2.3越南语成语与其他单位区别
1.2.3.1成语与合成词
词是具有完整意义与稳定结构的最小单位，用来造句。
Idioms and words serve the function of naming various phenomena, qualities, actions, and relationships in the objective world While words typically relate to concepts and accurate terminology, conveying objective information, idioms go beyond mere information delivery by incorporating figurative and connotative meanings This distinction highlights the difference between idioms and free phrases, emphasizing the unique expressive qualities that idioms possess.
Cụm từ tự do và thành ngữ đều là sự kết hợp của các từ, đóng vai trò như những thành phần cấu thành câu Tuy nhiên, cụm từ tự do chỉ là những sáng tạo tạm thời, tồn tại trong một ngữ cảnh nhất định và các thành phần của nó có thể được thay thế bằng các yếu tố tương tự khác Ngược lại, thành ngữ được cấu thành từ những yếu tố cố định, mà trong đó các thành phần đã phần nào mất đi tính độc lập, tạo thành một cấu trúc ổn định và vững chắc, chẳng hạn như "Cực kỳ xinh đẹp".
“Rất” và “vô cùng” có thể thay thế cho “cực kỳ” trong cụm từ “非常漂亮” Câu thành ngữ “国色天香” diễn tả vẻ đẹp thanh tao và quyến rũ.
1.2.3.3成语与俗语
Proverbs are structured units that maintain a fixed order of elements, making them difficult to alter, similar to idioms They also serve a descriptive function.
汉-越语有关天气成语综观
Agriculture in China dates back to the Neolithic era and originated in the fertile regions of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, which are among the world's earliest agricultural centers The agricultural production structure in China encompasses crop cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and sideline industries, with crop cultivation remaining the dominant focus for thousands of years Due to a large population and limited arable land, grain production holds a particularly significant role in Chinese agriculture Traditionally, the cultivation of staple grains has been synonymous with agricultural production in the country.
Agriculture has historically been closely tied to weather conditions, with crop growth requiring specific conditions such as light, heat, and water, and livestock reproduction and growth also relying on suitable climate conditions Regions with moderate temperatures and water levels tend to have more developed agricultural industries Favorable weather conditions, such as timely and adequate rainfall, can significantly impact crop yields and the development of the livestock industry Conversely, natural disasters like floods, droughts, hail, and cold snaps can result in substantial losses for agricultural production, sometimes even leading to social unrest.
Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions of a specific area, including temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and wind It plays a crucial role in shaping human living environments and significantly impacts various aspects of human production and daily life.
Resources play a crucial role in human production and daily life, with sectors such as agriculture, industry, transportation, and national defense being directly affected by weather conditions.
Weather impacts industries differently, with agriculture being more affected than others However, sectors like food production and cotton textiles, which rely on agricultural raw materials, experience significant weather-related challenges Severe weather conditions can disrupt transportation and communication, as fog and snowstorms can ground planes and halt trains, cars, and ships Additionally, weather plays a crucial role in sports and daily life activities.
天气对战争的胜负也有很重要的意义，有时甚至影响到历史的进程。公
In the year 208, the Battle of Red Cliffs saw the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei utilize the southeast wind to launch a fire attack, resulting in the destruction of Cao Cao's camp This decisive defeat of hundreds of thousands of elite troops established the foundation for the tripartite division of power in the Three Kingdoms era.
In summary, weather significantly impacts human life, constantly exerting its remarkable influence Today, we have developed an understanding of weather patterns, allowing for accurate forecasts that help us mitigate the adverse effects of unfavorable conditions Continued research into weather phenomena is essential for harnessing its benefits and transforming it to support human activities more positively With advancements in science and technology, we are on the brink of an era where humanity can control weather changes effectively.
1.3.2 天气成语概括
1.3.2.1天气成语定义
根据《现代汉语词典》，“天气”一词可以用来指：
+ 气象变化，如：天气预报。
+气候，如：“不怕天气已很冷，沿路上还是有不少烧香的客。” （丁玲
+ 时候或某一时刻，如：“吃过饭，天气已经不早了”。（ 魏巍《在风雪 里》）
+ 也指一段时间，如： “他并不是党员，快到六十岁，结婚才不过十年
天气”。（康濯《徐水平原的白天黑夜》）
What are weather idioms? Weather idioms encompass phrases that relate to atmospheric phenomena, such as wind, snow, sunshine, rain, heat, cold, and coolness This article explores weather idioms that not only describe various weather conditions but also reflect the characteristics or nature of certain aspects of life influenced by these weather phenomena.
越南语定义
《越南语辞典》的天气定义却不一样，“Thời tiết ”(天气) 一词被解释为:
Thời tiết được định nghĩa là trạng thái của khí quyển tại một địa điểm cụ thể trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định Trong tiếng Việt, các thành ngữ về thời tiết thường mô tả những trạng thái khác nhau của khí quyển, phản ánh những hiện tượng tự nhiên mà con người có thể cảm nhận được.
We believe that the Vietnamese language contains many weather-related idioms similar to those in Chinese, such as expressions that purely describe natural phenomena, use weather to symbolize human traits, or represent events Therefore, in our study of weather idioms in both languages, we will adopt a broad definition of "weather idioms." Specifically, "weather idioms encompass words or morphemes related to celestial phenomena, including descriptions of various weather conditions and the characteristics or qualities of certain aspects of life as conveyed through these weather phenomena."
1.3.2.2有关天气成语分布情况
汉语中有关天气成语的情况并不简单：
序号 季节 季节的
例子 实际意义
暖和 风和日丽 和风习习。阳光灿烂。形容晴
朗暖和的天气。
春雨 春雨如油 春雨贵如油。形容春雨可贵。
春风 春风和气 春天和煦的春风吹拂着人们。
比喻对人态度和蔼可亲。
景色 春暖花香 形容春天美丽的景色
春和景明 春光和煦，风景鲜明艳丽。
使金石熔化枯焦。形容天气酷 热。
指阴历五、六月间天气最炎热 的时候。
夏雨 夏雨雨人
Rain serves as both a noun and a verb, symbolizing the act of falling water It evokes the image of summer rain refreshing the body, representing timely assistance and education that nurtures individuals.
凉快 金风送爽 金风：指秋天的风。古时以阴
阳五行解释季节，秋为金。秋 风带来了凉意。
景色 落叶知秋 看到地上的黄叶就知道秋天来
临。比喻通过某一迹象便可预
测形势的发展变化
天寒地冻 岁暮天寒 冰天雪窖
形容天气极为寒冷。
指年底时候的寒冷景象。
窖：收藏物品的地下室。到处 是冰和雪。形容极为寒冷的景 象。
表 1：汉语中有关天气成语的情况
越语中有关天气成语的分布情况如下：
序号 季节 季节的
例子 实际意义
春季 景色 Trăm hoa đua nở
形容春天景色非常优美。
夏季 金铄石) 都快要熔化
夏雨 Mưa như trút nước(大雨倾盆）
雨大得象盆里的水直往下 倒。形容雨大势急。
秋季 凉快 Gió mát trăng thanh
形容天气非常凉快，清爽
冬季 寒冷 Rét cắt da cắt thịt
寒风象刀，严霜象剑。形 容气候寒冷，刺人肌肤。 也比喻恶劣的环境。
表 2：越语中有关天气成语的分布情况
本论文的第一章的主要内容是概括课题的有关理论，具体是:
This article summarizes the research status of Chinese-Vietnamese idioms, addressing fundamental issues such as definitions, characteristics, and classifications Idioms are unique linguistic and cultural units distinguished by their structural form, semantic content, ethnic cultural traits, and modes of expression Typically composed of stable four-character phrases, idioms reflect a collective usage developed over time The article also highlights the differences between idioms and other linguistic units, including free phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, and riddles.
This article summarizes the fundamental issues related to weather idioms in Chinese and Vietnamese Weather idioms consist of words or morphemes associated with weather phenomena, such as wind, snow, sunshine, rain, heat, cold, and coolness They describe various weather conditions and relate these phenomena to the characteristics or nature of everyday life While there is a substantial amount of research on idioms in both China and Vietnam, detailed examinations of all Chinese weather idioms are scarce Scholars typically compile these idioms in various dictionaries but seldom categorize them into coherent sections.
Weather idioms encompass the four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—along with their distinct characteristics and scenery For instance, spring is warm, summer is hot, autumn is cool, and winter is cold We have clarified several key concepts, examples, and practical meanings related to weather idioms, such as spring rain, summer rain, spring breeze, warmth, heat, coolness, and coldness.
汉-越语有关天气成语的特点对比
天气成语的产生动因
To achieve the best depiction of weather effects and to use weather as a metaphor for people, events, or life characteristics, there is an increasing use of weather idioms This trend is largely attributed to the inherent qualities of Chinese idioms, which are subtle, easy to understand, memorable, and melodious.
Chinese idioms, with their rich history, fixed forms, and cohesive meanings, are treasured elements of the Chinese language, widely recognized by the public as fundamental vocabulary in social life Their rhythmic and catchy pronunciation makes them easy for people to remember and use This characteristic aligns perfectly with the need to describe natural phenomena and draw parallels between weather and human experiences.
The significance of weather and the constancy of natural phenomena make weather-related idioms memorable and centered around consistent themes Chinese idioms are characterized by their concise language, profound meanings, and strong expressiveness Compared to ordinary words, idioms convey meaning more powerfully, often employing metaphors and exaggeration, which adds vividness and imagery, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the Han people These qualities of idioms align perfectly with the creative requirements of weather-related expressions, leading to an increasing use of idioms in the composition of weather-related texts.
The ultimate purpose of weather is not merely to capture people's attention; rather, it is to accumulate energy.
In agricultural practices such as farming, livestock raising, and fishing, it is essential to achieve optimal results while minimizing disasters and losses Additionally, the Chinese have creatively utilized the idiom "flexibility" to generate more diverse and enriching outcomes in their endeavors.
Natural resources in agriculture encompass various meteorological elements, water, land, and biological materials, excluding mineral resources like coal, iron, and oil, as well as wind and hydropower Understanding the status, characteristics, and development potential of agricultural natural resources in different regions is crucial for not only advancing agriculture but also for environmental protection and national economic growth Despite the reduced prominence of agriculture today and the availability of advanced weather forecasting tools, the significance of weather-related terms remains high in our industrialized society The unique characteristics of Chinese idioms enhance the informational content and impact of weather-related expressions Effective use of these idioms can significantly enrich communication, akin to adding a finishing touch to a masterpiece Below, we present a statistical overview of weather idioms in both Chinese and Vietnamese.
序 季节 汉语成语 越南语
表 3：汉语和越南语里面的天气成语数量统计
号 数量 比例 数量 比例
4 冬季 寒冷 64条 13% 35条 24.8%
In both Chinese and Vietnamese, idioms describing weather conditions such as "cold," "rain," and "wind" are notably prevalent, likely due to the significant influence of Chinese idioms on Vietnamese expressions.
有关天气成语的结构类型
2.2.1 汉语有关天气成语的结构类型
The internal structure of idioms is as crucial as their syntactic structure, highlighting each idiom's grammatical characteristics and significance In the first chapter, we discussed the grammatical framework of idioms, and now we will explore the structural classifications of weather-related idioms along with some representative examples.
汉语成语包括四个音节，在这里我们规约这四个要素分别是ABCD
Generally speaking, idioms with a subject-verb structure embody the typical framework of the Chinese language, which can be categorized into two fundamental types.
名词+ 动词.名词+动词
其中，A和 C的要素是名词，指人或事物，而 B和 D是陈述动词，充当 A
和C的谓语，如：瓦釜雷鸣，寒来暑往、雨过天晴。
此外，主谓结构类还有名词+动词的结构，其中 AB可以是合成词名词，而
CD是动词，例如：春色撩人、春光漏泄
名词+形容词.名词+形容词
Trong đó, A và C là các danh từ, chỉ người hoặc sự vật, trong khi B và D là các tính từ, đóng vai trò làm vị ngữ cho A và C, ví dụ như: gió trong, trăng sáng; gió nhẹ, mây thanh; gió nhẹ, mây sạch; gió hòa, nắng đẹp.
Additionally, there are idiomatic expressions that follow the noun + adjective structure, where AB represents the noun and CD represents the adjective Examples include phrases like "wind and rain are bleak," "summer days are formidable," and "the sky is cloudless for miles."
Cấu trúc này được tạo thành từ hai tiểu cấu trúc độc lập Nói chung, tính chất của A và C tương đương với động từ, trong khi B và D có thể đóng vai trò là tân ngữ của cấu trúc.
动词+名词.动词+名词
具有这种关系的天气成语常常具有及物动词 A和 C，B和 D是宾语。例
如： 知疼着热、嘘寒问暖、缩手缩脚、啼饥号寒
上面成语里面的 A和 C是及物动词，这些语素所表达的是行为，动作，
The actions directly accuse B and D, indicating that the objects in the aforementioned examples are passive objects.
但也有一些成语里面的 A和 C不是及物动词而是“使动”动词，这意味着
使B，D具有A和C的动作或使B，D具有某些状态。例如：流金铄石
The "Dingzhongshi" structure is a subtype of semi-formal expressions, characterized by a construction where the preceding element modifies and restricts the following element, with the latter serving as the main focus This structure includes both Dingzhongshi and Zhuongzhongshi forms.
形容词+ 名词.形容词+名词
这是典型的定中结构，A和 C 是定语，B和 D 是名词，如：凄风苦雨、
动词+名词.动词+名词
这种结构里面的两个字结构具有联合关系，如：铄石流金（描写“热”的成 语）
The structure of a jiàn yǔ (兼语式) sentence consists of a subject, a verb, a complement, and another verb Examples include phrases like "dripping water freezes" and "using the wind to sail," illustrating how this construction effectively conveys multiple actions within a single sentence.
2.2.1.2修辞格结构
Symmetry in idiomatic expressions showcases aesthetic beauty through various forms, including identical words, same parts of speech, antonyms, and words of the same category This rhetorical device provides auditory pleasure, making it enjoyable to listen to and easy to recite, while also possessing a charming rhythm.
The meaning is clear and vivid, showcasing the beauty of symmetry in body language through specific Chinese idioms These expressions effectively illustrate the concept of symmetrical beauty within the Chinese language.
+ 相同词的对称
Synonymous words are formed through symmetrical pairs of similar terms, which generally share the same meaning and can often be used interchangeably Additionally, these expressions maintain a consistent substructure.
例如：（1）狂风暴雨、（2）天昏地暗。
The two four-character idioms discussed require a strong emphasis on symmetry, where both parts must be balanced In the first example, the terms "狂" (mad) and "暴" (violent) are not only symmetrical but also synonymous, while "风" (wind) and "雨" (rain) maintain this symmetry with their defining structures This creates a complete symmetry between the two pairs In the second example, "昏" (dim) and "暗" (dark) also exhibit mutual symmetry as synonyms, with the phrases "天昏" (sky dim) and "地暗" (ground dark) structured as subject-predicate pairs.
+ 反义词的对称
Antonyms are primarily characterized by their symmetrical nature, which can involve either noun or verb pairs For effective structure, both substructures must be identical For instance, in the phrase "暑来寒往," the substructures are consistent, with "暑" and "寒" representing opposing meanings, while "来" and "往" also serve as symmetrical antonyms.
Metaphor, a figure of speech in rhetoric, is also known as "simile." It involves comparing one thing (A) to another (B), comprising a subject and a vehicle Many weather-related idioms contain rich metaphors that illustrate this concept effectively.
Metaphors draw parallels between similar attributes of different entities, such as in the phrase "spring warms and flowers bloom," which originally describes the pleasant weather and beautiful scenery of spring This expression has evolved to symbolize a favorable opportunity, where the beauty of spring serves as the metaphorical representation, while the underlying meaning refers to a significant chance or moment.
有关天气成语的语义分类
2.3.1汉语 有关天气成语的语义分类
如上已术，汉语中有大概 488 多个有关天气的成语，而越南语中大约有
The article explores over 50 folk songs related to weather and identifies 141 weather-related idioms in the Chinese language Our research categorizes these Chinese weather idioms into several distinct groups.
Spring is a season celebrated for its beauty and charm, often depicted through idioms that highlight the delightful aspects of this time of year Expressions such as "春花秋月" (spring flowers and autumn moons) symbolize the exquisite scenery of spring and autumn, emphasizing their appeal These phrases capture the vibrant and enchanting essence of springtime, making it a cherished season for many.
Spring is a season of warmth and blooming flowers, characterized by beautiful scenery, making it an ideal time for exploration and appreciation of nature This phrase is now often used to symbolize favorable conditions for work or study, reflecting a period of opportunity and growth.
春光明媚—— 明媚：美好，可爱，形容春天的景物鲜明可爱。
“春”还被用来指生机或活力。 例如：
"枯木逢春" translates to "A withered tree encounters spring," symbolizing the revival of vitality in a once-dying patient or situation This phrase illustrates the concept of renewal and hope, emphasizing the potential for recovery and rejuvenation in challenging circumstances.
其次，“春天”还可以用来比喻各有值得称道的, 如:
春兰秋菊——春天的兰花，秋天的菊花。比喻各有所长，各有值得称赞 的地方。
“春” 还出现在指事件的规律，如:
春生秋杀—— 意思是春天万物萌生，秋天万物凋零。
"Spring" symbolizes warmth and hope, representing an era filled with positivity In Yuan Jing's "Fuhu Ji," the third program features the recitation of the poem "The Spring in a Soldier's Heart" by the young scholar Li Jin The Chinese weather idiom "spring breeze and rain" conveys the idea of nurturing growth, akin to the gentle winds and dewdrops of spring, traditionally used to metaphorically describe blessings and grace.
另外“春”还用来形容美好的时代将来代替痛苦的，如：
As the twelfth lunar month concludes, spring returns, symbolizing renewal and beauty This transition is often reflected in idiomatic expressions related to spring, which typically carry positive connotations and describe picturesque scenes.
春色撩人——意思是春天的景色引起人们的兴致。
春色满园——意思是园内到处都是春天美丽的景色。比喻欣欣向荣的景 象。
春山如笑——意思是形容春天的山色明媚。
“春天”的时候不一定是全部都好的，如：
The phrase "spring ice tiger tail" metaphorically describes the perilous situation of walking on thawing ice in spring, akin to stepping on a tiger's tail This illustrates that not all idioms containing the word "spring" carry positive connotations; some can indeed have negative implications.
除此之外，春天还表现在一些表示春天温暖晴朗性质的成语中。 例 如：
春回大地——形容严寒已过，温暖和生机又来到人间
风和日暄——形容微风和畅，阳光温暖
另外，还有形容天气温暖而晴朗的“和风丽日”、“风和日暄”等成语
Summer, the second season of the year, is the hottest period in the Northern Hemisphere In China, the beginning of summer is marked by the Lixia festival, while meteorologically, summer is considered to start about 25 days later Traditionally, the months of April, May, and June in the lunar calendar were regarded as summer, whereas modern interpretations often view June, July, and August in the Gregorian calendar as summer months In Western countries, summer is typically defined from the summer solstice to the autumn equinox Conversely, in the Southern Hemisphere, December, January, and February are designated as summer Scientifically, summer is defined as a period when the average temperature exceeds 22°C.
低于22℃时即为夏天结束。
In weather-related idioms, a typical expression containing "summer" is "scorching summer days," which describes the often sweltering heat of the season For example, on scorching summer days, the beach is filled with crowds enjoying the water.
Idioms associated with "summer" typically convey the passage of time and are often paired with "winter," such as "无间冬夏" (uninterrupted winter and summer) or "无冬无夏" (no winter, no summer), both indicating that the seasons flow seamlessly throughout the year In the following section, we will specifically explore the intense heat of summer.
The phrase "流金铄石" (liú jīn shuò shí), originating from Liu An's "Huainanzi," describes extreme heat, akin to "melting gold and forging stones." Similarly, Song Lian's inscription on the tomb of Gu Lishui states, "Even in the scorching season, one never leaves their crown and garments." This expression has become a well-known idiom for describing sweltering weather, alongside other phrases such as "焦沙烂石" (burnt sand and crumbling stones), "焦金烁石" (scorching gold and melting stones), "蝉喘雷干" (cicadas gasping under the dry thunder), and "火伞高张" (fire umbrella held high), which metaphorically illustrate the intense summer heat.
另外的例子有：
烈日炎炎——形容夏天阳光强烈。也可称“赤日炎炎”。例：“烈日炎炎似 火烧”。
The sun blazes like fire, symbolizing the intense heat of summer The phrase "fierce winds and scorching sun" describes the harsh weather conditions often faced by ancient camel caravans traversing the Gobi Desert, enduring the relentless combination of strong winds and extreme temperatures.
五黄六月——指农历五、六月间天气最炎热的时候。
The phrase "浮瓜沉李," originating from Cao Pi's letter to Wu Zhi in the Three Kingdoms period, describes a vivid summer scene where melons float in clear water and plums sink in icy conditions This imagery symbolizes the refreshing and delightful foods of summer, highlighting the contrast between buoyant melons and submerged plums, which represent the essence of summer enjoyment The expression is also used to convey the idea of seeking relief from the heat, emphasizing the seasonal pleasures of cooling off with these delicious fruits.
Autumn, the third season of the year, serves as a transition from summer to winter In the lunar calendar, it spans from the beginning of autumn to the beginning of winter, covering the months of July to September, while in the Gregorian calendar, it lasts from September to November Astronomically, autumn is defined by the period from the autumn equinox to the winter solstice Meteorologists determine the onset of autumn when the average temperature drops below 22 degrees Celsius for five consecutive days, and the season concludes when temperatures fall below 10 degrees Celsius.
Descriptive idioms for the cool and clear autumn include "autumn high and crisp" and "golden wind brings refreshing breezes." The phrase "golden wind brings refreshing breezes" is notably found in Lu Xun's work, where he writes, "golden wind brings refreshing breezes, and cool dew surprises autumn." Other idioms that depict clear weather are "azure sky like washed," "azure sky stretches for miles," "gentle breeze and clear clouds," "light breeze and faint clouds," "cloudless for miles," and "bright sun and clear winds." It is logical that many of these idioms related to pleasant weather often incorporate words such as "wind," "cloud," and "autumn."
含“秋”的 成语具有较丰富的引申义，如：
文化含义
2.4.1 汉语 有关天气成语的文化含义
描写与天气有关的风俗习惯
Chinese traditional customs, as a vital part of Chinese culture, have developed and been passed down under the unique influences of the nation's natural environment, economic practices, social structures, and political systems These customs embody both universal human folk traditions and distinct characteristics that set them apart from those of other countries and ethnic groups Analyzing the fundamental traits of Chinese traditional customs is essential for folklore studies, complementing the detailed descriptions of specific phenomena Notably, many Chinese customs are closely linked to weather patterns, a fascinating aspect that is clearly reflected in numerous Chinese idioms.
出自《礼记ã曲礼上》 “凡为人子之礼，冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省。”的
The idiom "温凊定省" signifies the attentive care provided to parents, characterized by warmth in winter, coolness in summer, and diligent service during the night and morning This reflects the deep-rooted virtue of filial piety among Eastern cultures, particularly in China, where honoring one's parents has evolved into a cherished tradition.
The Chinese idiom "东风化雨" (East wind and rain) refers to the favorable conditions for the growth of plants, symbolizing the importance of nurturing and education This reflects the deep value that Chinese culture places on education, using natural phenomena and weather as metaphors to illustrate this tradition in a simple yet profound manner.
Certainly, one of the most notable aspects is the weather-related idioms associated with agriculture Over thousands of years of cultivation, the Chinese have gathered a wealth of farming experience linked to weather conditions.
The phrase "春耕夏耘，秋收冬藏" translates to "spring plowing, summer weeding, autumn harvesting, and winter storage," reflecting the cyclical nature of agricultural activities Additionally, the idiom "雪兆丰年" means that heavy snowfall in winter is a sign of a bountiful harvest in the coming year This saying originates from the Qing dynasty work "镜花缘" by Li Ruzhen, where it is noted that the ancient belief in snow as a harbinger of prosperity suggests that a good omen for the emperor's reign indicates a future of plentiful crops and peace throughout the land.
The concept of "Four Seasons and Eight Festivals" is an integral part of Chinese customs, where "Four Seasons" refers to spring, summer, autumn, and winter The "Eight Festivals" include the solar terms: Beginning of Spring, Spring Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumn Equinox, Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice, collectively representing the significant seasonal changes throughout the year.
借天气喻人
In Chinese, there are numerous idiomatic expressions that use objects to symbolize people or events, with approximately 75 such phrases identified Among these, idioms that use weather as a metaphor for human behavior or circumstances are particularly abundant, showcasing the richness of the language Here are a few representative examples.
"Spring breeze and warmth" originally referred to the gentle, soothing winds of spring, which later came to symbolize a friendly and amiable attitude towards others.
In the Song Dynasty, Chen Tian's work "Praise of Cheng Bochun" features the phrase "like the winter sun and summer clouds," which metaphorically describes a person's gentle and approachable demeanor This imagery evokes the pleasant and inviting qualities of a warm winter day and the soft clouds of summer, making individuals more likable and encouraging others to draw near.
其他呢？《左传ã文公七年》的鄷舒问于贾季曰：“赵衰、赵盾孰贤？”对曰：
Zhao Shuai represents the warmth of winter, while Zhao Dun embodies the intensity of summer According to Du Yu, "winter days are lovable, while summer days are fearsome." The phrase "summer days are fearsome" serves as a metaphor for a person's stern demeanor, evoking fear like the scorching sun of summer In contrast, "winter days are lovable" symbolizes a gentle and affectionate nature, akin to the comforting sun of winter, making individuals approachable and warm-hearted.
The phrase "咆哮如雷," originating from Chapter 38 of Luo Guanzhong's "The Peony Pavilion," describes a person's furious outburst, akin to a thunderous roar This idiom vividly captures the intense emotions of anger and the dramatic expression of shouting, emphasizing the power and ferocity of one's rage.
The phrase "冰魂雪魄" (ice soul and snow spirit) symbolizes purity and high moral character, with "ice" representing transparency and "snow" denoting cleanliness This idiom originates from Wang Dingbao's work "Tang Zhi Yan" during the Five Dynasties, where it is used to convey the difficulty of achieving such purity It later appears in Song Dynasty poet Lu You's poem "Beipo Mei," where he references the concept in the context of seeking immortality, stating, "In the Palace of Eternal Cold, the elixir can restore the ice soul and snow spirit."
The term "Four Seasons' Atmosphere" originally referred to the weather across the four seasons, later symbolizing a person's broad and profound demeanor Its origin can be traced back to Liu Yiqing's "Shishuo Xinyu" from the Southern Dynasties, where it states, "Xie Taifu held Chao Gong in high regard, often praising Chao Jiyue for embodying the essence of the four seasons without uttering a word." This concept also appeared in Li Bai's "Inscription on the Wall of Rencheng County" during the Tang Dynasty.
“季野备四时之气，士元非百里之才。”
The phrase "春风沂水" originally describes adults and children bathing in the Yishui River and enjoying the breeze at the Wuyou Terrace, symbolizing a carefree and noble enjoyment of life This idiom originates from the Analects of Confucius, specifically the passage mentioning spring clothing and a group of people and children bathing in the Yishui River while returning joyfully Notably, "Yishui" refers to the largest river in Shandong Province, which also shares its name with a county Yishui County is located in the southern part of Shandong, serving as the northernmost county of Linyi City.
Using metaphors to depict the characteristics of a subject can vividly illustrate concepts, making them more tangible and relatable for readers This technique evokes associations and imagination, leaving a lasting impression and enhancing the expressiveness of the language Metaphors also simplify profound and abstract ideas, transforming them into clear, concrete expressions By likening complex principles to familiar objects, we can demystify intricate concepts and facilitate deeper understanding, all while enriching the language with creativity and flair Similarly, employing weather as a metaphor for human emotions achieves the same effect.
借天气喻生活