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English Information Structure GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC WRITING Đặng Nguyên Giang, PhD RECOMMENDED BOOKS Gall, D , Borg, W R Gall, J P (1996) Educational Research An Introduction New York Longman Hennessy, B (1994) How to Wriite an Essay Plimbridge House Howard, R M (2011) Writing Matters A Handbook for Writing and Research McGraw Hill HumanitiesSocial SciencesLanguages Jordan, R R (1990) Academic Writing Course Longman ELT Menasche, L (1997) Writing a Research Paper Michi.
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC WRITING Đặng Nguyên Giang, PhD RECOMMENDED BOOKS Gall, D., Borg, W.R & Gall, J.P (1996) Educational Research: An Introduction New York: Longman Hennessy, B (1994) How to Wriite an Essay Plimbridge House Howard, R M (2011) Writing Matters: A Handbook for Writing and Research McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages Jordan, R R (1990) Academic Writing Course Longman ELT Menasche, L (1997) Writing a Research Paper Michigan: The University of Michigan Press Murray, N & Hughes, G (2008) Writing up Your University Assignments and Research Project Open University Press Oshima, A & Hogue, A (2006) Writing Academic English (4th Edition) Pearson Longman Spencer, C.M & Arbon, B (1997) Foundations of Writing Illinois: National Textbook Company White, R & McGovern, D (1994) Writing New York: Prentice Hall AN INTRODUCTION TO ACADEMIC WRITING Questions for discussion What is academic writing? What are the key characteristics of academic writing? What are the types of academic writing? Academic writing is the formal writing style used in colleges and universities It’s what students are expected to produce for classes and what professors and academic researchers use to write scholarly materials Key characteristics of academic writing • formal tone - A formal tone is always used in academic writing It is not lighthearted or conversational in tone Slang and clichés not belong in this type of writing •precise language - In keeping with the formal tone, it’s important to choose precise language that very clearly conveys the author’s meaning •point-of-view (POV) - Academic writing is usually written in third person POV because its focus is to educate on the facts rather than to support an opinion or give advice •research focus - Because most academic writing involves reporting research results, it tends to focus on the specific research question(s) being studied •organization - Academic writing should be organized logically in a linear, matter-of-fact fashion Use headings to delineate each major section •source citations - Most academic writing includes at least some secondary research sources Be sure to properly cite all sources and include a bibliography 3 The four main types of academic writing are descriptive, analytical, persuasive and critical Each of these types of writing has specific language features and purposes - The simplest type of academic writing is descriptive Its purpose is to provide facts or information - Most academic writing is also analytical Analytical writing includes descriptive writing, but also requires you to re-organise the facts and information you describe into categories, groups, parts, types or relationships - Persuasive writing has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re-organising the information), with the addition of your own point of view - Critical writing has all the features of persuasive writing, with the added feature of at least one other point of view While persuasive writing requires you to have your own point of view on an issue or topic, critical writing requires you to consider at least two points of view, including your own STUDY OUTLINE Writing a sentence Writing a paragraph Writing an essay Writing a master thesis proposal in English language Writing a master thesis in English language Referencing (APA style) WRITING A SENTENCE Questions for discussion What is meant by “a sentence”? What is meant by “an independent clause”/“a dependent clause”? According to Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition) (1989), “A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses” Oshima and Hogue (2006) suppose that sentences involve clauses In short, a sentence is a word or a group of words grammatically expressing a complete thought An independent clause is formed with a subject and a verb and often a complement A dependent clause is formed with a subordinator, a subject, and a verb WRITING A SENTENCE Questions for discussion How many basic kinds of sentences are there in English? What are they? What groups of words are used to connect clauses in order to form different kinds of sentences? According to Oshima and Hogue (2006), there are four kinds of sentences in English: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex They are subordinators (subordinating conjunctions), coordinators (coordinating conjunctions), and conjunctive adverbs after although as as if as soon as because for and accordingly besides consequently for example before even though how if since so that SUBORDINATORS that when though whenever unless where until wherever what whether COORDINATORS nor but or CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS furthermore in contrast meanwhile hence indeed moreover however instead nevertheless in addition likewise nonetheless which while who whom whose yet so on the other hand otherwise therefore thus WRITING A SENTENCE Questions for discussion What is meant by “a simple sentence”/ “a compound sentence”/ “a complex sentence”/ “a compound-complex sentence”? BASIC KINDS OF SENTENCES - A simple sentence is one independent clause e.g A school of birds are flying in the deep blue sky - A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together There are three ways to join the clauses: with a coordinator, with a conjunctive adverb, and with a semicolon e.g “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.” - John Dewey - - A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause(s) A complex sentence can be built with adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses e.g If each kiss were a drop of water, I would give you the sea - A compound complex-sentence has at least three clauses, at least two of which are independent e.g When you once asked me “which you love more, me or life?”, I said “life”, and you left me without knowing that you were my life NOUN CLAUSES That clauses If/Whether Clauses Question clauses ADVERB CLAUSES Time clauses Place clauses Distance clauses Frequency clauses Manner clauses Reason clauses Result clauses Purpose clauses Contrast clauses Concession (unexpected result) clauses Conditional clauses Kinds of adverb clauses Time clauses Examples I want to travel around the world as soon as I graduate from university Place clauses Anywhere you go, you hear people taking on their mobile phones Distance clauses Frequency clauses She wants to follow me as far as I can go I not visit my parents as often as they would like me to Manner clauses Reason clauses You can type these quotations as they appear in the manuscript He was an influential writer because he persuaded many people to see the truth of his ideas The meeting ends since there is no more to be said As Peter is late for school, his mother has to apologize to his teacher Result clauses Purpose clauses The cake was so hard that the children couldn’t eat it She worked hard so that everything would be ready at o’clock Contrast clauses English is understood all over the world, whereas Turkish is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself Concession (unexpected result) Although I had studied all night, I didn’t pass the exam clauses Conditional clauses Unless you work hard, you won’t pass the exam Adjective clauses Participial phrases A pedestrian who had been hit by a A pedestrian hit by a speeding taxi was speeding taxi was lying in the street lying in the street An ambulance that was summoned An ambulance summoned by a bystander came quickly bystander came quickly by a The taxi driver, who did not realize The taxi driver, not realizing what had what had happened, continued on happened, continued on ... to provide facts or information - Most academic writing is also analytical Analytical writing includes descriptive writing, but also requires you to re-organise the facts and information you describe... relationships - Persuasive writing has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re-organising the information) , with the addition of your own point of view - Critical writing has... Writing a paragraph Writing an essay Writing a master thesis proposal in English language Writing a master thesis in English language Referencing (APA style) WRITING A SENTENCE Questions for