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Topic: Cyberbullying in online classroom in the recent global shift towards e-learning Under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic, the education around the globe has transferred from official classes into the online ones According to UNICEF (2020a), millions of children may be exposed to the increased risk of cyberbullying due to the rise in time spent on online platforms Cyberbullying is defined as a form of bullying using technology to harass, threaten or embarrass another person (Ben-Joseph, 2018) While traditional bullying can affect the victims physically, cyberbullying may cause impacts on their psychology It includes sending or posting personal information, pictures or videos to hurt or embarrass someone else This kind of bullying takes place most commonly on social media, messaging platforms, gaming platforms, and mobile phones (UNICEF, 2020b) Although cyber-harassment is less physical, its effects are more devastating and last longer than the traditional forms of bullying (Meech, 2007) As a result, researches are made to find out the causes, effects as well as solutions to ensure a safe and positive online environment during Covid19 To begin with, there are a variety of reasons leading to cyberbullying involving lack of empathy, herd behavior, and mental issue Firstly, empathy is the ability to put yourself in someone else’s position to understand their feeling or experiencing (Young, 2018) Therefore, the bullies who are unable to put themselves into others’ shoes may not see the pain they bring about According to Gordon (2013), students who engaged in online bullying said that they felt little or nothing for their actions to the victims Some of them even reported that cyber-harassment made them feel entertained Moreover, studies show that online bullies feel less remorse than physical bullies because they cannot see the reactions of the victims (Peebles, 2014) Secondly, it appears to be obvious that bullies usually bully in groups of two or more to one victim This may come from herd behavior, which causes people to join cyberbullying Compared with herd behavior in economics, which is caused by different factors such as fear (Economou et al., 2018), uncertainty (Lin, 2018), or a shared identity of decision-makers (Berger et al., 2018), the fear of being victims, lack of certainty, or tendency to follow people sharing the same identity may lead more people to participate in online bullying While some people not have their own purposes to bully the victim, they might be affected by the influence of the bullies, who cause nervousness to others witnessing cyberbullying This may make them join the bullies so as not to be bullied Because online bullying occurs in a virtual environment, people who are uncertain or know little about the issue can misunderstand that cyberbullying is not a big deal and take part in embarrassing others unconsciously In addition, herd behavior in cyber-harassment is also caused by the similarity in identity such as interest, hatred, or character, which is the most common reason for people to found a team of two or more to something together Last but not least, mental issue is another reason that leads a person to a bully or a bully victim According to Björkqvist et al (1982), the domination feeling of bullies is so concerningly high that they think this is what social norms require This is due to their psychological impulsiveness and lack of self-control On the other hand, depression, the felt of lacking intelligence and personal attractiveness as well as inferiority are the reasons making a person be a bully victim In some cases, mental issues caused by bullying can lead a victim to be a bully due to the thought of avenging with a desire that the bullies should experience their feelings In conclusion, lack of empathy, herd behavior, and mental issue are the reasons leading to online bullying There are many ways that cyberbullying can affect a person Being an online bullying victim can cause long-lasting impacts on the victims mentally, emotionally, and even physically as it makes the victims always feel they are likely to be attacked everywhere (UNICEF, 2020b) According to Mann (2010), both victims and cyberbullies reported that they have difficulties in emotions, concentration, and behavioral issues These people also revealed that they usually have trouble with getting along with their peers To the people who get bullied, this may be the reason they tend to not share their thoughts and problems with others Therefore, it is hard to identify a cyberbullying victim until they get upset, fearful, angry, helpless, and despondent Emotionally, victims may have low selfesteem after experiencing harassment and humiliation As a result, they gradually lose interest in the things they once loved, spend less time with family and friends as well as self-harm and have a tendency to think of suicide (Gordon, 2020) Besides, Gordon (2020) also said that kids who suffer from cyber harassment can have physical health matters such as digestive issues, disordered eating, or sleep disturbances These symptoms may happen to teenagers and adults as mental and emotional problems sustain for a long time as well However, they can overcome those issues to regain their confidence and health if they can get suitable treatment (UNICEF, 2020b) In summary, people who are victims of cyber harassment can face a lot of problems such as mental, emotional, and physical issues Although these consequences can be cured, the victim should be treated as earliest as possible so that they can reintegrate into the community to continue their study and work Due to the impacts of cyberbullying, research has been carried out to find effective methods for preventing online bullying thus creating a healthy cyber environment for people, especially schoolaged children, during the recent lockdown of the Covid-19 pandemic Unfortunately, cyberbullying has some features making it hard to avoid or stop since it is persistent, permanent, and difficult to notice (UNICEF, 2020b) While there is one of the various solutions that victims can do, which is to announce their friends and adults to get help They can also choose to make all copies of all contact with the bullies for reporting to the (Dr Sylvia) However, according to ReachOut (2019), only 10% of young adult victims said that they would inform their parents or trusted people about their problems due to mental and emotional issues In these cases, adult attention is very essential to recognize their children’s changes to help them First of all, parents should try to persuade their children to tell out their problems and listen to their feelings Give them the advice that it is not their fault and there are many people who can help them overcome the issues such as close family, teachers or their close friends If the victims seem distressed about online bullying and likely have signals of self-harm or thoughts of suicide, ask a mental health professional for a favor or encourage them to counseling services Therefore, these cyber victims may recover from bad experiences with the effective advocate of these experts Nevertheless, the best way is to be well-prepared as well as self-educate about cyberbullying and find ways to address it because they will help the victims a lot if the harassment occurs (ReachOut, 2019) It is also significant that the educators such as teachers and administrators should greatly understand the nature of cyberbullying and what they can to solve this issue (Beale & Hall, 2007) Students should be taught to be careful while sharing personal information, reacting to any posts, or making friends with strange online people Although internet companies have a responsibility to protect their users particularly young people and everyone can accuse them if they not take their responsibility (UNICEF, 2020b), they cannot always save cyber users from all negative factors That is the reason why people should learn how to protect themselves For instance, blocking the bullies or stopping using the recent accounts to sign up new ones, which are easily available on plenty of social media platforms, are some solutions for victims to self-defense from cyber-harassment Conclusively, there are a variety of solutions that can help to prevent or stop online bullying with supports of family, friends, experts, schools as well as internet companies and the victims themselves can avoid this with adequate knowledge about the problem To sum up, cyberbullying is caused by a lack of empathy, herd behavior, and psychological issues And the effects of it may make the victims especially young people suffer from mental, emotional, and physical illness However, there are various solutions with the help of trusted people and the victims can also protect themselves from online harassment Hence, students can be assured to have a safe and positive environment to study online during the Covid-19 pandemic REFERENCES Beale, A V., & Hall, K R (2007) Cyberbullying: What School Administrators (And Parents) Can Do The Clearing House, 81(1), 8–12 http://www.jstor.org/stable/30189945 Ben-Joseph, E (2018) Cyberbullying (for Teens) - KidsHealth Kidshealth.org https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cyberbullying.html Berger, S., Feldhaus, C., & Ockenfels, A (2018) A shared identity promotes herding in an information cascade game Journal of the Economic Science Association, 4(1), 63–72 https://econpapers.repec.org/article/sprjesaex/v_3a4_3ay_3a2018_3ai_3a1_3ad_3a10.1007_5fs 40881-018-0050-9.htm Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I (1992) A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change in Informational Cascades Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 992–1026 https://econpapers.repec.org/article/ucpjpolec/v_3a100_3ay_3a1992_3ai_3a5_3ap_3a9921026.htm Björkqvist, K., Ekman, K., & Lagerspetz, K M (1982) Bullies and victims: Their ego picture, ideal ego picture and normative ego picture Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23(4), 307– 313 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00445.x Dr Sylvia, H F (2021, August 10) Ways to Stop Cyberbullying Just between Us https://justbetweenus.org/everyday-life/christianity-and-culture/5-ways-to-stop-cyberbullying/ Gordon, S (2013, June 29) Reasons Why Kids Cyberbully Others Verywell Family; Verywellfamily https://www.verywellfamily.com/reasons-why-kids-cyberbully-others-460553 Gordon, S (2020, July 10) What Are the Effects of Cyberbullying? Verywell Family; Verywellfamily https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-are-the-effects-of-cyberbullying-460558 Lin, M.-C (2018) The impact of aggregate uncertainty on herding in analysts’ stock recommendations International Review of Financial Analysis, 57(C), 90–105 https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeefinana/v_3a57_3ay_3a2018_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a90-105.htm Mann, D (2010, July 13) Emotional Troubles for “Cyberbullies” and Victims Study Shows Mental and Physical Impact of Cyberbullying on Victims and Bullies WebMD https://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20100706/emotional-troubles-for-cyberbullies-andvictims#1 Meech, S (2007, May) Cyber Bullying: Worse Than Traditional Bullying TechLearningMagazine; Tech & Learning https://www.techlearning.com/news/cyber-bullying-worse-than-traditionalbullying Peebles, E (2014) Cyberbullying: Hiding behind the screen Paediatrics & Child Health, 19(10), 527– 528 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4276384/ ReachOut (2019) Cyberbullying and teenagers - ReachOut Parents Reachout.com https://parents.au.reachout.com/common-concerns/everyday-issues/cyberbullying-andteenagers UNICEF (2020a) Children at increased risk of harm online during global COVID-19 pandemic Www.unicef.org https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/press-releases/children-increased-risk-harmonline-during-global-covid-19-pandemic-unicef UNICEF (2020b) Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it Www.unicef.org; UNICEF https://www.unicef.org/end-violence/how-to-stop-cyberbullying Young, P (2018, May 7) Why Some People Have a Lack of Empathy (And How to Deal with Them) Lifehack; Lifehack https://www.lifehack.org/749842/why-some-people-have-a-lack-ofempathy-and-how-to-deal-with-them
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