World Soil Resources Reports 89
LAND RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY IN SADC COUNTRIES
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World Soil Resources Reports 89
LAND RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY IN SADC COUNTRIES
Proceedings of a subregional workshop held in Harare, Zimbabwe,
3-5 November 1999
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ome, 2000
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Trang 4Acknowledgements
Trang 5Preface
A Subregional Workshop on Land Resources Information Systems (LRIS) for Food Security in SADC countries was beld in Harare, Zimbabwe, from 3 to $ November 1999, The meeting was ‘organized by FAO Land and Water Development Division (AGL), in collaboration with the Subregional Office for Souther and East Arica (SAFR) and SADC's Food Security Technical and Administrative Unit The purpose of the meeting was to promote land resources énformation systems (LRIS) and their application inthe assessment, mapping and monitoring of land in relation ta food security in the SADC counties, The workshop was attended by'29 partiipants, including 17 trom SADC countries and five TCDC resource persons from Egypt, Nigra, Ghana, ran and Kenya, The TCDC resource persons contributed LRIS experiences fom heircountres andassisted inthe preparation ofa plan of action to promote future reporting and exchange of information, data cexpetise and experiences in land information in the sub-region, using TCDC within existing ‘SADC regional networks om land and water This inchides the preparation of national and sub- regional reports onthe sate of Land, Water and Plant nutrient resoures in SADC countries during the biennium 2000-01 using the existing FAO uidelines It was proposed that the SADC Environmental Technical Uait(SETU) should serve asa coordinating point with the various SADC “Member States in the LRIS activities, and that SETU and FAO should provide, where necessary, appropriate training, funds and technical supporto ensue the preparation of the report
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Land resources information ystems or food security
IDC countries
Land resources assessment and management systems 9
Water resources assessment systems 15
C tatasts for SADK ah
‘SADC agricultural potential information system (APIS)
ALCOM’S water resource database for SADC: a decision support tool for regional water euOUFEES management 29 TheFIVIMS inlilie 7D EAO AEZ/LRIS tools and country applications ANNEX —Welcomeaddress 778 ANNEX? Programme sỹ
ANNEX 3 List of participants s
ANNEX 4 Comments on guidelines for report preparation 6
ANNEX S Country report: state of land, water and plant autitionresoureos 65
Trang 7AEZ AEZWIN ALCOM ALES APIS pu BIS ELMS FAN FAO FIVIMS Gis IGAD ISMC LRIS LWRIS RAF RRSU SADC SAER, SOTER UNDP WocAr Acronyms Agro-ecological Zoning AEZ for Windows
Aquatic Resource Management Programme for Local Communities Automated Land Evaluation System
Agricultural Potential Information System Development Unit
Envitonmental Information System
[Environment and Land Mansgement System Food, Agriculture and Nat
Resources Development Unit of SADC Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations
Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems Geographic Information System
Inergovernmental Authority on Development Intemational Soil Reference and information Cenize Land Resources informa mn System
Land and Water Resources Information Systems PAO Regional Office for Africa
Regional Remote Sensing Unit
South African Development Community FAO Subregional Off
Soils and Terrain Database
for Southern and East Africa United Nations Development Programme
Trang 8Lane resources information em for od security in SADC counties 1
Summary report and recommendations
Bach
As an important result ofthe World Food Summit in November 1996, major thust of FAQ's Mid-term Programme is Food Security and Nutrition within the framework of Sustainable Agricultural and Rura! Development (SARD), with SARD activities directe tothe ataiament of food security in particular inthe low income food deficit couaries(LIEDCS)
SARD has identified the sustainable management and use ofthe available natura resources and the environment as both a prerequisite and a means of achieving food security
Natural resourees in the SADC countries are under pressure because of high population growth, agile sols in sensitive eco-regions, multiple demands on limited resources, resource poor farmers an limited or absent institutional support As 2 result some ofthese natural resources are being rapidly degraded
There is wea! concer about the rowing vulnerability ofthe populations of SADC cour and tir property, particularly from natural and other environmental ‘change and depletion of renewal resources During the past decal disasters, impacts thee has been an increasing of climate
awareness that these risks are high, as the SADC countries have heen affected by natural disasters, 1nparieolar recurrent drought die lo eyelical timate variations and possibly longer tern changes in climate Such disasters often lead tothe interruption of ther sustainable development In some ‘eases like E] Ni there can be significant losses fo GNP and sethacks othe economy or several
SADC countries need to improve their ability plan and monitor the use of their land and water resources for beter use and management of the resources to increase agricultural productivity while maintaining fand and water quality
To establish a basis for sound decision-making for lund and water resourees use and for sustainable management of these resources there isan urgent need for land and water resources information systems providing access toa variety of information on the slat of land and eater resourcesin te SADC countries, This information must not only be gathered but also transferee to the users including decision-makers planners, scientists and rural land users
The Land and Water Development Division of FAO (AGL) has male considerable progress it the last rvo decades in the development of land and waier information systems The systems ‘include methods and tools forthe inventory’ of soil land and water eesources, the delineation of ‘gro-ecological land use planning ard management: rural water use datahase (AQUASTAT) and numeraus reports ones: glabal and national soil databases; methodologies fr lanl evaluation and and document, inluing digitized mops,
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Sunmary report ond recommendations
In cooperation with member counties, other FAO units and other parmers, AGL is currently undertaking a major exercise of building up an information hase on monitoring and assessing the sustainability vuluerabity of presen use of land and water tesourees in reation with fO0d secu, the related aspect of national policies and policy instruments, and the application of sustainable and and water managemeat ard rehabilitation technologies One of several major outputs expected from the exercise is a series of reports on the World State (sustainabityulnerabiliy) of Land and Water Resources fr Focd and Agriculture hy county and region The reportsare to be compiled in the form ‘of a digital atlas to be made avaiable trough the Inert tha can be easily update inthe fre
A first phase of methodology development and testing has beea completed, A socand phase of application ofthe methodology to prepare country and regional repors is being implemented I is ‘atried out with he collaboration of national and regional land and ater institutions which compile information, prepare cepons and post these on their internet sitesi linkage with the FAO AGL web siteand underwrite comitments o maintain and update th repos FAO AGL organizes workshops and expert consulations in the diferent repions to discuss the projeet and) enroll country’s Paticipation ini An expert consultation was organized in Asia in 1997 and a workshop in West Alfica in 1998 As a result informal Asia and West AMice networks were established and several ‘countries including Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt have prepared or ae preparing such reports
‘Onsectives
“The workshop was the ist meeting ofthis kind in the SADC subzegion The overall objectives of| the workshop were to discuss the contribution oF LRIS information to improve decision for the rational use, management, conservation and for monitoring the condition ofthe subregion’ land resources Particular regards given to promoting food production an food security ina sustainable and environmentally sound manner SADC regional networks on land and water and to peemote LRIS activities inthe SADC countries using the
WORKSHOP ATTENDANCE
Senior land resources specialists from Botswana, Eeypt, Ghana, Iran, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Attia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe participated in the meeting la addition to representatives from the above mentioned counties, Some ten land and water specialists and landagricultural development planners from relevant departments of Zimbabwe as well a decision- and policy-makers attended the meeting The ist of pattcipants satached as Annex 3
|WorksHoP ACTIVITIES
“The meeting focused on land resources information systems {LRIS) and their application inthe assessment, mapping and monitoring of land i elation to food security and the preparation of the land and water repos, It discussed the methodology for preparation of the reports and the techniques of diffusion of information the Field, as well using modern electronic communication tools It discussed future exchange of | for practicl use in Food security programmes and actions in
information, data expertise and experiences in land information inthe subregion using TCDC, ‘preparation of national reports anda subregional report forthe SADC countries
Trang 10Land resources information ste for fd scary ia SADC countries 3 networked computer per group, Issues wore its discussed within the groups, The proups prepared ‘raft reports and recommendations which were consolidated and finalized in subsequent plenary ‘sates
‘The workshop programme is given in Aanes 3 Inaugural adaress
(Mr Hluphes, Natur Resources Management Of
Afi (SAFR), presided over the opening ceremony on behalf of Ms V Sekitoleko, Subregional Representative, SAFR (Ane 1) ‘Technical presentations
Presentations on the development of information and decison support systems om land and water resources management in FAO, anda methodology for the preparation of Invernet based reports on the sate (quantity, quality, sustainability, vulerabibity ai use) a land and water resoures for ‘oad and agriculture were made by J, Antoine, The FAO AQUASTAT programme and the status tt Food Security Information Syste development in SADC were presented by Ms, K Franken and Mr M Mulders, SAR, respectively,
SADC expers presentog the SADC LRWIS activites, including an overview of existing LWEIS programmes and initiatives the SADC Agricultural Potential Information System (APIS) and the ALCOM SADC Water Resources Database
Already a numer of activites iret or indtectly tiked fo LWRIS are on-going inthe SADC Member States Some of these aetvitis have aepional character regional exanipe isthe Environmental Information Systems (EIS) network which has been in existence since the early nineties Is managed by the SADC Envinment and Land Management System (ELMS) which s Toeated in Lesotho The FIS network has two Units, one responsible for atning and education and ‘one responsible for technical EIS activities The fist Unit is operated by the University of Hotswana and the second wnit is based atthe SADC Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) Developmen Unit{SFTU},isamong Unit (DU) in Harare Zimbabwe, This unt called others responsible for) the EIS regional network; and Gt development of the SADC E1S Technical amseta-database for environmental data, SETU ishased atthe FANR DU because ofthe already on- {goin activites ofthe SADC Regional Remote Sensing Unt (RRSU) Since 1994, this Unit has ‘Sevelopeda for food security These databases number of environmental and climatological databases, mainly forse in erly waring are aso very usefl for envzonmental monitoring and natural resources management
Demonstration of computer-based data and information systems
Computer demonstrations were carried out on the structure, contents and functions of FAO LRIS tools including the ABZ software and databases a the AGH Internet Web iteom Land and Water Information Systems These tools and applications were available for access and testing by partiipants throughout the Workshop
Presentation of country reports om the state of land resources
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4 Sonar por and recommendations
Group review of
“The groups reviewed the existing FAO guidelines for country reporting Group findings were presented and discussed ata plenary session and consolidated comments were prepared for improving the guidelines These comments are given in Annex 4 andthe revised guidelines are reproduced in Annex 5
ines country reporting on the state of land and water resources
Group review ofthe proposal to establish x land and water iaformation system network in SADC
‘he meeting agreed that it would be beter to lnk the proposed activities with one or more existing SADC networks I was further agreed thatthe workshop participants would serve as contact persons for thee respective counties nan informal network ot and nd water ifonmnation systems ‘in Southern ica within the existing SADC networks
SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP RECOMMENDATIONS
‘The participants identified the need for he preparation of national and subregional reports onthe sate of land, water and plant nutrient resources for food security and the following recommendations were made,
‘+ That PA SAER should fink up with SADC and send an endorsement workshop (national port compilation) to the various governments, FAD SAFR should also ofthe atvitis of he formally notify the relevant national authorities, indicating thatthe participants of the ‘workshop should serves focal points The panicipants onthe leters should take he initiative a follow up
+The workshop recommended that the revised guidelines resuling from group discussions be sovepio as bass for preparation of reports onthe ste of land, water and plant teint ‘+The forthe preparation of national reports and thatthe various countries should prepare such workshop recommended thut the respective participating countries shoald be responsible
reports within welve months, subject 0 avaiabli,of esoutees,
+ Thepanicipants eecommended thatexistng structures within the SADC repion should be used tang thot the SETU should serve as & coordinating point withthe various SADC Member
‘+ Theparticipants Further recommended tha the countries should submit progress reports tothe SADC coordinating unit which in are submit progress seports ata subregional level tal the participating counties,
1+ The workshop recommended that SADC SETU should undertake the responsibility forall aspects ofthe development and implementation of the ceport onthe state of land and water resouees at SADC sueegional level
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Definition ofa plan of setion
The meeting recognized the need fora plan of ation, asa follo-up to prepare the country and onal reports Discussions centred on the responsibility for the activity at national level and Within SADC, an he aailbibiy of fds
‘The workshop formulated the outline ofa plan of action witha smefiame vali for all the countries, based on the Nigeria experince I includes the following steps
Receipt of oficial eter from FAO SAFR to lead instiutions
Call meeting of relevant agencies Asses data needs and identi available info and format and identity ops Assess quality of data/information
‘Obyain permission o acess data or information from other institutions Prepare budget Establish time-Fame
An average timestame was worked out, including:
‘Official acceptance (one month) lnformation gathering, sorting and authentication (three month) Report writing (one month)
Verification chal’ mont, Internet posting,
WORKSHOP EVALUATION
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Trang 15Land resources information ystems for fond security in SADC countries,
Land resources assessment and
management systems
WORLD SOILS AND TERRAIN DIGITAL DATAWASE (SOTER)
(Quip WWAICENT-FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGL fae orp glisoec htm)
SOTER isan internationally endorsed lan resource information system, It ean store, at different levels of detail, sol and trai attributes in such a way that these data canbe assessed, combined, casily updated and analysed for thematic mapping and monitoring of changes to soil and terain resources and for AEZ evaluation of land resources potential for land use planning, which can be used by scientists, planners, decision-makers and policy-makers
SOTER utilizes 4 Relational Database Management System and Geographic Information ‘System (GIS) fo establish a World Soils and Terain Database, containing digitized map units and the atribue dita, SOTER uses specific methodology and its own system for classification of terrain designed for universal aplication, SOTER has adopted the recently Revised FAO Soil Legend as a reference classification system for differentiating and characterizing its soil ‘components
The database translates SOTER's overall objectives intoa workable set of arangements forthe selection, standardization, coding and storing of soil and terrain data The input of soi and terain data into the SOTER database is contingent upon the availability of sufficiently detailed information collected through previous survey
“The SOTER project also intends to ‘contribute tothe establishment and regional soil and tern databases, of national founded upon the same commonly acceptable principles and procedures, to further facilitate the exchange of land
resource information and ultimate incorporation ino a global database Attica
Crop Production System Zones 'SOTER was implemented to provide Of the IGAD subregion
the SOTER approach, at a scale of 1:5 nillion, as the official strategy to replace | the FAO-UNESCO ‘The frst version of a SOTER for Latin Soil Map ofthe World, |
‘America and the Caribbean was published in 1998, and for northeastem Africa ~ at
scale 11 000 000 ~ in 1998
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“The SOTER for northeastem Affica contains a colletion of land and natural resource information forthe tn IGAD countries bordering the Nile basin (Burund Djibouti, Eeypt, Evite, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda) It includes data on administrative boundaries rivers and lakes, soil and terrain, climatology, land use, physiography, geology and natural ‘vegetation in easily accessible format (se plate) Other steps towards aglabal SOTER are being made in Central and Eastern Europe
Soil and terain databases at scales from 1:1 millon to 1:50 000 have also been compiled by the national soil institutes of several countries (Argentina, Benin, Brazil, China, Costa Ric Hungary, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Uniguay,inluding Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, South ‘Afcain southern and eastern Africa,
WORLD OVERVIEW OF CONSERVATION APPROACHES AND TECHNOLOGIES (WOCAT) (ups: ho org WAICENT/EAOINEO/AGRICULT/AGLagl'vocat bi)
WOCAT isa worldwide programme, launched in 1992 by the World Associaton of Soiland Water ‘Conservation (WASWC).Itis organized as a consortium of sever institution (memipers'donors), including: FAO, ISRIC, Deutsche Gevellschall fir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), (Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel (OSS) and others; coordinated by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Ber, Switzerland
'WOCAT is ato! which aims at promoting {improved decision making on land management and transfer of appropriate technology through collection, analysis, presentation and dissemination of knowledge on global soil and water conservation (SWC), In particular, WOCAT ean be used to identify options for ‘overcoming land degradation problems,
WOCAT usesa standardized framework for the evaluation of SWC and a methodology for data collection, by the means of questionnaires, Data ate entered into an interactive database ‘management and analysis system, Although developed as a global system, the WOCAT ‘methodology is also applied at regional, national and even more detailed sales
At the core of the system is the WOCAT database, which helps users to identify possible
solutions by providing an inventory of SWC technologies and an inventory of respective approaches A user-friendly query system allows the use o easily narcow down possible options and to trace appropriate solutions Once possible options are identified, WOCAT gives 3 ‘comprehensive description of the respective technologies and approaches
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and analysing areas of itervention, land tenure, target groups, involvement of land users, ives, taining đesds te,
The programme organizes SWC regional workshops for data collection snd exchange of experience, eeates openly accessible dataases, analyzes and exchanges collected information, and produces and disseminates wutpus such as books and report on appropriate SWC technologies and approaches, maps of SWC activities, databases, a decision support system and worldwide accessible information in paper or digital format (CD-ROM) and trough the ntemet The WOCAT ‘ataase allows linkages with ECOCROP, Soil and AEZ data, and land use information,
For example, preliminary outcomes ofthe regional WOCAT dla colletion and analysis for East Alica show that SWC technologies ate applied primarily on eropfand in subhumid to semi- anid environments on sinallscae furms with individual land use igs, and ae rarely reported on szcving land (19%) and forest or woodland (5%) Technologies focus mainly on strvtural ‘measures, oflen in combination with vegetative measutes (grass on banks) There are important [knowledge gaps for costs, benefits and impacts of the reported technologies Technologies are _mainlyprojec-implemented with few tudiional or indigenous approaches, A shif from top-down approaches to botton-up, partcipaiory approaches can be observed WOCAT'S web site Is "hqp: 2u cdcnibe chịprogramumevlobalgla20.hm
LAND CovER/ LAND Use DATAMASE (AERICOVER) (Guips fo onesie in 0053 hum)
‘The Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) is the result of the iiiative by the Afiieover Programme of the FAO Environment and Natural Resources Service (SDRN) to develop an ‘approach fr concep definition and classification of land cover The classification concepts were ‘developed, discussed and approved by the A rcover Working Group on Clasiicaion and Legend ‘sith support froma French ust fund project This Working Group gave FAO the mandate ofl develop the proposed classification The is full operational version ofthe classification and its software program has been developed for implementation by the lmhan trust find GCP RAEDSTITA Africoner-Kast Africa Project, hased in Nairobi, ia collaboration withthe Land snd Plant Nutrition Management Service (AGL the LCCS software —— + ` “——
đliTgrentmodulee TA Em Lan SA | [ pions |
1, Classification: land pace beta ‘cover classes are defined ‘colecton EY as crete ser soned cote | by the combination of | aomenercion || Smibenatarene na |") dcr carne
set of Independent | "resem ater spay eget
slassties, which are min den
hierarchically arranged
amd which ean be inked | | an eptaion
‘with envio mental and specific discipline T: = oi
Legend: storage of | tamitont sat fenteat — canparon defined land cover | qtiaral, eglctanes Recon
classes according to the | “ott ‘naumhces
Trang 182 Lane resources ssesiment ind management tems
“lasses helong This module allows export of data in commonly used file formats and allows users toad user-detined names tothe provided standard names
Field Data: storage ofthe denied ied survey information and automated clasiication of the data, Retrial and edit funedions exist
4, Translator: comparison and correlation of classifications or legends through the reference classification is possible athe level of the elasifiers and entire classes The Land Cover Classification is a comprehensive standardized aprioriclassifiation system, designed 19 meet the needs of a variety of users and designed for mapping exeteses and independent of scale or means used The propose clasitiction ean he used asa reference system heeause the diagnostic erteria allow correlation with existing classifications oe leperds,
ALES expert system framework
(itp www.fa0 org WAICENT/FAOINFOMAGRICULT/AGL aglaez him)
The ALES program facilitates carrying out fan evaluations according tothe method presented the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation (FAO 1976) Such evaluations are locaton-speci usually require many data involve mumerous repetitive caleulatons or references to tables an are tedious if many possibilities are tobe compared ALES isa useful tool that prides an automated procedure of evaluation to replace manual procedures whiel a and ent prone
ALES is PC computer program shell in which evaluators can build ther own expert systems aking into azcouat leal conditions ALES provides a reasoning mechanism and contains th cevaloator to express inferences using the mechanism ALES isnot by itself an expert system and not contain knowledge about land or land use, fis framework within which evaluators ean
2 their own local knowledge ALES ean aso be thought af asa model of expert juigement 's the codification ina constrained form of the inferences already present ithe mind oF an +
AL! Shas six components: (i famework fora knowledge base describing proposed land th physical and economic terms: (i) a framework fora database deseribing thể lan are 1 evaluated: (il) an inference mechanism to relate these to, thereby computing the physical “J cconomie suitability of a set of map oF Inn init fora set of proposed land se; lv) an explanation failty that enables model ils t understand and fie tune their models (v) consultation mode that enables the user to query the sytem and (6) a report generator
ALES isa highly interactive program ALES bas a dBase interfice ad ean be liked with GIS, systems such as ARCINFO and IDRISI ALES has been wsed in numerous land evaluations ‘worldwide It has been used by FAO field projects in Botswana, Keaya, Malawi, Mozambi Oman, Yemen, Grenada, Feuador, Chile and Lithuania, AZ: AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONING SYSTEM
(duap// a fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULTIAGL aglliaez hen)
The main system used by FAO for fand resource assessment isthe agro-ecological zoning (AEZ) methodology and supporting software packages for application at global, regional, national and sub-national levels, ABZ uses various databases, models and decision suppor ools
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“La resouros inoraton ste or ood security in SADC counties "
combination (overlay) of layers produces agro-ecological cells In this way’ a land resources {atabase is created which contains information on the AEZ cells, AEZ integrates i the database various kinds of geo-referenced datasets, which can include th following
‘opography’ administrative boundaries: reads and other communications; towns and settlements: riverssvater bodies; geology soi: physioprapy’ landform erosion; rafal: temperature: moisture regime: watersheds inigable ates: land us, land cover and forest reserves: population,
AEZ models are applied on the database to analyze potentials of lad for varios Kinds of use, suet as assessment of land suitability, potemial land productivity and analysis scenarios for land use planning The AEZ models inclade models forthe calculation of length of of opti land use
growing period irigation requirements, crop biomass and suitability, land productivity ee
AEZ can be used in various assessment applications for better planning, management and ‘monitoring of these resource, including land esource inventory
4 inventory of land wilization types and production systems, inchuding indigenous ystems, and the requirements potential yield calculation;
4 land suitaiity and land productivity evaluation, inluding forestry ad livestock productivity, upping agro-limatie zones, peublem soil areas, agro-ecoloyical zones, land suitability, {quantitative estimates on potential
crop areas, yields and production;
+ and degradation assessment, population supporting capacity assessment and land use ‘optimization modeling Sch results are record for cach AEZ cll or record in the database and constitute an entry point for land use analysis, using decision support tools such as muicriteia analysis and simulation,
“Two PC soltware packages have been prepared in collaboration with the Intemational Institute for Applied System Analysis (IIASA) to implement AEZ models: one software package and regional application; and anather for more detailed application at country level The second fr global package is called AEZWIN and runs under WINDOWS 95 and WINDOWS NT
‘The AEZ methodology and models have been applied in developing global digital AEZ land resources database based on the digitized soil map ofthe world (DSMW}, The database contains information on soil and landform, tempersture reyime and length of growing period, agro ‘ecological zones, forest and protected areas and land suitability For about 30 main crops
“The database hasbeen used in global land prvtvity potential studies within the Framework ‘of FAO AT2010snudy,šncluding estimation af arable nd potentials For agricultural expansion by ‘county It hasbeen used in regional and country studies on land use change, population supporting ‘capaity and Ton suiability for aquaculture Khas also been wed applications involving integration of biophysical and socio-economic data such as shies on land carrying capacity and the efccs of climate change on agricultural productivity potentials The datahase wil be used in regional food insecurity and vulnerability information and mapping systems (FIVIMS) of the ‘Committse]on World Food Security (CFS),
‘The AEZ methodology and software packages have been used in studies which address wide e of land management issues: improved land use planning (Botswana, China, Kenya Mozambique, Grenada, Tanzania, Swaziland) toemolation of population policies (Malaysia,
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“ Land resourcerastesiment and management stems
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Land resources information stems for aol security m SADC count
Water resources assessment systems
DATABASE OW RURAL WaT US
ft hon Hong MAICEXLEAOINEG AGICUL/AGL.AGLNIaasutagasuiin) Infomation on sanity od quay f eh wae ni is avait tnd ese vanaf sant development Since a mojr sae o
AQUASTAT steworitswarrrsouces ise forsaturl denhpmem plas a key rol ietencing 100d produto and prediction snd water
chewing ood rer, Taman on apreatural eter we ha sssuned geste penee The i” for ac da sever cesing aed ee ded tonstcble dam Yor daa our wate we Ror taal goverment acd elope toot
‘To meet this demand, in 1993 the Water Resources, Development and Management Service (AGLW) of the Land and Water Development Division (AGL) of FAO developed 2 global Information system on water use in agriculture and rural development Called AQUASTAT, its ‘main objective is 1 collect, analyze, standardize and disseminate basic information on water resources andits use by country AQUASTAT
is essemally a database on water availability and use in agriculture and rural developmen ‘hich produces regional analyses and country profiles on water resources development, with emphasis on igation and drainage
The coleton of information i organized through extensive erature reviews, assembly o existing information on the county and the
Subregion, and through a detailed ¢ duesUommare, Ceitical-analysis and data
processing is underaken at FAO Headquarters
in Rome The database consists of 120 able variables, comprising: IRRIGATION IW FIGURES, IN AFRICA + ten variables related to geography and IRRIGATION EN AFRIQUE
population EN CHIFFRES
forty variables related 0 climate and water + twenty variables related to water use
"x ` ` drainage
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16 Water resources assessment sts
Additonal information oa gation development, institutional environment and trends in water resources management s also presented fr each country One af the strengis ofthe AQUASTAT programme is that bibliographical reference is atached to each figue for verification purposes
In 1994-1995, all $3 Aftican counties wore surveyed, resulting in FAO Water Report 7 “irrigation in Aftica in Figures” The then} 29 countries ofthe Near Fasc Region were surveyed in 1995-1996 (FAO Water Report 9“Ingation in the Near East Region in Figures”, followed bythe 15 counties of the Former Soviet Union in 1997 (FAO Water Report 15 “Trigaton in the Countries ofthe Former Soviet Union in Figures") The 21 counties of Asia not included inthe to previous reports (9 and 15) were surveyed in 1998-1999 (FAO Water Report 18"Ierigation in ‘Asian Figures") At preset, Latin America is under preparation
Information is disseminated through the preparation of country profiles, regional and sub- regional tables and maps, and summaries, A countey profle provides an overview of water resources and thir use inthe county especially for the isigation and drainage sob-sectors, ina Standardized format is aim is to emphasize the pastcularities of each country, as well a the problems encountered in irrigation, Slanardized tables are used for ll countey profile in ural water management andinrgaton The report also summarizes trends
CCounity profiles regional summaries tales and maps ae all available om the Internet a the following addres: hip: ww Go.orgwaicentfaoinfoagriulagl/agw/aguastaaquastat hm
treed re ver ion Petia
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Land resonresinrematon stems fr fn security in SADE count „
CLIMDWAT: A Climatic Database
(up: ssa fan org WAICEN TE SOINTO.SGRICULTAGLAGLW clas bln)
CLIMWAT is a multipurpose climatic datsbase which was developed primarily for use i providing climate data inputs forthe calculation of erop water quirements iigaion supply and Frigation scheduling for various ers in eorbination with the program CROPWATT CLIMWAT is also useful in providing climatic data to ABZ land resources assessment, (se below),
‘The CLIMWAT database was orginally compiled hy the Agromateortogieal Group ofthe FAO Researh an! Technology Development Division SDR) and has been converted ios Format suitable for use by CROPWAT The CLIMWAT database includes data from a total of 3262 meteorological stations Irom 144 countries, divide ino five continents, and is contained on five liskotesaranged aecording to continent and county
Programs are inchided to fila management ofthe database, ineluding the selection of suitable elinatie stations fiom the concerned counties The climatological data included are ‘puianum and minimum temperature, mean daily relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind spec, precipitation and calelated values for reerence evapoiranspiration and effective rainfall The ‘reference evapotrinspiration hasbeen calculate forall stations according tthe Penman-Monteith ‘method, as recommended by the PAO Expert Consultation eld in Rome, May 1990
Various procedures to setup the sytem and to address the selected climatic tations are availble to assist the user of CLIMWAT in the use of the database and the CROPWAT programme Inciuded ae examples to show how the various data can Be addressed and wed for planning and management of irigated and rainfed apncultre CLIMWATT has beer applied in ‘humerous irigation management projets in various countries,
The CLIMWAT progeamme is new element of the CROPWAT irigation management programme, which is pow available as FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No 49 (manual and disks),
CROPWAL: A computer program for irrigation planning and management (Hage: ans funny WAICENT: FAOINEO/AGRICULTAGLAGLWeropst his)
CROPWAT isa decision suppor system developed bythe Land and Water Development Division oF PAO, is ain Fonetons ate ks
+ calculate ceference evapotranspizaion, rap water requirements and crop nigaion requirements + develop irgation schedules under various management conditions and scheme Water supply ‘evaluate rainfed production and drought effects andthe efficiency of iigation praetees
CROPWAT is practical tol to helpagro-meteorlogits,egronomints and imigation engineers 1o carry out standard calculations for evapolranspration and erp water use studies and mo specifically the de anagemtent of irigaton schemes It allows the development of recommentions for improved tigation practices, the planning of irgation schedules under ‘orying water supply conditions and the assessment of production under ranted conditions oF efit irgation,
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8 Water resources assessment tems
"using various options for water supply and irigation management conditions Scheme water supply is ealeulated acconding tothe topping pattem provided Procedures foealelaton ofthe crop water requirements and irgaton requirements are based fon methogologies presented in FAO Ittigation and Drainage Papers No 24 "Crop water requirements” and No 33 "Yield response 1 water”
CROPWAT includes a revised method for estimating reference erop evapotranspiration, ‘adopting th approach af Peneian-Montith as recommended in May 1990 in Rome Further detils on the methodology ate provided in the Revised FAO by the FAO Expert Consallation beld “Methodology for Crop Water Requirements and in the Irigaton and Drainage Paper No 6: "Crop Evapotranspiraton”,
‘The current version of CROPWATT (7.0) contains With the assistance of te Agricultural College of Velp, Netherlands Ir overcomes many of the a completely new version in Pascal, developed shortcomings ofthe original 5,7 version that was distributed s rigaion and Drainage paper No 445, with manual and guidelines),
CROPWAT version 7.0 is concise and fits easily onto one diskete The programme ean be downloaded as CRW70-EN ZIP 234 Kb) from FAO's PTP-server After unzipping in 2 suitable directory or diskette, the orginal directory structure will he restored withthe SETUP command CROPWAT 700 is 4 DOS-application, but it runs without any problem in all MS-WINDO\ ‘environments A manual explains the use ofthe computer program, while the guidelines elaborate ‘oncaleulation procedures and applications in rigation planning and management, with examples
‘CROPWAT for WINDOWS contains a CROPWAT version in Visual Basic to operate inthe Windows environment Ithas been developed with the assistance ofthe International lerigation & Development institute (HDS) of the University of Southampton, UK The programme and the ‘manual in Acrobat format can be downloaded from FAO's FTP-server as CRWAW2.21P and (CRWAW-MIN.ZIP, respectively The programme shouldbe unzipped ina temporary directory and ‘ill be installed withthe SETUP command 2s explained in the included readmetxt file
‘SIMS - Scheme Irrigation Management Information Syst
‘up ya9-fo.orwWAICENTFAOINFO‘AGRICULT/AGL ‘AGL Wismis hum)
‘When managing irigation systems, a tool is needed which facilitates the management tasks of ination systems SIMIS can be used to provide timely and complete informatio for decisions on ayto-day management activities including Water deliveries and other major issues such as accounting, crop productos, control of maintenance, water fees and other relevant ass
SIMIS is 2 modularsystem of programs containing 19 different and independent modules The frst ‘module isaddressed o identity the characteristics of the project where all the subsequent infomation willbe stored, SIMIS can store information for one or several projects as needed, This sa useful Feature for large projets whieh ean be susivided ito smaller units and corresponding information entered separately so that information ean be processed faster and more clearly The following seven ‘maxes are utized to store basic dat onthe irigation system such as: climate, scl, crops, physical inastructre, land tenure, project staff and machinery (for O4M task) This information is shared by he other seven modules that are management tools covering the main aspects of managing an irrigation system These include
‘+ Agricultural activities (crop production, area planted, production costs, crop prices and others) 4+ Crop water requirement (oral crops grown in the project)
Trang 25Lad resources informa syste fr fd security in SADC coms +"
+ Inigation scheduling (under diferent methods: fixed rotation, on demand, rational, soil ‘mostre balance) 4+ Water consumption (coatol of water use by every farm)
"`
+ Water fees (determination of fees under different hypotheses and preparation of bills for every farmer, canal oF payments),
The ls our modules ae fe setng the work environment and ince: utp setting, password, re-indexing and reconfiguration of files when required
Additonal information on CLIMWAT, CROPWAT and SIMIS and can be obtained from the following adres:
‘po fio.esp WAICENT.EAOINFOAAGRICULTAAGL lag homeagl isa
‘The FAO Publications Catalogue can be accessed on Internet at b2 ong ot at gopher: gopher a0 ory
‘The following Interet pages ca also be consulted for more deaied information on AGL systems
4+ land, land resources, land use (planning)
up fawn: WAICENTEAOINEO/AGRICULT:SGIL iapthomesgl hima 4+ sustainable developn
up on ao oi
Trang 26Land resources information stems fr food sears in SADC counties a
SADC LRIS: Harmonized Datasets for SADC
‘Til REGIONAL REMOTE SENSING UNIT CD-ROM
The SADC Regional Remote Sensing Unit (RRSU) is part of the Regional Food Security Programme, loated inthe SADC Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) Development Unit (DU) in Harare, Zimbabwe The RRSU stated as a project in 1988 and received technical assistance from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) fora period of ten yeas, through financial support from the Governments of Japan and the Netherlands In July 1998 the project was integrated into the organizational structure of FANR DU, asa Unit The RRSU is operated with funding rom the SADC Member States and it receives additional Financial and technieal support through a bilateral agreement berwcen the Government ofthe Netherlands and SADC The RRSU_ isacenterof technical expenise, which can facilitate taining programmes the field of remote sensing and GIS as applied to early waming for food security and natural and technical suppor in
resources management,
‘On an operational scale the RRSU acquires low resolution and high temporal frequency satelite information from the NOAA and Meteosat satellites, which is processed into aumber of information produets suchas rainfall accurrence and vegetation development A variety of taining «courses and national and regional workshops are used to create a core of tained experts in the SADC region, bu also to create awareness among potential users and stakeholders
Aula of te RRSUiste
establishment øĩ ø tnlồm mgloml The RRSU CD
Standard ver deus! oe SADE ors =
Re
feale of LÍ millon This activity commenced in 1995, mainly to crete a
Ất
bs
reference vector dataset tobe used with the satelite data using GIS technology ‘The Digital Char of the World (DCW) was used as a tating point and this was further enhanced by the merging of existing and newly digitized national datasets, fest SADC Vector Dataset ‘was prepared inate 1995 and put onto a number of CD-ROMs These were evaluated by several contact points in the SADC region, aswell as
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cludes information on national and sub-national administrative ‘The SADC Vector Dataset i
boundaries, elevation, infasinicture, hysrology, major growing areas land use, forests, protected ‘areas and cultural ites I addition, the CD-ROM inehides the RRSU"S stole image archive: @ Aigtl elevation model (DEM): raster mops with general climate formation: soil maps: nd baste agricultural and population statistics, Version 2.0 will ielude a newly processed NOAA-hased NDVIarchive,as well asa detailed meta-databas which is being developed with partes in South Aiea
“The speific objectives ofthe RRSU CD-ROM ay
+ tocensue the sustainability of the vast amount af images, maps and data collected by the RRSU; + wallow the exchange of maps and information between counties and organizations; ‘© application for analysis using GIS technology as well as other environmental applications: provide the basis for the development of a food security information database and +t casure that it canbe easily and regularly updated
While the RRSU CD-ROM vas niall planned to serve the early warning for food security ‘community, it bocame clear that the data is also very useful fora wide range of environmental result, the RRSU is now a recognized centre for environmental data in the SADC
‘The original vector data processed by the RRSU aren Arco forma, but has been converted ino an ASCIL BNA format forthe RRSU CD-ROM, This was done because this format can be easly used ina range of thematie mapping and commoniy used GIS sofware programmes In ‘ation, and to Further suppont his, a sofware coatine, "BNA formatter isavailable to convert the text strings in BNA files to numerical values, while an associated attribute fle s also created ‘The resolution ofthe vector data i : milion, while the raster maps have an operational pixel size of 6 are minutes (approximately 8 km), Every effort Ins been made fo be as accurate 9s possible, bat itis understandable that accuracy at this scale is sometimes coarse However the RRSU datasets, andthe vector dataset in panicular, are unique because of their uniformity and Standand coverage forthe whole ofthe SADC region
The RRSU is using the rely available WinDisp programme fr vector data and rater images, -MapViewer from Golden Sofware for thematic mopping, and /DRIST for GIS applieations The RRSU has chosen these programmes because they canbe easily used by those working inte early \wamning for food security sector the SADC region These experts are not always GIS experts ad ‘hese programmes provide easy entry intoa number of thematic mapping and GIS applications The RRSU has developed a numberof taining manuals to assist the potential user in the use of these programmes Recause ofthe increased use of more advanced GIS technology inthe SADC region, the RRSU will startin early 2000 an activity to make the vector data also available in ArcView Format,
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Land reson information stems fr ford security in SADC cons 2
(CLIMATE DATA LAYERS FOR THE SADC Ri
Since 1994, the SADC RRSU has collaborated withthe University oF Stellenbosch, with anding from the Development Bank of Southern Afeica (DBSA}, o establish a detailed socie-economnic eseription of se individual SADC counties This has resulted up to now in the development ofa «capacity 19 generate information on agricultural resources, a5 well as on ir use for prediction, ‘The vast amount of data on the agricultural resources of SADC has been captured in a georeferenced information system, using GIS technology This information system, the SADC AAgnicultral Potential information System (APIS), can be used t0 retrieve and manipulate infoemation according 1o specific needs For example, determine the quantity and location of various classes or qualities of arable land and areas suited to particular crop (refer to section below formore dels) At present the APIS needs tobe further modified to include mors detailed ‘information, As part ofthe collaboration, the RRSU will assist in blaining more detailed climate information ano process i ina uniform grid or easter Format, N
‘The RRSU has an interest in this activity, because it would lke 10 use and presen elim {information inthe same easter format asthe satelite images, so that data ean be used ina wide range of GIS aplication that are beneficial ta early warning for food security
The creation ofthe Climate Dasa Layers is fist step inthis direction The present dataset contains 416 raster maps with sforination about rainfall and remporatres at dekadal (10-day) tervals tor 38 yeas (1961-1998), All data use forthe creation ofthe data layers are stored ina regional database in Access form, and avaiable on CD-ROM Data were compiled daring & Technical Workshop in Jue-Tuly 199 fom meteorological date received rom the Following SADC Counties: Angola, Botswun, Lesuthe, Mansi, Mosambigue, Namibia, South Africa, ‘Swaciland, Fancania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe ln adition, data were also made availabe rom
+The Drought Monitoring Conte (DMC) in Harare, Zimbabwe,
+The Insutae tor Soil Climate and Water (ARC-ISCW) in Pretoria, South Mica
+ DNA in Maputo, Mozambiaue
‘+ Alican Weather Data (197-1995) from the U.S, National Weather Service, Climate Prediction Centee in Washington, USA (feted 19.as NOAA dat ‘+ SADC National Early Warming Unis
‘+ LUCC CD-ROM Series No I: MIOMBO, LUCC Inteation Barcelona Spain,
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2 dtaut for SADC
ata compilation: Rainfall and emperatute dat from the SADC countries andother sources were compiled for each country ina "multiple year file using a fixed format During Phase 1, the data were organized per county in a fixed of comm delimited format in so-called "country multiple eat files During Phase 2 these files were used to create WinDisp-SEDI compatible files that are tsed The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from USGS/Eros Data Center inthe Lnited States was used as for interpolation Data ftom approximately $00 to 1000 meteorological stations were used background image to create the Climate Data Layers The original image has a resolution of 30, are seconds (approximately 1 km.) and was released in February 1997 Altitude intervals were used, of 100m
The RRSU continues to update and improve the data nthe presen database nd will work on ‘other elimatic data ses, such as Potential Evapotrnspiatin (PET)
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Land resources information systems or fod security in SADC countries 2s
SADC Agricultural Potential Information System (APIS)
The SADC Agricultural Potential Information System (APIS) is a decision support tool for policymakers in public and private sector institutions who need information about the quantity, ‘quality, location and suitability of agricultural resources ina spatial context a the SADC region The specific aim of the development of APIS is to enhance regional planning to support cooperation within the SADC region, by providing a rational basis for strategy and policy formulation in agriculture
By integrating country data sets, agricultural resource comparisons can be rade in order to select more effectively resources suitable for particular purposes, ‘eg areas best suited for maize production from @ land quality point of View and taking into account transport cost, The assumption is made thst ‘moving towards optimal agricultural resource use by utlizing comparative advantages within the broader regional ‘context should increase rural welfare in the region, promote markets and stimulate regional economic growth Usilizing opportunites of eross-border trade and relying less om sub-optimizing Strategies such as promoting’ national food sesufficieny should increase food security in the region, if production efficiency and sabilly and income _genertion can be improved
SADC APIS was initiated by the Development Banke of Southern Africa (DBSA) after previous studies by the
‘African Development Bank and DBSA These earlier studies emphasized possible advantages to be _gined from closer cooperation in the region and expected changes in agricultural resource use pattems whereby countries with ample agricultural resourees ean use opportunities to supply ‘markets in countries less well endowed with resources, Although agricultural producers wil sradually respond to market opportunities all over the region and ouside the region, the provision ‘of production support services (such a research and extension services) and physical infrastructure (roads, rail, aepors) will have tobe planned in ime
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2s SADC Agrcutural Potemal afomation Sytem (APIS)
Phase One of SADC APIS was commissioned by DBSA in 1994 and implemented by aprojct team of he Department of Agricultural Economies of the University of Stellenbosch, The goal of the Agrifutua Project was o generate information for strategic planning in agriculture SADC At the start of this phase, information on the socio-economic profiles of the SADC countries was completed
Phase Two resulted inthe development ofa GIS that eaptured SADC County data sets and {ntgrated these into regional sts to miake transnational eompaisons possible, Digitized climate, {opography, soils, demography and infastrcture datasets were obtained from the SADC RRSU ‘The SADC soil map, based on the FAO classification system, was supplemented by a South African soil map, specially adapted bythe Institue for Soil, Climate as possible The GIS is currently accommodated atthe Forest Management and Water, to be as compatible Unit ofthe University of Stellenbosch, where itis supported by disciplines such as Soil Science, Agronomy, Agricultural Economics and Geography
(Currently, Phase Thre is aimed at developing various facets ofthe SADC APIS, with int by agro-metcorologists, agronomists and soil scientists from nearly all SADC countries, to build a network of expertise that can provide data and
verify and interpret results to increase the quality of the system output Network members have also developed a general crop Suitability model that is appropriate for the type ad seale of resource data available atthe regional level This model will be used t0 investigate and develop production and trade scenarios — based on agricultural potential information and transport modes to generate information needed for development planing, ‘The following applications of the SADC APIS are possible in support of policy and planning
+ Henification of areas that meet cerain criteria, ¢g minimum average annual precipitation, soi depth, maximum slope ‘© Areas suitable for, for example, ma production within a certain distance from
‘a specified destination
‘© Agricultural potential possibilities for a SSE Ty ae particular area
‘+ Comparison of areas with regard to their resource quality and accessibility by importing the results of the crop suitability map from the GIS into a transport model The relative advantages of areas in terms of thei ferilty and proximity to markets can be taken into account in determining optimal production and distribution patterns fora particular erop ‘+ Determination ofthe potential impact of various development strategies
eee
A GIS-ransport mode! combination can be used to quantify and express visually the possible impact of investment options such as:
Trang 32Land resources infomation stems for foo DC connie 2
The provision of irigation infrastructure
The provision of beer tanspor infeastevetar, 1 The provision or expansion af import or seaport fa ‘The provision of processing infasteuctae
es for export of agricultural products, ‘The visual expression of possible production and distribution scenarios supports the development of a common understanding of the characteristics and wider implications of a development strategy and a clearer shared vision of a desired outcome This should increase the teffetiveness of cooperation in the region The SADC APIS through the established network wll generate products in support af many aspects of fod security and trade in the SADC region In a eneral sense the expected outcomes arean enhanced food security early warming system for SADC through a better information and analyieal system, and beder supply and demand schedules to determine the elects of poly changes e infrastructure, transport and market development, on producer an consomer surplux
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— ”
ALCOM's water resource database for SADC:
a decision support tool for regional water resources management SE ae ao eT Or mss wes anced vincion | ẨM LÊ n0) see o Foca tivi
“The WRD (on CD-ROM) consists of a number of major interlinked components:
Trang 340 SADC Agriutura Potential Information Sistem (APIS)
Point locations in decimal degrees are given in the database forthe dam wall of fr the mide of teritorial waters for natural water bodies, Polygons (form of the water body) are efor the larger water bodies only The database enables automatic mapping of selected water bodies as well as the display of| data for water bodies found on electronic maps ‘Watershed data (WS): The WS database holds both information and polygons of 1 137 sub- watersheds in subequatoral ARHiea Sub- watersheds were delineated atthe app 5 000 km’ surface level based on a | km digital elevation model and the river layer of the Digital Chart of the World (at 1:1 000 000 scale) All watersheds were named and ordered hich enables determination of upstream basins (complete watershed), megarbasins or dovsnstream basins The largest mega-basins
{uch as the Zambezi, Zaire, Orange) have been split up into a numberof sub-basins Rain PET and elevation data were GIS generated for each subewatershed River data (RIV): About 40 000 iver stretches from the Digital Char of the World covers were integrated in a database, Elevation dat, soil data, watershed data and adminis information were generated through GIS overlays For some countries, more detailed co isavailable including names of the rivers For all ether counties, names of major vers can be <erived from the watershed database
Aquatic Species Distribution data (ASD): This database currently holds information onthe istribution ranges of 233 fish species in Souther A\fica, based on the work of Dr Paul ‘Skelton of the JLB Institue of Iehthyology in Grahamstown, South Affica, The database allows the display’ of ful species ists fr each sub-basin ora list of basins in which a certain species is present In addition to ths, distribution maps ean he displayed automaticaly The database is being updated through the analysis of a large number of museum collection catalogues that were integrated ina GIS These data were linked to the SWB database
‘The following components are under development and will be release inthe near futur:
Experimental Fisheries data: This database combines several components whic hold els of experimental fisheries and water quality daa eoleted by ALCOM plat projets on 2 ‘water bodes in Mala, Zambia and Zimbabwe It includes data on capture and effort, lent frequeney, gonado somatic index and water quality data Besides experimental data, cree! survey’ data of won-experimental ishing inthe same water bodies are also bing included
Fishing gear data: A database of all fishing gear encountered in the framework of the AL.COM pilot projects holds information on occurrence, species and size selectivity of the sen
Trang 35Land resources information systems fr fod secs in SAD coumtrie _ By © Aquatic resource mailing Hist: ‘The ALCOM aquatic resource mailinglist
holds references ofa selected number of people and institutions involved in water And: fisheries within and outside the SADC region
Database interface: Four different date types can be accessed through one interface: regular cell data, geographical data (digital ‘map component), graphical data (figures, Pictures and drawings) and descriptive ‘documents, Most of the data are geo referenced whichallows immediate mapping for querying for data on geographical locations fom a map administative and hydrologieal maps are Available in digital format for each SADC ‘country and can be overlaid with other data from the water resource database
Data sources: Since the database includes data from different disciplines and different
countries, the data had te sourced from a range of governmental and non-governmental ‘organizations, Data were compiled frm
isting databases intentional and nations, In most ofthe counties, Hsberies departments and hydrological departments (or their equivalents) provided data
‘+ Published literature 4+ Hawdeopy and digital maps
‘+ Informal information and gray literature (all stored inthe ALCOM library)
+ ALCOM Field visits (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Botswana, Lesotho, Zambia and Zimbabwe) All information inthe WRD ean be raed hack tits source through the mela-databases, Application of the WRD as a decision support tool: The WRD allows analysis, queries and ‘mapping of several waterisses, Mapping of water bodies with cettn criteria, upstream catchment aces, species distribution areas are simple an direct inthe current datas interface Zooming in ‘on digital hydrological maps and querying information for characteristics of ertain water bodies, species lists fora specific watershed, or downstream and upstream areas are equally simple and fat ‘operations, With a Title more knowledge, information on variables sich as min, max or average elevation ainfall temperature or other climatological data i extracted for whole areas or certain points
Applications are numerous, for example
Trang 362 SADC Agricdara Potent Information Sy
‘+ Fisheries and aquaculture: choice of the right species to stock by overlay’ of species sibution maps and elimatologcal maps; determination of fisheries potential by modeling
physieo-ehemistry on climatological maps
‘+ Ienigation: Analysis of potential for itgation by overlay of water availabilty and water đemang ‘+ Frvieonment and ecology: Monitoring of aquatic pests and aquatic exoties ‘migration; wildlife management by digital distribution mapping by modeling 4+ General development and food security
‘Status and future of the Water Resource Database: The WRD is still growing and has no vet, ‘reached is fll potential, Major work has been achieved in standardization of identifiers for water bodies, watersheds Tinkaye ofall data from differen sources, Efforts are made to promote more widespread wse of and many other components ofthe datahases This wasan imperative to enable ‘these ideatiiers in oder to enable Tinkage to more extemal daa This will open up the WRD to programmes that ace ative in many diferent disciplines such as health, dam constuction or ‘general environment [also stresses the importance of an offical establishment ofthe WRD ina leading regional institution asoid the Toss of his standardization, Etforts are also being made to testend some ofthe WRD components tothe whole African coatinen This is pariculaey the ease Forte watershed database and theiland water polygon coverage The Lotus Approach interface is ‘being translated into a stand-alone MS Access interface, which will avoid the purchase oF
Trang 37Land resources information stems for fod security in SADC countries 33
The FIVIMS initiative
Ate World Food Summit in 1996, FAO member states recommended that accurate and timely information be made available on the incidence, nature and causes of chronic food insecurity and ‘vulnerability, Thisis erica for national policy makers in their efforts to formulate and implement policies and programmes to reach World Food Summit goals of reducing the number of lundemourished and achieving food security forall Information about the food insecure and ‘vulnerable people is often lacking in many’ counties
To help remedy this gap EIVIMS was bor, It stands for “Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems”
‘Theidea behind FIVIMS is that improved information ean beactvely used at sub-national, rational, regional and imer rational level, 10 realize the soals of reducing the number of lundernourished and of
achieving food security Fr al eres
The acronym FIVIMS refers to the overall framework and the concepts and ideas associated with it, and_ not necessarily tany one particular system of network of systems already in place In none of these eons are new databases ‘or reporting relationships envisioned
The international FIVIMS
seeks immediately to help improve the amount and quality of information available on food insecurity’ and vulnerability at ‘ational and sub-national the FIVIMS concept levels through internationally supported, country-specific applications of Atte national evel the FIVIMS initiative encourages the linking of information systems that gather and analyze data relevant for measuring and monitoring fod insecurity and vulnerability ‘These systems are collectively refered to as a national FIVIMS, A national FIVIMS is country riven and user focused, based on information systems already in existence, responsive to the information needs of the different user eroups, and operated and controled by the country itself
Trang 38
“ The FIVIMS inte
Ín common with the other information systems in the SADC region presented at hi Consultation, the FIVIMS initiative encourages data sharing and analyses required to better understand and guide progress towards meeting common food security and development objectives,
‘Some typical information systems already in existence and relevant to FIVIMS
‘Agricultural Information Systems
+ Health Information Systems + Land, Water and Climate Information Systems + Early Waming Systems
‘+ Household Food Security and "Natritonal Information Systems ‘+ Market Information Systems + Vulnerability ‘Mapping Systems Assessment and
‘The international FIVIMS programme is being developed and seonlinatel Hưough an Interagency Working Group on FIVIMS (AWG: FIVIMS) to support both national and glebal FIVIMS Membership of the TAWG ——eutently includes
‘representatives of more than 20 agencies and organizations, comprising bilateral donor ayencies, UN agencies the CGIAR system and interational NGOS The JAWG-FIVIMS hasits Permanent Sereariat,
at FAO in Rome,
Addition information on FIVIMS can be obtain from the following sources E-mi —
Trang 39Land resources information system or food security in SADC countries 38
FAO AEZILRIS tools and country
applications
Since 1975 FAO has been working on developing and applying the Agro-ecological Zoning (AEZ) ‘methodology Fits it was applied at the plbal level in assessing food production potential in the developing countries using the 1:5 000 000 scale FAO soil map of the world Since 1984 the ‘methodology has been continually expanded and refined to address applications at increasingly detailed levels fromm national a subnational dstiet) down to local (watershed, community) levels ‘This upgrading concers tree main ateas
the introduction of models for complex production systems including mult-cropping and intereropping of annual crops, consideration of perennial crops ineluding forestry) and Tinkage o livestock production
+ the incorporation of decision suppor tools based on multi-objective and muli-eriteria analysis for opimizing the use of land resources, + the introduction of Geographic Information System (GIS) as spatial database management tools More recent land resources information systems (RIS) have been developed incorporating these elements, including WINDOWS based AEZ software packages In LRIS the AEZ software packages are used in combination wth standaed GIS sofbware and database tals
LRIS/AEZ, APPROACH FOR COUNTRY STUDIES
‘A Kenya case study was used to develop and test the upgraded AEZ methodology’ for country assessments, Agro-ecoogical zoning involves the inventory, characterization and classification of the land resources for assessments of the potential of agricultural production systems This characterization of land resouees includes components of climate, sols and landforms, base for the supply involves analysis at distrit level The Kenya methodology includes models for Ind suitability and of water, energy, nutrients and physical support to plans The Kenya AEZ study Jand productivity assessment and for land use analysis based on multi-objective land use optimization
‘The Kenya AEZ methodology has been used to assess the crop and livestock production potential of each district inthe county The methodology includes the following principles which fare fundamental to any sound evaluation of land resourses
| application of an interdiseiplinary approach, hated on inputs from crop ecologists, pedologiss, agronomists, climatologiss livestock specialists, nutritionists and economists: Fi, land is evaluated for specific land uses
Trang 40FAO AEZIRIS ool and country apptiewtions
land suitability refers to use on a sustained bass, ie the envisaged use of land must not ead 1 degradatios, eg, through wind erosion, water erasion, salinization or other degradation processes Soil regeneration is assumed to be achieved by means such as fallowing appropriate erp rotations and soil eonservaion measures
«valuation Ferilies’ pest contol measures if machinery of production potential with respect to specified kinds and levels of inputs, or hand tools are used (agricultural inputs and Farming technology
‘ierent kinds of land use are considered in the context oF meeting the national or regional Food op mix and demand fr livestock products
Aiferent kinds of livestock feed resources are considered, eg, natural pastures and browse, sown pastures, crop resus and by-products and fed conventates, inthe contextof meeting seasonal and spat eed requirements
land-use paters ate constricted so aso optimize land proves viy i relation politcal and social objectives, taking into account physical socio-economic and technological constrains
igure | gives a general overview ofthe flow and integration of information as implemented in the AEZ Kenya case study In the following explanations the paragraph numbers relate to the raumbers wed ia Figure 1
1 LUT descriptions: These define the fundamental objects of analysis which eompsse the setof alierative activities avilable 10 achieve specified objectives, The fist step in an AEZ {pplication isthe selection and description of land wilization types (LUT) tobe considered in the study FAO (1984) characterizes an LUT as flows: “A Land Ulzation Type consists ofa set of technical specications within a socioeconomic reting Ax a minimum requirement both the nawure of the produce and the seting must be specified” Wis suggested thatthe description of LUTSis prepared according to hierarchical structre that defines, or example,
+ elements common tall land utilization types: ypically such elements would include the sovio-eeonotin sting of # {fatty homogeneous) tepion for which a number of land 0/060 typts may be defined (Level 1:
+ cloments common to certain groups af land utilization types e several land utilization types could be defined fora paricular fang system Holding size, farm resources, et, oil be recorded at this level of LUT desertion (Level 2)
«+ clements specific ta particular land utilization types: exop specific information such as u's wn practices, input requirements eopping calendar, ulation of main produce ‘top Rsidu s and by-products ate wo be desribed at this level (Level 3)
The specific aspects that can be meaningfilly included inthe description andthe amount and deta of quantitative information provided mast match the need and scale of the application The AEZ Kenya study distinguishes 64 crop LUTS, 31 fuelwood LUTS and a synthetic sgvassland LUT, cach at hee levels of input Also, 10 representative livestock systems are ‘considered pe it level