English information structure

English Information Structure GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC WRITING Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph D REFERENCING In text citations References In text citations What do in text citations include? How many kinds of in text citations are there? In text citations In text citations include information about a source within the text such as the name of the author or authors, the year of publication, and the page number There are two kinds of in text citations the exact words from the source (dir.

GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC WRITING Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D REFERENCING - In-text citations - References In-text citations • What in-text citations include? • How many kinds of in-text citations are there? In-text citations In-text citations include information about a source within the text such as the name of the author or authors, the year of publication, and the page number There are two kinds of in-text citations: the exact words from the source (direct citations) and the paraphrase of the source in your own words (indirect citations) Direct citations There are some notes when giving the direct citations as follows:  Short quotations (up to four lines) are enclosed in double quotation marks  Longer quotations are indented five spaces as a block with no quotation marks Space lines need doubling in a block quotation  Author, year, and page number(s) are cited for all quotations In parentheses, information not mentioned in the text is included; for instance, if the authors’ name is in the text, there is no need to repeat it in parentheses  Three ellipsis points (…) indicate words omitted from/within a sentence Four ellipsis points (….) show omission of words between sentences  Square brackets are used to enclose material that is not part of the original quotation  Within double quotation marks, single quotation marks are used for quoted material or words that would otherwise be in double quotation marks Within a block quotation, double quotation marks are used Examples Direct citation example 1: They comments, “The most satisfying and sensitive criterion to establish idiomaticity is undoubtedly the semantic one” (Fernando & Flavell, 1981, p 32) Direct citation example 2: According to Fernando & Flavell (1981), “The most satisfying and sensitive criterion to establish idiomaticity is undoubtedly the semantic one” (p 32) Direct citation example 3: Fernando & Flavell (1981) regard an idiom as a lexeme and give their own conclusions as follows: We have examined several issues which focus attention on the idiom as a single lexeme that is non-correlative in its syntax and therefore nonliteral in terms of its constituents The most satisfying and sensitive criterion to establish idiomaticity is undoubtedly the semantic one (p 32) Direct citation example 4: According to Krzeszowski (1990, p 35), “No exact or reliable exploration of facts can be conducted without a theoretical background, providing concepts, hypotheses, and theories which enable the investigator to describe the relevant facts and to account for them in terms of significant generalizations” (cited in Nguyễn Văn Trào, 2009, p 12) Indirect citations The author’s last name, the year of publication and, whenever possible, the page numbers are cited Examples The author’s last name, the year of publication and, whenever possible, the page numbers are cited What is not mentioned in the text is placed in parentheses as in these examples: Lee (1981) states that… It is claimed (Lee, 1979) that… Sometimes both year and date are in the text; therefore, nothing is added in parentheses: In 1968, Lee denied that… With page numbers, the above examples would appear like this: Lee (1981, p 76) states that… It is claimed (Lee, pp 22-24) that… In 1968, Lee (pp 201-202) denied that… When there are two authors, both names are given every time they are cited However, where there are more than two authors, all the authors’ names are given, when they are first cited Thereafter, only the first author’s name is used, and “et al” is added For example, a first citation might be: Nunberg, Geoffrey, Sag and Wasow (1994) noted that… and a later citation of the same work would be: Nunberg et al (1994) also noted that… When one author has published more than one work in the same year, the letters (a, b, c, etc.) are added to the year in reference citation and to the year in the listing of these items in the references: Peterson (1982b, p 602) explains the… When citing something indirectly, one of these examples can be followed: Jones (1928, p 26) quotes Smith as saying… Smith (quoted by Jones, 1928, p 26) states… Smith is cited by Jones (1928, p 26) as stating… Here are two more examples: Traditionally, it is believed that idioms are unpredictable or non-compositional (Chafe, 1970; Chomsky, 1965/1980; Katz, 1973; Fernando & Flavell, 1981; Nguyễn Văn Mệnh, 1972; Đỗ Hữu Châu, 1981; Nguyễn Công Đức, 1995; Hoàng Văn Hành, 2008; etc.) In discovery into the unknown world, idioms reflect the transformation in conceptualization of the world around and the association between the human beings and the universe Therefore, idioms which are regarded as a form of a language reflect culture in a concentrated way (cited in Zhang, 2007, pp 31-62) Footnotes Footnotes may explain or amplify material in the text, but they are distracting to a reader Whenever possible this information should be made part of the text When used, they appear after the reference list Such footnotes are numbered and are referred to in the text by a raised number, for example: would further the development of ideas22 and … References Foreign authors Book reference Citing a book in print APA format structure: Author, A (Year of Publication). Title of Work Publisher City/State: Publisher APA format examples: Taylor, J R (2002) Cognitive Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press Fernando, C., & Flavell, R (1981) On Idiom: Critical Views and Perspectives (Exeter Linguistics Studies, 5) Exeter: University of Exeter Cowie, A P., et al (1993) Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms Oxford: Oxford University Press Citing an e-book from an e-reader E-book is short for “electronic book.” It is a digital version of a book that can be read on a computer, ereader (Kindle, Nook, etc.), or other electronic device APA format structure: Author, A (Year of Publication). Title of Work [EReader Version] Retrieved from http://xxxx or DOI:xxxx APA format example: Eggers, D (2008). The Circle [Kindle Version] Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/ Citing a book found in a database APA format structure: Author, A (Year of Publication). Title of Work Retrieved from http://xxxx or DOI:xxxx APA format example: Sayre, R.K., Devercelli, A.E., Neuman, M.J., & Wodon, Q (2015). Investment in Early Childhood Development: Review of the World Bank’s Recent Experience DOI: 10.1596/978-14648-0403-8 Journal article reference Citing a journal article in print APA format structure: Author, A (Year of Publication) Article title. Periodical Title, Volume (Issue), pp.-pp APA format examples: Greenbaum, S (1974) Some verb-intensifier collocations in American and British English American Speech, 49, 79-89 Katz, J J & Fodor, J A (1963) The structure of a semantic theory Language, 39 (2), 170-210 Nevin, A (1990) The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13 (3-4), 147-148 Nunberg, G., et al (1994) Idioms Language, 70, 491-538 Citing a journal article found online APA format structure: Author, A (Year of Publication) Article title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp DOI:XX.XXXXX or Retrieved from journal URL APA format example: Jameson, J (2013) E-Leadership in higher education: The fifth “age” of educational technology research British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (6), 889-915 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12103 Vietnamese authors Book reference Format structure: Author’s full name (Year of Publication). Title of work [English translated version] Publisher City: Publisher Format examples: Hoàng Văn Hành (2008) Thành ngữ học tiếng Việt [Vietnamese Idiom Studies] Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang (2009) Thành ngữ tiếng Việt [A Dictionary of Vietnamese Idioms] Hanoi: Social Sciences Publishing House Nguyễn Như Ý, et al (1998) Từ điển giải thích thành ngữ tiếng Việt [A Dictionary of Vietnamese Idioms] Hanoi: Vietnam Education Publishing House Journal article reference Format structure: Author’s full name (Year of Publication) Article title [English translated version]. Periodical Title, Volume (Issue), pp.-pp Format examples: Phạm Xuân Thành (1993) Cơ sở hình thành biến đổi thành ngữ tiếng Việt [Grounds for the Formation and Variation of Vietnamese Idioms] Journal of Folklore, 1, 55-58 Lý Toàn Thắng & Ly Lan (2011) Chiếu xạ ẩn dụ ý niệm tình cảm [Illumination in Conceptual Metaphors on Feelings] Journal of Lexicography & Encyclopedia, 6, 89-99 Unpublished work reference Format structure: Author’s full name (Year of Declaration). Title of Work Unpublished title, Place of Declaration Format examples: Nguyễn Công Đức (1995) Bình diện cấu trúc hình thái-ngữ nghĩa thành ngữ tiếng Việt [Vietnamese Idioms from Formal-Semantic Perspectives] Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Linguistics Nguyễn Văn Trào (2009) Emotion Expressing Idioms in English and Vietnamese: A Contrastive Analysis Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Queensland  ... (1974) Some verb-intensifier collocations in American and British English American Speech, 49, 79-89 Katz, J J & Fodor, J A (1963) The structure of a semantic theory Language, 39 (2), 170-210 Nevin,... DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12103 Vietnamese authors Book reference Format structure: Author’s full name (Year of Publication). Title of work [English translated version] Publisher City: Publisher Format examples:... Vietnam Education Publishing House Journal article reference Format structure: Author’s full name (Year of Publication) Article title [English translated version]. Periodical Title, Volume (Issue),