The 3rd Edition of Detailing for Steel Construction is now available in print. This is an update of the 2nd Edition to be consistent with the 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. Topics included are: general fabrication requirements contract documents common connection details basic detailing conventions project setup and control erection drawings shop drawings bills of materials detailing quality control and assurance
DETAILING FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION T L DETAILIN ON TI E OF S G UT IT EE AL INS T THIRD EDITION N A Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page DETAILING FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION Third Edition Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page AISC © 2009 by American Institute of Steel Construction ISBN 1-56424-059-2 All rights reserved This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition Printed in the United States of America First Printing: August 2009 Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION The purpose of the Third Edition of Detailing for Steel Construction is to update the Second Edition to be consistent with the most current AISC publications In particular, this edition references the following: 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings 2005 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION By, the AISC Committee on Manuals and Textbooks, William A Thornton, Chairman Barry L Barger, Vice-Chairman Charles J Carter Robert O Disque Lanny J Flynn William R Lindley II Thomas Murray Davis G Parsons II Victor Shneur Scott Undershute Michael A West Harry Cole Marshall T Ferrell Mark V Holland Leonard R Middleton Charles R Page David T Ricker Marc Sorenson Gary C Violette Christopher M Hewitt, Secretary and its Adjunct Subcommittee on Detailing Robert Beauchamp Hugh Dobbie, Sr Robert H Englert, Jr John T Linn David E Morris Kenneth Voelte John Quinn Keith Burnham William G Dyker Michael I Gilmor David L McKenzie John G Shaw Bill Duncan in coordination with the following NISD members, who developed the figures for this book Robert Beauchamp Charles E Blier John Linn Maurice Roy Annemarie Bristow Florian Lebrasseur Tony Poulin Michel Villemure The committee also gratefully acknowledges the following people for their contributions to this book: Michel Cloutier, Harry A Cole, Timothy Egan, Areti Carter, Louis Geschwindner, Keith Grubb, John L Harris, Chris Harms, Cynthia Lanz, Keith Mueller, Janet S Tuegel, Jerry Loberger, Thomas J Schlafly, William Segui, Mark A Snyder, Ramulu S.Vinnakota, and John Wong Detailing for Steel Construction • Preface-3 Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Introduction 1-1 The Construction Process and the Detailer’s Role 1-1 Raw Material 1-2 Characteristics of Steel 1-4 Physical Properties 1-4 Specifications for Structural Steel 1-5 Steel Production 1-6 Mill Tolerances 1-6 Calculation of Weights 1-6 Bills for Shipping and Invoicing Finished Parts 1-7 CNC Files 1-7 Fabricating Structural Steel 1-10 Material Handling and Cutting 1-10 Template Making 1-11 Laying Out 1-11 Punching and Drilling 1-11 Straightening, Bending, Rolling and Cambering 1-12 Fitting and Reaming 1-12 Fastening Methods 1-13 Bolting 1-13 Welding 1-13 Finishing 1-13 Machine Shop Operations 1-14 Cleaning and Painting 1-14 Shipping 1-14 CHAPTER Contract Documents and the Detailing Process 2-1 A New Project 2-1 Estimating 2-1 Contract Between the Fabricator and the Customer 2-2 Plans and Specifications 2-6 Design Information 2-6 Engineering Design Data 2-7 Types of Columns 2-7 Column Schedules 2-7 Distribution of Plans and Specifications 2-9 Steel Detailing Group 2-9 Contract Document Errors 2-11 Detailing Quality 2-11 Specification and Code Requirements 2-12 OSHA Safety Regulations for Steel Erection 2-12 Scope of the Standard 2-12 Definitions 2-12 Tripping Hazards 2-12 Roof and Floor Holes and Openings 2-12 Column Anchor Rods 2-14 Minimum Erection Bolts 2-14 Double Connections 2-15 Column Splice Strength 2-15 Column Splice Locations 2-15 Column Splice Height at Perimeter Columns/ Perimeter Safety Cable Attachments 2-16 Joist Stabilizer Plates at Columns 2-16 Joists 2-17 Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings 2-17 CHAPTER Common Connection Details 3-1 Types of Fasteners 3-1 ASTM A325 and A490 High-Strength Bolts 3-1 ASTM F1852 Twist-Off-Type Tension-Control Bolts and Alternative Design Fasteners 3-1 ASTM A307 Bolts 3-1 Forces in Bolts 3-1 Shear 3-3 Bearing in Bolted Shear Connections 3-5 Edge Distances 3-6 Snug-Tightened and Pretensioned Bearing Connections 3-6 Slip-Critical Connections 3-7 Tension Joints 3-8 Joints with Fasteners in Combined Shear and Tension 3-8 Bearing Connections in Combined Tension and Shear 3-8 Slip-Critical Connections in Combined Tension and Shear 3-8 Beam Reactions 3-8 Common Bolted Shear Connections 3-9 Double-Angle Connections 3-9 Shear End-Plate Connections 3-10 Seated Beam Connections 3-11 Unstiffened Seated Connections 3-11 Stiffened Seated Connections 3-13 Single-Plate Connections 3-15 Single-Angle Connections 3-15 Tee Connections 3-16 Forces in Welds 3-16 Forces in Concentrically Loaded Fillet Welds 3-17 Limitations on Length and Size of Fillet Welds 3-19 Strength of Connected Material 3-21 Forces in Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds 3-23 Forces in Partial-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds 3-24 Detailing for Steel Construction • TOC-5 Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page Common Welded Shear Connections 3-24 Double-Angle Connections 3-25 Cases I 3-25 Cases II 3-25 Cases III 3-25 Designs of Double-Angle Connections 3-27 Cases I and II 3-27 Cases III 3-27 Seated Beam Connections 3-27 Unstiffened Seated Connections 3-27 Stiffened Seated Connections 3-29 End-Plate Connections 3-30 Single-Plate Connections 3-30 Single-Angle Connections 3-31 Tee Connections 3-31 Connections Combining Bolts and Welds 3-31 Selecting Connections 3-31 Shear Connections 3-31 Framed and Seated Connections—Bolted 3-33 Framed Connections 3-33 Seated Connections 3-33 Shop Welded, Field Bolted 3-33 Framed and Seated Connections 3-33 Framed and Seated Connections—Field Clearances 3-33 Example 3-35 Example 3-37 Example 3-37 Offset and Skewed Connections 3-39 Moment Connections 3-39 Column Splices 3-42 Bearing on Finished Surfaces 3-43 HSS Columns 3-45 Truss Connections 3-45 Truss Panel Point Connections—Welded Trusses 3-45 Connection Design 3-47 Amount of Weld Required 3-47 Truss Chord Splices—Welded 3-48 Top Chord Connection to Column 3-50 Bottom Chord Connection to Column 3-51 Shims and Fillers 3-52 CHAPTER Basic Detailing Conventions 4-1 Good Detailing Practices 4-1 General Drawing Presentation and Drafting Practices 4-1 Material Identification and Piece Marking 4-2 Advance Bills of Material 4-2 Shop Bills of Material 4-2 Beam and Column Details 4-2 Bolting and Welding 4-2 Shop and Field Considerations 4-4 TOC-6 • Detailing for Steel Construction Clearance Requirements 4-4 Tolerances 4-4 Systems of Sheet Numbers and Marks 4-4 Sheet Numbers 4-5 Shipping and Erection Marks 4-5 Assembly Marks 4-5 Right- and Left-Hand Details 4-5 As-Shown and Opposite-Hand Columns 4-6 Details on Right and Left Columns 4-7 Steel Detailing Economy 4-9 Bolts 4-9 Identification 4-9 Symbols 4-9 Holes 4-11 Installation 4-11 Welding 4-11 Joint Prequalification 4-12 Welding Processes 4-13 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 4-13 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 4-13 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 4-13 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) 4-13 Electrogas Welding (GMAW-EG) or (FCAW-EG) 4-13 Electroslag Welding (ESW) 4-15 Stud Welding 4-15 Resistance Welding 4-15 Welding Electrodes 4-15 Weld Types 4-16 Fillet Welds 4-16 Groove Welds 4-16 Plug and Slot Welds 4-20 Fillet Welds in Holes and Slots 4-21 Welding Positions 4-21 Economy in Selection of Welds 4-22 Welding Symbols 4-22 Shop Fillet Welds 4-22 Shop Groove Welds 4-29 Partial-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds 4-31 Stud Welds 4-32 Shop Plug and Slot Welds 4-33 Field Welds 4-33 Nondestructive Testing Symbols 4-33 Other Welding and Testing Symbols 4-34 Painting 4-34 Galvanizing 4-35 Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel 4-39 Special Fabricated Products 4-40 OSHA Safety Requirements and Avoiding Unerectable Conditions 4-40 CHAPTER Project Set-Up and Control 5-1 Pre-Construction Conference 5-1 Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page Project-Specific Connections 5-3 Coordination with Other Trades 5-3 Advance Bill for Ordering Material 5-3 Advance Bill Preparation 5-6 Columns 5-6 Welded Girders 5-7 Trusses 5-7 Beams, Purlins and Girts 5-7 Detail Material 5-8 Pipe 5-8 HSS Products 5-8 Rails and Accessories 5-8 Miscellaneous Items 5-8 Rolling and Bending 5-8 Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS) 5-8 References 5-9 Detailing Kick-off Meeting Sample Agenda 5-9 CHAPTER Erection Drawings 6-1 Erection Drawings 6-1 Guidelines 6-4 Special Instructions for Mill (Industrial) Buildings 6-5 Special Instructions for Tier Buildings 6-5 Method of Giving Field Instructions 6-5 Bolting 6-5 Welding 6-5 Locating Marks 6-6 Field Alterations 6-9 Temporary Support of Structural Steel Frames 6-9 Erection Aids 6-10 Erection Seats 6-10 Lifting Lugs 6-11 Column Lifting Devices 6-11 Column Stability and Alignment Devices 6-12 Single-Plate, Single-Angle and Tee Connections 6-12 Matchmarking 6-12 CHAPTER Shop Drawings and Bills of Materials 7-1 Anchor Rod and Embedment Plans and Associated Details 7-1 Anchor Rod Plans and Details 7-1 Base Plates 7-14 Anchor Rods 7-14 Grillage 7-16 Embedded Material 7-16 Columns 7-18 Drawing Arrangement 7-18 Column Faces 7-19 Sections 7-19 Combined Details 7-20 Column Marking 7-20 Column Details—Bolted Construction 7-20 Column Details—Welded Construction 7-24 Unstiffened Seat Details—Bolted 7-25 Stiffened Seat Details 7-27 Beams and Girders 7-29 Connection Angle Details 7-30 Beam Gages 7-32 Cutting for Clearance 7-32 Dimensioning 7-32 Shipping Marks, Billing and Notes 7-34 Typical Framed Beam Details 7-34 Dimensioning to Channel Webs 7-36 Use of Extension Dimensions 7-36 Framed Connections to Columns—Bolted 7-39 Seat Details—Bolted 7-39 Typical Framed Beam Connections—Welded 7-40 Seat Details—Welded 7-42 Other Types of Connections 7-42 Shear End-Plate 7-42 Single Plate 7-42 Single Angle 7-42 Tee 7-44 Camber 7-44 Wall-Bearing Beams 7-44 Trusses 7-45 Types of Construction 7-45 Typical Detailing Practice 7-46 General Arrangement of Details 7-46 Layout and Scales 7-46 Symmetry and Rotation 7-49 Dimensioning 7-50 Camber in Trusses 7-50 Bottom Chord Connection to Column 7-50 Stitch Fasteners and Welded Fills 7-51 Bracing Systems 7-52 Shop-Welded – Field-Bolted Construction 7-52 Truss Bracing 7-52 Pretension (Draw) in Tension Bracing 7-56 Vertical Bracing 7-58 Double-Angle Bracing 7-58 Knee Brace Connections 7-58 Shop-Welded – Field-Welded Construction 7-58 Shop-Bolted – Field-Bolted Construction 7-62 Skewed, Sloped and Canted Framing 7-64 Built-up Framing 7-64 Crane Runway Girders 7-64 Columns 7-67 Roof Columns—Light Work 7-67 Crane and Roof Columns 7-69 Roof and Wall Framing 7-69 Purlins 7-69 Eave Struts 7-71 Detailing for Steel Construction • TOC-7 Detailing_CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page Girt Framing 7-72 Field Bolt Summary 7-74 Nonstructural Steel Items 7-78 Detailing Errors 7-78 Dimensional 7-78 Bills of Material 7-78 Missing Pieces 7-78 Clearance for Welding 7-78 Clearance for Bolting 7-80 Clearance for Field Work 7-80 Other Detailing Errors 7-83 CHAPTER Detailing Quality Control and Assurance 8-1 Checking 8-1 Back-Checking 8-2 Approval of Drawings 8-2 Fit Check 8-2 Maintenance of Records 8-3 Contract Document Control/Revisions 8-3 Shop and Field Document Control/Revisions 8-6 REFERENCES References-1 APPENDIX A Large Format Drawings A-1 APPENDIX B Engineering Fundamentals B-1 Definitions B-1 Structure B-1 Members B-1 TOC-8 • Detailing for Steel Construction Tension Members B-1 Compression Members B-2 Bending Members B-2 Loads (Classified by Origin) B-6 Dead Load B-6 Live Load B-6 Other Loads B-8 Loads (Classified by Type) B-8 Equilibrium B-8 Internal Forces B-10 Trusses B-10 Beams B-10 Stresses B-16 Engineering Properties of Steel B-18 Load and Resistance Factor Design: LRFD B-19 Reference B-23 APPENDIX C Electronic Data Exchange C-1 Direct Benefits of Information Sharing C-1 Data Format C-1 Scale C-2 Quality Control C-2 Where We Are Today C-2 APPENDIX D SI Units for Structural Steel Design D-1 GLOSSARY Glossary-1 INDEX Index-1 Detailing_CH01 6/2/09 8:07 AM Page CHAPTER INTRODUCTION An overview of the structural steel design and construction process, common references, structural materials, fabrication, and erection THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND THE STEEL DETAILER’S ROLE When you look at the outside of a building, what you see is its facade or “skin.” Behind that facade (which may be brick, concrete, glass, metal panels, stone or a combination thereof) is a frame or “skeleton” consisting of steel, concrete, masonry, wood or a combination of these materials This book will address structural steel detailing—the preparation of drawings for the fabrication and erection of this frame Traditionally, the steel construction team consists of the owner, architect, engineer, contractor, fabricator, steel detailer, erector and inspectors Sometimes, the team includes a construction manager, who represents the owner and is responsible for having the project completed on time and within budget There are several ways that an owner may choose to structure a contract with the steel construction team to deliver a project The most typical approach, known as DesignBid-Build is described here Another popular approach called Design-Build will be described later in this text When an owner decides a building is needed to serve their purposes, they usually contact an architect The owner and architect meet to discuss the function of the building, what the shape and size of the structure should be, how the interior should adapt to the proposed usage, and how the exterior of the building should appear The architect prepares a set of plans and specifications to show and describe all the features of the building discussed with the owner—the layout and dimensions of the interior spaces, the types of materials to be used, the colors of the interior and exterior, and the details of the skin The architect then selects a structural engineer to design the supporting structure The structural engineer determines forces in the components of the supporting structure, sizes elements to resist these forces, and develops design details of connections The owner also selects a general contractor to construct the building; the selection method is discussed in Chapter The general contractor is responsible for constructing the structure according to plans and specifications and for delivering the building to the owner for occupancy on schedule and within budget To this, the general contractor awards several portions of the building to pertinent subcontractors— HVAC, plumbing, electrical, masonry, foundation, structural steel, roofing and others The general contractor coordinates the requirements and efforts of these and other related trades The structural steel subcontract is awarded to a steel fabrica- tor, whose responsibility it will be to accurately fabricate the various structural steel components for on-time delivery to the job site to meet the contractor’s construction schedule The fabricator is responsible to the owner, the owner’s agent, or a general contractor and has a duty to keep these parties fully informed of all changes that impact a project’s cost and schedule The AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (AISC, 2005a), hereafter referred to as the AISC Code of Standard Practice, the standard of custom and usage for structural steel fabrication and erection, stipulates in Section 9.3 the procedures the fabricator and erector are expected to follow in response to revisions to the contract documents A person who prepares shop drawings for a steel fabricator is known as a steel detailer Steel detailers use the design drawings and specifications made by the structural engineer to prepare shop and erection drawings for each piece of a project that their employer has agreed to furnish In other words, the steel detailer translates design data into information that the fabricator and erector need to actually build the structure The steel detailer may be either an employee or a subcontractor of the fabricator To prepare shop and erection drawings the steel detailer works closely with the owner’s designated representative for design (ODRD)—normally the structural engineer of record (SER)—who reviews and approves the shop and erection drawings At the job site a steel erector receives the material from the fabricator and places it in the proper location in the building The erector may work for either the general contractor or the steel fabricator Besides erecting the steel members, the erector must plumb and properly align the structure, ensuring that all joints fit properly and welds are made and bolts installed according to industry standards and specifications Throughout the process of constructing a building, inspectors may check the materials and workmanship at the job site, and in the shops of the various subcontractors The steel detailer has a key role in this process, and it is extremely important that the steel detailer’s work be performed completely and accurately The steel detailer’s work is performed early in the construction process and used subsequently by members of the steel construction team and by other subcontractors Errors can endanger the structure and cause expense to the fabricator The steel detailer must be familiar with the fabricator’s practices and equipment in the shop Also, the steel detailer must know what size and weight limits the erector can handle Detailing for Steel Construction • 1-1 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 10 INDEX Index-10 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 11 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-1 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 12 NOTES Notes-2 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 13 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-3 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 14 NOTES Notes-4 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 15 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-5 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 16 NOTES Notes-6 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 17 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-7 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 18 NOTES Notes-8 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 19 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-9 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 20 NOTES Notes-10 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 21 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-11 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 22 NOTES Notes-12 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 23 NOTES Detailing for Steel Construction • Notes-13 Detailing_CH13_Index 7/1/09 1:58 PM Page 24 NOTES Notes-14 • Detailing for Steel Construction ... materials CHAPTER 1-8 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_ CH01 6/2/09 8:07 AM Page INTRODUCTION Figure 1-3b Sample bill of lading Detailing for Steel Construction • 1-9 Detailing_ CH01 6/2/09... 2-4 • Detailing for Steel Construction Detailing_ CH02 6/2/09 8:09 AM Page CONTRACT DOCUMENTS AND THE DETAILING PROCESS Figure 2-2c Sample operating data sheet, continued Detailing for Steel Construction. . .Detailing_ CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page DETAILING FOR STEEL CONSTRUCTION Third Edition Detailing_ CH00_Prelims 6/2/09 8:03 AM Page AISC © 2009 by American Institute of Steel Construction