GROUP ASSIGNMENT WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY FACTORY WASTE IN HANOI, VIETNAM

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS *** GROUP ASSIGNMENT WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY FACTORY WASTE IN HANOI, VIETNAM GROUP CLASS: KTEE404(1-1920).2 Hanoi, November 22nd , 2019 ii GROUP LIST ODD NAME STUDENT CODE Tạ Tuấn Cường 1711150013 Bùi Minh Hiếu 1711150029 Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh 1616450069 Lê Khánh Ngân 1714450022 Tạ Mai Linh 1714450038 Vũ Thị Minh Nghĩa 1714450023 Nguyễn Hà Phương 1716150049 Trần Đăng Quang 1711150050 Lê Khả Minh Phúc 1719150982 10 Nguyễn Tùng Sơn 1711150053 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .4 CHAPTER 1: DEFINITION 1.1 Safe Water and Water Source .5 1.1.1 Water Source 1.1.2 Safe water 1.2 What is the factory’s residuals ? 1.3 What is water pollution ? CHAPTER 2: SITUATION AND IMPACTS 2.1 Situation of using and distributing water in Hanoi .8 2.2 Situation of water pollution in Hanoi .11 2.3 Impacts of water pollution in Hanoi 11 CHAPTER 3: REASONS 13 3.1 Direct causes 13 3.2 Indirect causes 14 3.2.1 People’s lack of responsibility about local living environment 14 3.2.2 The government’s fund 14 3.2.3 Urban development 14 3.2.4 The easy-going standards for determination of water use 15 3.2.5 Regulation of waste oil scum in the river 15 iv CHAPTER 4: SOLUTIONS 16 4.1 Government 16 4.2 Water Company 17 4.3 Residents 19 CONCLUSION 20 REFERENCES 21 v LIST OF FIGUR Figure 1.1 The process of water LIST OF TABLESY Table 2.1 Distribution of water in Hanoi vi INTRODUCTION Water is a very vital source for human beings and creatures In our daily life, there is not a single day that people not use water There are estimatedly about 250 liters of water being used for daily activities, 1,500 liters being used for industry and 2,000 liters being used for agriculture Water, being the vitally substance as it is, coers 44% of the human weight of body Manufacturing one tone of paper needs 250 tons of water, one tone of nitrate fertilizers needs 600 tons of water and the amount of water needed for producing one ton of rice flour is 1000 tons (Vietnam Environment Administration, 2009 ) We know how crucial water is, however; water is not ever lasting as people think 97.2% of total amount of water in the world is saline water, 2.15% is forever ice and only around 0.65% is available for human to exploit ( GEEC n.d ) Today, when the living standard is increasing, environment pollution has become more complicated then ever before, especially water pollution It not only has impacts on people activities but also their health because of some disease are latent in dirty water Recently, the water for daily consumption has been extremely poisoned and this raises some serious concern for the Government This project’s purpose is to show information about the causes and effects of water pollution and suggests some solutions to tackle this problem We will go into the detailed case of daily water consumption which has been extremely poisoned, the water pollution caused by Da river water plant made nearly 200,000 households did not have sufficient water for daily activities The problems of weakness in protecting the purity of the water have been pointed out and raised a serious concern for the government This project’s purpose is to state information about the causes and effects of water pollution and suggests some solutions to tackle this problem vii CHAPTER 1: DEFINITION 1.1 Safe Water and Water Source 1.1.1 Water Source So where does the water source come from ? There are two different sources of water on our planet First, there is surface water—that's the water that we see in oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds This water is home to many plant and animal species that rely not only on the quantity but also the quality of that water to survive Second, no less important is groundwater—the water stored below the surface in the Earth's aquifers This water source feeds our rivers and oceans and forms much of the world's supply of drinking water viii Figure 1.1 The process of water Source: www.britannica.com / Steven S Zumdahl 1.1.2 Safe water Safeand readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purpose So the question is that what is the safe water that people can consume in the city ? According to WHO (2019), the safe and cleaning water source that is located on-premises, available when needed, and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination 1.2 What is the factory’s residuals ? Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as factories, industries, mills, and mining operations Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter from restaurants Industrial ix waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous It may be hazardous or non-hazardous waste Hazardous waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or radioactive Industrial waste may pollute the air, the soil, or nearby water sources, eventually ending up in the sea 1.3 What is water pollution ? Water pollution occurs when a body of water becomes contaminated The contamination could be caused by physical debris such as plastic water bottles or rubber tires, or it could be chemical such as the runoff that finds its way into waterways from factories, farms, cities, cars, sewage treatment facilities, and air pollution Water pollution occurs any time that contaminants are discharged into aquatic ecosystems that not have the enough capacity to absorb or remove them x CHAPTER 2: SITUATION AND IMPACTS 2.1 Situation of using and distributing water in Hanoi The urban water supply system in Hanoi provides 12 urban districts with a population of about 3,7 million people, mainly using underground water from 16 water plants and local small aquifers Surface water is supplemented by Da river’s water plant and Duong river’s water plant According to a report of the Department of Construction, currently, the total water supply capacity is about 1.065.145 m3/day, of which the groundwater source is about 629.850 m3/day; surface water source of Da River is about 219.295 m3/day (total capacity of Da river water plant is 300.000 m3/day) and surface water source of Duong river is about 150.000 m3/day (total capacity of Duong river water plant is 300.0000 m3/day) The urban water supply is assigned to five main water supply units: Hanoi Water Company Limited (Hawacom Company); Ha Dong Water Limited Company (Ha Dong Clean Water Company); Clean Water Trading, Investment and Construction JSC (Viwaco Company); Da River Clean Water Investment JSC (Viwasupco Company - a unit specializing in supplying surface water from Song Da surface water plant and a number of small-scale water plants managed by other units) and Duong river surface water JSC Table 2.1 Distribution of water in Hanoi Wattage Company Number of factories Supply area m3/day Hawacom Groundwater from 12 629.850 Hoan Kiem, Ba Dinh, Hai Ba Trung, parts of Company water plants and 14 Hoang Mai, Dong Da, Cau Giay, Tay Ho, Bac xi small water managed by plants Tu Liem and Long Bien districts, Thanh Xuan the and Company Hoang Mai communes and some neighboring communes of Thanh Tri district Surface water from Da river water plant 5.700 Gia Lam, Dong Anh, Soc Son and Me Linh Ground water from Ha Dong water plants managed by 60.000 Ha Dong district and a part of Nam Tu Liem, Clean the Company some communes of Thanh Oai, Hoai Duc and Water Company Surface water from Da Phu Xuyen districts 30.763 river water plant Water produced by the Viwaco Company company Surface water from Da river water plant 6.000 Thanh Xuan and Nam Tu Liem districts, part of Hoang Mai and Thanh Tri districts 168.721 Sale for VIWACO Company 168,721m3/day, Surface water from Da Ha Dong Water Company 30,763m3/day, Viwasupco River water plant is 14.111 HAWACOM Company 5,700m3/day and retail Company supplied to retail customers about 14,111 m3/day customers Duong Surface water from 150.000 Central urban area of Hanoi; a part of the river Duong river water plant, Western urban center of Hanoi (Dan Phuong surface and Son Tay); a part of the urban area North of water JSC supplied to the central area (Thanh Tri), the Hanoi (Me Linh, Dong Anh and Soc Son) and Northern area (Me Linh, adjacent rural areas Dong Anh, Soc Son), the xii Southern area (Thuong Tin) and a number of other water supply companies Total 1.065.145 Source: www.vnexpress.net / Minh Hương According to VESDEC calculations, every year the amount of water supplied for living in Hanoi increases by 163.000 m3/day Currently the whole city now has more than 20 factories and 15 water production stations, mainly exploiting groundwater from over 280 wells, of which the Northern area of the Red River has 24 wells and the Southern area of the Red River has 227 wells In addition, in Ha Dong, Son Tay and Xuan Mai areas, there are over 20 wells The current capacity of the entire water supply infrastructure is only from 730.000 to 830.000 m3/day Compared to current water production, many households in Hanoi City have not been able to use clean water yet There are also some other standards for water use outside water in 2010, such as water for industrial zones (43 m3/ha), water for local industry (10 -15% of clean water supply), In particular, continued exploitation of water sources from Da and Red Rivers is still the target of research 2.2 Situation of water pollution in Hanoi According to a report of Hanoi Department of Natural Resources and Environment, the amount of waste discharged into the water by the capital's xiii residents alongside with industrial and small-scale handicraft factories, is about 300.000 tons per day The component of the waste contains many toxic substances causing serious environmental pollution It is estimated that each year the amount of waste discharged into natural rivers and lakes consists of 3.600 tons of organic, 317 tons of oil and grease, dozens of tons metals, solvents and many other metals Also according to the NUMBEO, the amount of water pollution accounts for 80.45 % which means very high and just 19.55% of the water is qualified in Hanoi area, of which means very low, so it can be seen that the drinking water quality and accessibility in Hanoi is moderate as well as we need to improve more in living standards Currently, the drinking water pollution and inaccessibility is over half (59.65%) positioned in Moderate showing that we must pay attention carefully about condition of citizens 2.3 Impacts of water pollution in Hanoi Especially, in the recent period of time, many accidents has happened, affecting the water environment, typically the dead fish series in West Lake and the Da River Clean Water Investment JSC incident Among polluted ponds and lakes in six districts: Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, Dong Da, Hai Ba Trung, Cau Giay and Tay Ho, the number of ponds and lakes in Dong Da district is the most heavily polluted Let’s take the incident of Da River River Clean Water Investment JSC as example On October 15, the authorities informed the results of the inspection of water sources in the western districts of Hanoi such as Thanh Xuan and Nam Tu Liem, Hoang Mai, Cau Giay which was complained to have a strong smell and oil scum in recent days The inspection results determined that the watershed area in Phu Minh commune, Ky Son, Hoa Binh province showed xiv signs of spillage of oil waste This oil waste has spread to the stream and flows into Dam Bai lake which supplies water for the Da river water plant Specifically, based on the test results, the water samples all have Styrene content in the group of monitoring criteria of C level, higher than the allowed limit (20 mg / l) from 1,3 to 3,65 times Hanoi Clean Water Company said that from 16 - 21h on Octorber 15, they received over 2,000 phone calls for water supply support The strange smell of water has turned the daily life of people upside - down Many households not dare to use "dirty" water, instead they have to buy bottled water to use or use clean water supported by other water plants According to Wikipedia, oil waste is usually highly toxic Toxicity and impact of oil waste on the water ecosystem are not the same but depend on the type of oil A number of studies around the world have reported self-reported symptoms and biomarkers when people were exposed to this waste water Depending on the level of exposure can cause health effects such as allergic problems (eyes, skin ), neurological effects (headache, dizziness ), injuries respiratory, liver damage, reduced immunity, even increased risk of cancer and reproductive damage xv CHAPTER 3: REASONS 3.1 Direct causes The water pollution’s cause in the recent time has been revealed that the truck of Thanh Ha Ceramics Company (Phu Tho) carrying waste oil spilled into the ravine of Phu Minh commune, Ky Son (Hoa Binh), then the oil spread into the canal of the Da River Clean Water Plant An amount of 2,5 tons of oil has been secretly dumped into and along with the heavy rain, the stream flows to Tram steam and spreads to the channel leading to the Da river water plant The oil consists of an excessive amount of Styrene chemicals In fact, there is no official document that states how styrene affects health However, there are documents showing that the permissible bottled water content does not exceed 100 mcg / liter of Styrene content, if exposing Styrene to 100mcg in a long time does not affect health (Quang Phong, 2019) This has led to extreme public resentment due to the weakness in management of protecting the water sources Specifically, in Hanoi, according to the Hanoi Department of Construction, the whole city currently has only wastewater treatment plants, meeting only 22% of the daily wastewater total amount Which means up to 78% is being discharged directly to the environment That is the main reason why a series of canals and rivers in Hanoi are seriously damaged, or completely “dead” like local people like to call Being "dead" here is completely "frozen" by scum, gasoline, and all kinds of waste In many places, canals and ditches are clogged with newly built houses causing flooding in the rainy season xvi 3.2 Indirect causes 3.2.1 People’s lack of responsibility about local living environment The school syllabus has not done its job properly in educating people about the importance of the environment Therefore, they don’t have enough awareness of their actions causing major effects on their living environment 3.2.2 The government’s fund Due to rapid urban development, the authorities have not had the chance to improve their social environmental welfare As a result, the money spent on protecting and holding conferences to boost people’s knowledge about the environment is still stagnated 3.2.3 Urban development As the population has grown, so has the demand for housing, food, and cloth As more cities and towns are developed, they have resulted in increasing use of fertilizers to produce more food, soil erosion due to deforestation, increase in construction activities, inadequate sewer collection, and treatment, landfills as more garbage is produced, increase in chemicals from industries to produce more materials Moreover,the rapid development of accommodating infrastructures re causes obsolescence in keeping up and updating the old, loose regulation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment The World Bank's research results released on May 31 in Hanoi show that rapid urbanization is one of the causes of water pollution, in which industrial wastewater is the biggest source of pollution xvii 3.2.4 The easy-going standards for determination of water use In Vietnam, the planning to determine the purpose of water use in the river, which areas are irrigated, which areas are aquatic, and which are domestic water, not yet exist Water use planning is not available at the national level, in some areas where it exists, in some areas where there is none The former deputy general director” Hoang Duong Tung “ said that the management of surface water sources for clean water was still very loosening, unable to identify specific areas as clean water supply areas Other countries strictly regulate The area supplying drinking water must have a monitoring, safety system and incident response 3.2.5 Regulation of waste oil scum in the river This regulation is difficult to control, vehicles often pump oilcontaminated water directly into the Da river Not to mention the risk of ships carrying goods containing dangerous chemicals being hit, the consequences are even more serious Underground tanks of petrol stations and petrol trading ships also have potential problems At present, the management of petroleum facilities is still very loose The local government should review all risk points along both sides of the Da River, check the life and quality of tanks, underground storage of petrol stations, the operation of factories in river basins xviii CHAPTER 4: SOLUTIONS 4.1 Government The government has implemented several policies based on market access such as water tariffs, fees and charges for water use and exploitation, environmental protection charges for wastewater, compensation for damages due to water pollution For industrial wastewater, as regulated in Decree 154/ND-CP, the tariff has a fixed component of VND 1.5 million and a variable component that applies for discharge volumes above 20 cubic meter/day and the concentration of key pollutants However, the tariffs are too low to achieve cost recovery and not provide enough financial incentives for industrial companies to invest in common effluent treatment plants Although no study on the effectiveness of the wastewater fee has been carried out, the increasing pollution levels suggest that the current fee is either too low or fee collection is inadequate The penalties for a violation regarding water resources are set out in Decree 33/2017/ND-CP, and those relating to environmental protection are set out in Decree 155 Penalties for violation are high (a maximum of 250 million VND for one violation as stated in Decree 33 and billion VND as stated in Decree 155), and there are other mandatory measures such as restoring the initial condition of the environment or cancellation of permits However, these stiff penalties have not deterred violations, posing the question of whether penalty levels are high enough or enforcement adequate The environmental impacts of taxes and charges are positive However, we need to consider those impacts on the economy Taxes and charges on environmental issues have effects mainly on aspects: costs and prices, and employment On costs and prices, taxes and charges act as a means to avoid xix pollution will increase the cost of production, then lead to an increase in the price of products and services However, the impact of the levy will depend on the relative size of the levy to the cost base On employment, one would expect some significant structural change to employment, with a move of employment from polluting to less-polluting industries and activities Besides, there are some evidences that employment gains could be made The sectors that benefit from the tax signal and also often from the revenue expenditure tend to be more labor intensive (e.g recycling) Moreover, the incentive effect will lead to more employment in “clean technology and process” activities 4.2 Water Company For a water factory, there are multiple solutions to guarantee their output quality These approaches can take place in a different place: among the water treatment processes, after those processes or even since the very beginning of the input water  Before the treatment processes Method: If the source is a reservoir or lake with the same watershed characteristics, the potential for a large water turbidity fluctuations is minimized, due to the dilution and settling that occur in a reservoir/lake Water treatment companies also need to perform frequently QC on this reservoirs Advantages and disadvantages: This method is the most effective to combat any unexpected substance in the water It is more of a prevention than a cure, therefore it can minimize the consequences better than any other method However, the obstacle for this method is quite tough, since it is obvious that not all water treatment plants is located near a lake with big enough water current and building its own reservoir can be a multi-million, time-consuming plan, which also required highly anticipation of authorities xx  Among the treatment processes: Method: Quality control among treatment processes requires more frequent quality checks on the water hour by hour or even tighter schedule The facility also needs to examine renew to adapt with a new contaminant The new and renovating method should be applied, such as using ozone generator or activated carbon Operational monitoring of water quality and associated reporting requirements should be upgraded include both measurement and observation aspects Advantages and disadvantages: Despite that this method required high intensity, the scale is quite small and easy to perform However, not all water treatment companies can employ qualified scientists to perform these QC And even if they can, there will a be huge paycheck for scientists and new equipment  After the treatment processes: Method: To ensure the quality of water from when it comes out of the plants until it delivered to the residents Any leakage can become a very possible path for contaminants to enter the clean water supply To a deeper level, the whole clean water delivering pipes should be placed far away from the water system To create an assured delivering system, companies need to cooperate with authorities to build a long-term plan This plan needs to be included in all future infrastructure change involving the area of said system Advantages and disadvantages: The aforementioned plan can perform very well in QA, also water treatment can save a lot of money not fixing broken pipes However, for a rapidly-growing city like Hanoi, Saigon, etc., It would be nearly impossible to maintain a single, original piping system while avoiding wasted water pipes xxi 4.3 Residents Households actually can not control the water quality themselves However, a proper emergency plan can also be applied in case an accident happens.A household can store a backup amount of water and build water storage that is easy to clean They can build a system of parameters measuring contaminants and alerting when it passes the limits Households can gather (especially effective to residential buildings) to create the QA system for the whole residential area or building The disadvantages are that these systems can be quite expensive and the efficiency of them are varied xxii CONCLUSION People and creatures cannot live without water because water plays a very important role in people’s health and their daily activities This fact alone places a tremendous liability upon our shoulder to protect the environment, since most of the amount of water used for human activities comes from rainfall, or in other words from nature itself The amount of water used by people is around 35,000 km3 in which 8% is for people daily activities, 23% is for industry and 63% is for agriculture (Vietnam Environment Administration, 2009) Facing the issue of water pollution, the Vietnamese Government has established some new laws or policy to reduce some of the environment worry especially water pollution which directly impacts on people and their life Because of the booming of population along with the urbanization and the industrialization, Vietnam is currently facing the issue of environment, especially as the amount of water for daily activities become fewer and fewer Not only the Government tries to fight against water pollution but also citizens should contribute to this campaign And people should raise awareness of surrounding throughout propaganda about it and together save the environment with the ultimate goal of protecting our life and the life of our descendants xxiii REFERENCES Amc.edu.vn (2018) Hà Nội: Báo động ô nhiễm nguồn nước [online] Available at: http://amc.edu.vn/vi/tin-tuc-su-kien/tin-thoi-su-chuyen- nganh/7462-ha-noi-bao-dong-ve-o-nhiem-nguon-nuoc.html [Accessed 17 Nov 2019] “Effective Watershed Management for Surface Water Supplies” AWWARF report ISBN 0-89867-550-2, 1991 Larry West (2016) Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions [Online] Availableat:https://www.thoughtco.com/water-pollution-causes-effects-andsolutions-1140786 [Accessed 12nd Nov 2019] Maczulak, Anne Elizabeth (2010) Pollution: Treating Environmental Toxins New York: Infobase Publishing p 120 Mai Lâm (2019) Nước sông Đà nhiễm Styren, Hà Nội khuyến cáo người dân không nên dùng để ăn uống [online] http://reatimes.vn Available at: http://reatimes.vn/nuoc-song-da-nhiem-styren-ha-noi-khuyen-cao-nguoi-dankhong-nen-dung-de-an-uong-20191015163109036.html 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Water pollution occurs when a body of water becomes contaminated The contamination could be caused by physical... industrial wastewater is the biggest source of pollution xvii 3.2.4 The easy-going standards for determination of water use In Vietnam, the planning to determine the purpose of water use in the... not fixing broken pipes However, for a rapidly-growing city like Hanoi, Saigon, etc., It would be nearly impossible to maintain a single, original piping system while avoiding wasted water pipes