^ VUONG QUOC CO CUA NGUOI PYU QUA DAU TICH CUA NHUNG TOA THANH NGO VAN DOANH* Do dieu k i e n dia ly t h u a n ldi, nen, v a n hda c u a A n Do da x a m n h a p vao k h u viic luc dia p h i a t a y cfla Ddng N a m A (nay gdm M i a n m a va T h a i Lan) tfl r a t sdm, n h i e u k h a n a n g cdn sdm hdn sd vdi k h u vflc h a i d i d va p h i a ddng luc dia Ddng N a m A K h d n g p h a i n g a u n h i e n m a d M i a n m a , chd d e n n a y , cdn lflu t r u y e n nhieu t r u y e n t h u y e t ke v[.]
^ VUONG QUOC CO CUA NGUOI PYU: QUA DAU TICH CUA NHUNG TOA THANH NGO VAN DOANH* D o dieu kien dia ly t h u a n ldi, nen, van hda cua An Do da xam nhap vao khu viic luc dia phia tay cfla Ddng Nam A (nay gdm M i a n m a va Thai Lan) tfl rat sdm, nhieu k h a n a n g cdn sdm hdn sd vdi khu vflc hai d i d va phia ddng luc dia Ddng Nam A Khdng phai ngau nhien ma d Mianma, chd den nay, cdn lflu truyen nhieu truyen t h u y e t ke ve nhflng md'i quan he gifla da't nfldc vdi An Dd tfl thdi xa xfla Mdt trdng nhflng truyen thuyet phd' bien nha't dd ke rang, vae nam 585 trudc CN., cd hai a n h em ngUdi Okkal (mdt t h a n h phd' n i m d khu viic Rangun hien nay), da dem ve sdi tdc vang ma dich t h a n Dflc P h a t G a u t a m a b a n cho va da cho xay ngdi t h a p vang Shvedagon de cat gifl nhflng b a u vat tren Treng hang Idat nhflng t r u y e n thuyet, vflng Ha Mien thudng dUdc ggi la vflng "da't vang" ( S u v a n n a b h u m i ) Mdt t r d n g nhflng truyen thuyet ve "da't vang" cd ke ve hai nha sfl P h a t giae ten la Sena va U t t a r a , vad nam 241 trfldc CN., da dfldc chinh vua Asdka, ngfldi chu tri lan kie'n tap P h a t giad thfl ba, phai den "Dat vang" The nhflng, cflng dd vi tri dia ly each trd, nen, ngfldi Trung Qud'c da de'n va biet den vflng "dat vang" mudn hdn va it hdn so vdi cac vflng dat phia ddng cua Ddng Nam A Do vay, cho den nay, chflng ta h a u nhfl khdng biet gi ve cac qud'c gia cd d Mianma vad nhflng t h e k y dau sau cdng nguyen Cd le, chi tfl the ky III sau CN., qua Van N a m va bang dfldng bg, ngfldi Trung Qud'c da cd nhflng tiep xuc vdi vUdng qud'c P'iad d k h u viic thudc lUu viic sdng Irawadi Thee cac nha khoa hgc, ngUdi P'iad (phien am sang tieng Trung Qud'c la Pyu (Phieu), cdn hg tii ggi minh la Tirchul) la nhflng be lac thudc nhdm cac tgc ngfldi T a n g - Mien, da den chiem cfl vflng da't chung q u a n h Prerae bay gid The nhflng, chi den thdi n h a Dfldng, cac tfl lieu Trung Qud'c mdi cd nhflng ghi chep kha cu the ve met vfldng qud'c cua ngfldi Pyu Hai n h a sfl T r u n g Qud'c la Huyen Trang va Nghia Tinh che biet rang, phia tay cfla nfldc Dvaravati la da't cua vfldng qud'c Che-li-tcha-ta-ld, tflc la Srikshetra (tieng Mien la Thayekhettaya), ten xfla cua Preme Cdn Dfldng thfl thi lai cd nhflng md ta ve ddi sd'ng cfla cung dinh va dan chflng Srikshetra: "Hg lay gach xay t h a n h hinh trdn chu vi 100 dam, md 12 ciia, bd'n phia cd thap Dan trdng t h a n h cd PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 14 tdi hang van gia dinh Hdn 100 chfla dep, dat vang va sdn nhieu mau da dfldc xay cat Trai gai den tudi thi cad diu di tu chd de'n 20 tuei mdi dfldc vad ddi Tat ca mgi ngfldi deu mac met kieu ad dai trang that day lung hdng Tinh hg hda diu, khdng cd gdng cflm Ngfldi cd tdi thi huge tre lai, danh sau lflng, nhe thi danh 3, nang thi danh gay; giet ngfldi thi hi xfl tfl Hg cd ddng tien bac hinh ban nguyet, budn ban vdi cac nfldc lang gieng, mua vae cac thfl can dflng, ban vai bdng trang va cac binh vd blng da't nung" '^) Ngdai mdt sd' tfl lieu it di cfla sfl sach Trung Qud'c ra, thed cac nha nghien eflu, thi chi nhflng da'u tich va hien vat dfldc cac nha khld cd hgc phat hien mdi it nhieu che chflng ta biet it nhieu ve nha nfldc Pyu cd' d Mianmar Va, that bat ngd va ly thfl, chd den nay, cac nha khld cd da phat hien dfldc da'u tich cfla ba dd thi cd cd the da la nhflng thu dd ke tiep cua nha nfldc Pyu: Beikthand, Halin va Srikshetra Ca ba dd thi cd' deu nam d deng bang trung lflu cfla sdng Irawadi Rdi thi, ca ba khu di tich dd thi ldn deu dfldc gin vdi nhflng cau chuyen truyen thuyet dfldc truyen tfl the he qua the he khac ve nhflng vi vua va nhflng vfldng trieu huyen thdai ma phan ldn deu dfldc lich sii hda ve sau Vi du, cac truyen thuyet deu ke rang, Beikthand la dd nang cdng chfla cd ten la Panhtwar cua vfldng trieu huyen thdai Tagaung d vflng Thfldng Mianma lap tfl each day hdn 2.400 nam Cdn viec phd'bi tan pha lai dfldc cac truyen thuyet gan vdi vi vua hflng manh Duttabaung cua Srikshetra, ngfldi ma, sau chiem dfldc Beikthand, da khuat phuc, bat gifl va cud'i cflng lay nang cdng Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 chfla lam vd Hien nay, nhflng nghien eflu lich sii da chflng minh r i n g nhflng nhan vat treng cac truyen thuyet deu la nhflng nhan vat khdng cd thflc The nhflng, cac dau tfch, cac hien vat da dfldc phat hien va tim tha'y b cac dd thi cd' da phan nad chd thay nhflng truyen thuyet dan gian da dfldc hinh tfl nhflng hat nhan sfl kien cd that Dd vay, nhfl cac nha nghien eflu da chi ra, lich sfl cfla nha nfldc cfla ngfldi Pyu chi cd the dflng len tfl nhflng phat hien b nhflng di tfch cd' xfla Va, met trdng nhflng di tich quan trgng cfla nha nfldc Pyu dfldc nghien eflu va khai quat dau tien la cd' Beikthand (Thanh phd'Visnu) Cac phe tich cua Beikthane nam b huyen Magwe, each Taungdwinggyi 12 dam ve phia tay, gifla khu dat phu sa hei tu chung cfla nam nhanh sdng trfldc cflng hdp ddng dd vao sdng ldn Irawadi Chfnh dieu kien tfl nhien da chd phep ngUdi Pyu xay diing len b day met trdng nhflng trung tam chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi va van hda Do da bi bd tfl rat lau, nen ngfldi qua dfldng thfldng khdng nhan dfldc cac dau tich co, chi nhflng ngfldi gia b dia phfldng la cdn hinh dung nhflng bflc tfldng trfldc chung bi ngfldi ta pha di de lay gach lam dfldng sa, cau cd'ng Chfnh nhflng ngfldi dan dia phfldng da chi chd cac nha khao cd' cac dau tich cua dd thi xUa, nhflng vet tich cua cac kien trflc ten giad, nhflng ngdi md cd' Sau nhflng lan khai quat va nghien eflu vae nam 1905 va dac biet la vae nam 1959, cac nha khld cd' da cd the phae dflng dfldc binh dd va nhflng dac trflng cfla Beikthane xfla Du chi han che treng 25 hd' dad dUdc Ilia chgn va dUdc trien khai trdng cd sau mfla khai quat, nhUng ket qua ciia Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vuong qudc cd cua ngudi Pyu qua ddu tich nhflng cudc khai quat tren da che thay tinh chat van hda cfla ngfldi Pyu r a t rd Nhflng ca'u trflc xay ne vdi nhflng bflc tfldng vflng chai dfldc xay bang nhflng vien gach ldn (50 x 26,5 x 8,75 cm) hay thfldng dfldc gdi la gach "Asoka" (vi trflng vdi kfch thfldc gach An Do thdi Asoka); nhflng ddng tien b l n g bac khdng van tU m a n g nhflng hinh bieu tUdng cho thinh vUdng va may man; nhflng chiec binh dflng di cd't trdn hay cd nhflng hga tiet t h a n h tfl; nhflng h a t b l n g dat nung hay da quy; nhflng de gd'm gia dung cd t r a n g tri; nhflng chie'c dinh sat treng sd' nhflng di tich va di vat dUde phat hien da cho tha'y nhflng mdl quan he van hda day t h u y e t phuc gifla t h a n h Beikthano vdi tda t h a n h cung cua ngfldi Pyu khac: t h a n h Srikshetra Ngeai ra, sfl thie'u vang nghiem trgng cfla cac tfldng va cac t h a n h tich P h a t giad cflng nhfl cac bia ky da gdp p h i n k h i n g dinh van hda Beikthane thudc thdi ky sdm nien bieu cua n h a nudc Pyu Tren cd sd nhflng nghien eflu thflc dia va nhflng cudc k h a i quat, cac n h a khoa hgc da phae hga r a dUdc cau true va cac t h a n h p h a n kie'n trflc cfla t h a n h Bekthand Gan gid'ng n h u cac md ta cfla cac sfl lieu T r u n g Qud'c, t h a n h Beikthane khdng vudng vflc va dang ddi: tfldng ngdai bad q u a n h cd binh dd it nhieu gid'ng hinh thdi vdi mdi chieu dai chflng dam (mdi dam = 1.609 m) Tfldng t h a n h phia tay hau nhfl huan tdan hi xdi mdn het; cdn lai ba tfldng t h a n h d ba hfldng thi hi dd' n a t va h u hai nhieu (tUdng t h a n h ddng dai 3,06 km, tUdng t h a n h n a m - 2,7 km, tudng t h a n h b i c - 2,88 km.) Cac bflc tfldng t h a n h dfldc xay k h a day (trung binh la 2,40m) T d a n bd k h u vflc t h a n h 15 Beikthand (rdng gam k m vudng) n i m hdi nghieng tfl ddng bac xud'ng tay nam Dd vay bflc tfldng t h a n h phfa ddng nam d vi tri cad nha't M a t ben treng cfla cac bflc tfldng t h a n h bac va n a m cdn hien re cac ddng gach vd cua cac phad dai cfla cac cd'ng vao Sii khac thudng cfla nhflng chiec cdng t h a n h la cac bflc tfldng cfla phad dai cdng dan vao phia tao t h a n h ldi di rdng tfl m den m va keo dai vao ben vdi chieu dai tfl 25 de'n 80 met Cdn chieu day cfla bflc tfldng cd'ng thi day tdi met Cd the ben t r e n cua cac cdng t h a n h dfldc che bdi mdt mai vdm hay mdt cau trflc gd kieu lau cac Nhflng da'u tich t h a n cua chie'c cfla gd d mdi ldi di da dUdc p h a t hien cflng vdi cac ban le bang sat da ri ma canh cfla mdc vae chd tha'y cac cdng t h a n h dUdc ddng va md bang nhflng canh cfla gd Ben cac tudng t h a n h ngdai, cd mdt ldl hang ran bang gach hinh chfl n h a t dfldc bie't den n h u k h u vUc heang cung Khi dao d chinh gifla m a t tfldng phia ddng cfla khu hoang t h a n h , da p h a t hien dfldc cd'ng md vao k h u viic hoang t h a n h ben Khac vdi cac cd'ng r a vao b cac tfldng t h a n h phfa b i c , cd'ng vao cd binh dd hinh vudng Hoc tUdng lam bd't canh dUdc bd' trf d mdi canh cd'ng gid'ng nhfl d cac cdng vad cua cac tfldng t h a n h ngdai Ben canh ldl vae nay, da p h a t hien hai khdi da cat ldn, ma mdl khdi da dd deu cd m a n g hinh phfl dieu nd'i the hien hai chan ngfldi Rat tiec la phan tren cua hinh dieu khac, cd the la the hien vi t h a n canh cd'ng, da bi mat Hai hinh phfl dieu da ldn chflng td day la ldl di vad khu ndi t h a n h gdm cac cdng trinh b l n g gach ben t r e n g dd Khu vflc hdang t h a n h 16 cfla Beikthand cd binh dd gan nhfl hinh chfl nhat vdi dien tich 225.000 met vudng (500 X 450 m), cdn bflc tfldng bad quanh thi day 2,17 met va dfldc xay bang gach ldn nhu gach xay cac bflc tfldng ngdai Khu hoang dfldc chia hai khu bdi mdt bflc tfldng ngan Hdang cung la mdt nhdm cac cdng trinh kien trflc chiem met khu vflc cd dien tfch rdng 37.500 met vudng (250 x 150 m) Ngeai ra, trdng khu vUc thanh, cdn phat hien nhflng kien true md tang va nhflng phe tich cua cac cdng trinh tdn giae, cd the la cac thap Phat Kien trflc quan treng nha't cfla Beikthand dfldc cac nha khld cd' hgc phat hien va khai quat la cdng trinh xay dflng nam d phfa bac san trdng hdang Day la mdt kien trflc cd binh dd hinh chfl nhat, quay mat ve hfldng ddng va dfldc xay bang gach td nung gia Chieu dai cua ceng trinh dd dfldc 100 feet (khdang hdn 30 met) va rdng 35 feet (kheang 10 met) Binh de cfla kien true dfldc chia 10 phdng, gdm mdt tien sanh b chinh gifla mat phfa ddng, met hanh lang dai chiem tdan bd nfla phfa ddng cfla cdng trinh va tam phdng nhd hinh vudng nam ve phia tay cua hanh lang Tai nhflng ndi ma da'u ti'ch kien trflc cdn re, thi van cd the thay nhflng mIng tfldng nhd cad khdang feet (gan 2,5 met) Chi tien sanh d chinh gifla mat tfldng phia ddng cfla cdng trinh la cdn gifl dfldc kha td't Cfla vad phfa trdng cua tien sinh dan den ldl hanh lang dai thdng vdi cic phdng nhd blng nhflng cfla vad cua cac phdng Tdan bd kien trflc dfldc thdng gid td't blng cac khung cfla va ciia vad Cac cfla vao la ciia ddn cd nhflng ban le s i t de mdc vae cac ram cfla phia bac va dfldc md vad ben Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 treng Ram cfla phia nam cd chd't gd de ddng chd't ben treng Thed cac nha nghien eflu, cau trflc cfla cdng trinh cd the sd sanh vdi cac tu vien Phat giae d Nagarjunakdnda, thugc bang Andhra, mien nam An Dd Dd vay, cd the xac dinh kien trflc nhieu phdng cua Beikthane cung la mdt tu vien Phat giao Ngoai ra, treng sd' nhflng hien vat dfldc tim thay d day, cd mdt cdn da'u dat nung trdn mang bd'n chfl thed kieu van tfl Brahmi the ky II sau CN Cac chfl dd la cac tfl "samgha siri" (cd the la ten met ngUdi nad day) Mgt hinh b l n g dat da hi vd the hien Kinnara cung dUdc tim thay Treng sd' nhflng phe tfch kien trflc khac da dfldc khai quat b Beikthane, cd met cdng trinh hinh tru kha dac biet: gem hai vdng tUdng trdn dong tam va bd'n cd'ng vudng nhd d bd'n hudng Thed cic nha nghien eflu, kie'n true cfla Beikthane gid'ng vdi kieu thap Andhra d Amaravati va Nagarjunakdnda cfla An Dd Tai Beikthand, bd'n cd'ng nhd rat ldn va khdng cd cdt bia ky; khdi be va than thap hinh trdn khdng cd cac hinh trang trf nhU cac nguyen mau An Dd Mdt kieu kie'n trflc tdn giae hdac nghi le khac dfldc phat hien d ba chd la mdt cau trflc gdm mdt nen vudng cao va mot cdng trinh hinh tru, ce the dUdc phu len d phia tren blng met vdm thap hinh ban cau gid'ng nhu cac ngdi thap d Nagarjunakdnda Binh dd hien che thay cd md bflc tUdng vudng bad quanh khdi trdn d trung tam Khdi hinh tru mgc len tfl mat da't, dd thi kheang trdng xung quanh, ben treng bflc tfldng hinh vudng, dUdc dap day bang da't Khdng cd cac phan nhd tfl phan nen Ngo Vdn Doanh - ViiOng qudc cd cita ngudi Pyu qua ddu tich cua khdi t r u n g tarn, n h u n g lai cd bflc tfldng vudng b i d ve nhd r a d mdt mat Xung quanh, d ben ngoai va sat cdng trinh kien trflc, da p h a t hien mdt sd' binh mai tang va xfldng cd't Tai mdt trdng nhflng cdng t r i n h xay dflng mang tinh nghi le, da p h a t hien d ben ngoai cac tfldng t h a n h phfa n a m va phia bac mdt bd hai cd't va hai nhdm xfldng cd't Xet ve m a t dia tang, rd rang cac binh mai tang, cac bd va nhdm xUdng cd't la cd cflng nien dai vdi khu di ti'ch Viec thieu vang cac hien vat tdn giao d day va viec gan ke't re r a n g cfla cau trflc vdi cac binh tfly tang va cac bd xfldng da chac chan khang dinh tinh chat lang md cfla cdng trinh kie'n trflc The nhflng, dfl thi d Beikthano van cd nhflng cdng trinh kieu thap Phat cua Nagarjunakonda Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi, nhflng boat ddng xay dflng cfla Beikthano chiu anh hfldng nhieu cfla nhflng n h a xay dflng P h a t giae An Dd d Nagarjunakdnda Hai cdng t r i n h cd binh dd dai dfldc p h a t hien la nhflng can phdng cd cdt- mdt dang kie'n trflc cfla tu vien cd ngudn gdc nien nam An Do Tai day., d Beikthand, cac cdt, la cdt gd, cac hinh mai t a n g dfldc tim tha'y d d ben treng va xung q u a n h ben ngeai nen n h a - nhflng dac trflng khdng he cd cac kien trflc cflng loai d An Dd Mdt trdng nhflng ldai cd' vat r a t dac trflng cua van hda Pyu d Beikthand la nhflng ddng tien Dfl sd' Ifldng dfldc p h a t hien rat it, nhflng cd the t h a y cac deng tien Pyu cd net dac trflng la khdng cd chfl ma chi m a n g nhflng hinh I n h bieu trflng gi day Thdi gian hinh t h a n h va tdn tai ciia Beikthand dfldc the hien rd qua nhflng di 17 tich va di v a t ma khao cd' hgc da p h a t hien va tim thay Cac kieu va binh kie'n true, cac kieu dang cfla dd gdm va cac binh mai tang, cac chfl tren trien gdm, nhflng hinh tfldng trflng chd sfl thinh vUdng tren cac m a n h gdm, sii vang m a t cac tUdng P h a t giao da cho thay Beikthand tdn tai trdng khdang thdi gian tfl the ky I den the ky V Trong khoang thdi gian nay, ngfldi Pyu d Beikthano da cd nhflng hieu biet ve ky t h u a t xay ne Hg dung dat trdn vdi vd t r a u de lam nhflng vien gach chac, khde Dieu chflng td ngUdi Pyu lam ndng nghiep trdng lfla Cac hien vat dao dfldc cflng chd bie't, ngoai lam ndng nghiep, met bd p h a n ngfldi Pyu da trd t h a n h nhflng ngfldi thd gd'm, thd det, thd kim hean The nhflng, ngfldi Pyu d Beikthand chfla cd nhflng t h a n h tflu ve dieu khac tfldng, chfla dflng van tfl va chfla bie't den cac van b i n P h a t giae Khu di tich quan trgng khac cfla nha nfldc Pyu la t h a n h Halin (hdac HalingyiDai Halin) n i m d mdt ndi d Thfldng Mien, each Shwebo 11 dam ve phfa ddng nam Va, cflng nhfl Beikthano, chat cd' kinh cfla Halin dfldc then det bang nhflng truyen thuyet Thed ldi ke cfla cac truyen thuyet, thi tfl vai nghin n a m trfldc, met hdang tfl An Dd, h a u due cfla M a h a s a m a t a , vi t h u linh huyen thdai dau tien cua Majjhimadesa (tflc An Dd), da den ty nan b day va da lap r a Halin Cung cac truyen thuyet ndi rang, vi vua thfl 799 la ngfldi Pyu The nhflng, mgi da'u tich cfla lich sii va van hda Pyu da bi chen vfli tfl nhieu the ky treng khu vflc tda t h a n h cd' Halin 18 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 Be mat cfla di tich Halin dfldc phat Id ndi cfla Srikshetra, true binh de vad nhflng nam 1904- 05 va mdt vai cudc mang tfnh phdng thfl cfla tda Halin khai quat tham sat dfldc trien khai vad hdi nghieng ve phfa tay Cac bflc tfldng nhflng nam 1929- 30 The nhflng, nhflng da hi nat va gan nhfl bi san ket qua khld cd' ban dau that ft di phing Nhflng dau tfch cua had nfldc dfldc Mdt trdng nhflng hien vat dfldc phat hien tim thay d tat ca cic mat tfldng, trfl mat sdm nhat la met phien da nhd cd mang tfldng phia nam Phan ldn nhflng dia diem met sd' chfl Pyu cd' viet thee tfl dang khai quat deu phat hien nhflng hien Brahmi cfla An Dd Phien da dfldc tim vat va nhflng phe tich ben dfldi ldp dat thay d phia nam gdc ddng nam cfla tda hien Treng sd' 12 cd'ng vad vd'n cd va da dfldc chuyen ve Bae tang tfl trfldc cfla tda thanh, thi ba cd'ng da Pagan Vad cac nam 1929- 30, bia ky thfl dfldc khai quat va nghien eflu Cac bflc hai khac tren da cat cflng dfldc phat hien tfldng udn cdng vad b cac cfla vao each khdng xa ndi phat hien bia ky dau va, nhfl vay, da tao hai bflc tfldng tien Day la bia ky gem ddng va hdan cinh ga chay sdng sdng ldl di dan vad tdan bang chfl Pyu Trdng bia ky, ten cfla trdng Net dac trflng cung nhfl met ngUdi, cd the la nfl heang, dfldc dgc gdc cac tfldng udn cdng cua Halin la Jatrajiku Bia ky thfl ba (khdng dgc cflng chfnh la nhflng net rieng treng xay dfldc) nam b gifla cfla phien da cd hai dflng cua ngfldi Pyu ma ta da tha'y mang phfl dieu Mang phu dieu ben tren d Beikthand da hi hfl hai gan het, chi cdn nhan day Cac kieu dang kie'n true cdn lai ben la met ngfldi ngdi vdi tay phai dat len dau gel phai Vi dau va than cfla hinh ngfldi treng Halin cung chd tha'y sfl sdng da mat, nen khdng the xac dinh dfldc hanh rat rd cfla cac kien trflc d day vdi d ngfldi dfldc the hien la Phfa dfldi la Beikthand Kieu thap tron khdng thay cd ca mdt mang phu dieu the hien 50 ngfldi mat Nhflng ca'u true gdm nhflng cdng cau khan ngdi xep bang ba hang trinh hinh vudng hay chfl nhat n i m d mdt Trong nhflng ngfldi nay, cd ngfldi thi bfli ben cua met so' cd'ng da dfldc tim tdc len tren dinh dau, cd ngfldi thi mang thay Cac binh mai tang b l n g da't dfldc dd ddi dau Ngdai ra, khdng ft nhflng dd chdn cat ca b va d ngdai cac cdng va hien vat bang kim ldai nhfl vang, bac, trinh kie'n trflc tren Tai hd' dao sd' 9, da ddng da dfldc tim tha'y Trdng sd' cac phat hien nhflng bflc tfldng gach ciia hien vat nay, cd nhflng deng tien Pyu nhfl met phdng rdng hinh chfl nhat ma trfldc nhflng dong tien tim tha'y d Srikshetra cd bg mai ben tren dfldc dd bdi 84 chiec Nhflng cudc khai quat khld cd cd he cdt gd dflng bd'n hang sdng song vdi thd'ng dfldc tien hanh tfl nam 1962 den Dd n i m ben canh mgt cdng 1967 da lam Id rd ca met phflc the van hda trinh thUdng dUdc goi la hoang cung, nen cfla cd' Halin Bflc tfldng ca'u true nha cdt cd the cd chflc nang blng gach hinh chfl nhat vdi chieu dai nhfl phdng thiet trieu gid'ng nhU khu phe dam (3.200 met) va chieu rdng dam tich so' b Bekthano (1.600 met) Nhfl b Beikthane va nhfl Vao nam 1964, met phien da to cd bia Ngo Vdn Doanh - Viicmg qudc cd cda ngudi Pyu qua ddu tich ky da dUde p h a t hien d met chd each hdang cung chflng 400 met ve phia h i e Bia ky cd ddng rfldi chfl Pyu viet theo kieu chfl N a m An the ky VIII- IX Mdi ddng chfl deu cd chieu cao khoang 13 cm va cd dan cai gifla cac ddng mdt sd' chfl Brahmi Bia ky md dau bang ldi chad "Siddam" va mdt trdng nhflng ten rieng la Sri Trivigrama va V a r m a r dfldc nhac tdi ba lan Dfl rang, chd de'n nay, ndi dung cfla bia ky chua dgc dUde, n h u n g sfl kien ma bia ky ghi lai chac b a n cd lien quan vdi vUdng trieu V i k r a m a hay cac V a r m a n cfla Srikshetra Bia ky cung n h u met bia ky khac chUa dgc dUde cflng bang chfl Pyu deu dfldc p h a t hien tai ndi cd cac phien da cham khac Dfl r i n g tfldng P h a t va cac miengthd b l n g dat n u n g (thfldng m a n g hinh dflc Phat) hdan tdan vang m a t tai day, the nhung da p h i t hien thay khdng ft nhflng manh va nhflng h a t b a n g da quy dfldc lam r a t kheo va gid'ng vdi cfla Srikshetra Mdt vai chiec n h a n vang, hai chiec hoa tai vang, hai h a t b l n g vang (mdt trdn va mdt hinh chiec thflng) da dfldc tim thay d trdng cac ca'u trflc nghi le khac Nhflng chiec dinh s i t , nhflng Ifldi dad, cac dau mui ten va cac hd'c cfla dfldc p h i t hien rat nhieu Dac biet ly thfl la, treng sd' nhflng dd s i t tim t h a y ben ngoai cac cd'ng vao, cd nhflng d a u tich cfla cac chdng s i t cd bd'n dau nhgn dflng de ngan can bd binh va ky binh t a n cdng vao t h a n h Trdng sd' nhflng dd vat thfldng sfl dung, cd ba chiec gfldng ddng m a n g nhflng chiec mdng dai de cam vao cac tay cam bang gd, nga voi hoac cac chat lieu khac Nhflng chie'c gfldng da bi d xy hda lam hfl hai nhieu Trdng sd' nhflng ddng tien mang 19 tinh bieu tfldng da dfldc p h a t hien b Halin, thi kieu cd m a n g hinh m a t trdi chieu sang la phe' bien Met dang tien cd hinh tfl va dc ben bieu tfldng Srivatsa cflng dfldc tim thay Kieu tien r a t hiem va chi tim tha'y r a t ft d Srikshetra Mdt nhflng hien vat quy va cd g i i tri xac dinh nien dai cho Halin la vien ma nao nhd, det, hinh ovan cd m a n g mdt chfl D a y a - d a n a m theo kieu van tfl Nam An the ky V Ngoai ra, phfldng phap cac bdn phdng xa da xac dinh nien dai thfl cho nhflng chiec cfla gd cfla phdng thiet trieu Nhfl vay la, tfl cac di tich va hien vat da dUdc p h a t hien, cd the tha'y, nhU Beikthanno, Halin la mdt dd thi mang s i c thai van hda Pyu rd net The nhung, b day khdng cd cac stupa trdn cac hinh b l n g d l ldn va cac tUdng b l n g kim ldai nhU da dUdc p h a t hien d Srikshetra Srikshetra (tie'ng Mien: Thayekhittaya), mdt nhflng kinh dd cd' cua ngfldi Pyu d M i a n m a n a m ben bd ta ngan sdng Irawadi, c i c h t h a n h Prdme dam ve phfa ddng n a m va each Rangddn 180 dam ve phia tay b i c Truyen thuyet ndi r i n g , dd t h a n h dfldc xay dflng thdi tri vi cua D u t t a b a u n g , vad n a m 101 P h a t lich, nghia la tfl hdn hai n g a n bd'n t r a m n a m trfldc day Cac ngudn sfl lieu dia phfldng chd biet, t r u y e n thuyet ke r i n g , dd t h a n h dd Sakra, chfla te cfla cic t h a n xay dflng chd vua D u t t a b a u n g Giflp Sakra trdng viec xay dflng, cd Gavampati, Rishi, Naga, Garuda, Candi va P a r a m e s w a r S a u len ngdi tri vi d Srikshetra, vua D u t t a b a u n g da cUdi cdng 20 chfla Panhtwar cfla Beikthane lam vd Nang cdng chfla da day lui mgt vai lin xam Ifldc cfla Duttabaung The nhflng, cuol cflng vua Srkshetra da danh bai, chiem dfldc Beithand va lay dfldc nang cdng chfla lam vd Cac sfl lieu cung chd biet ve nhflng thdi tri vi cua cac vi vua khdng Cd thflc sau thdi Duttabaung cflng nhu ve sU sup dd cfla Srikshetra sau kheang nam tram nam tdn tai The nhung, cac tai lieu khae cd' hgc dUdc phat hien qua cac cudc khai quat tfl nam 1907 va dac biet la tfl nam 1964 trd lai day, chi cho biet, dd thi Srikshetra phat trien treng khoing thdi gian tfl the ky V den the ky IX Tea Srikshetra cd binh dd gan trdn vdi chu vi dai 8,5 dam, cd tfldng xay bang gach nung ldn bad quanh Tai mdt sd chd, bflc tfldng gach vflng chac cdn cad tdi 15 feet (khoang 4,5 met) Nhfl Beikthand, mdi cdng d day deu dfldc xay udn cdng vad de tae mdt ldl di phdng thfl dai chay vad trdng Trung tam dd thanh, ndi cd hdang cung, la mdt khu cd tfldng bad quanh rgng 1.700 feet x 1.125 feet (415 m x 340 m) The nhflng, gid day, khu vflc da bi cay Cd phu kin Ca nfla phia bic cua tda thanh, dd thap, nen da bien nhflng thiia rudng trdng lfla Trdng dd, niia phia nam, dd d chd cad, nen cd dd dd'c cad din ve phia day doi phia nam Hau het nhflng phe' tich cd' n i m d nfla phia nam thanh, cdn cac di tich mai tang thi nam r l i rac khap ndi Trdng sd' nhflng cdng trinh nd'i bat va de thay nhat la ba ngdi thap Bawbawgyi, Payagyi va Payama nam d phia nam, ve phfa tay bic va bac ben ngeai cfla tfldng Thap Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 Bawbawgyi cad 153 feet (46 met) la met kien true gdm khdi hinh tru dflng tren met nen thap nam bac hinh trdn, treng dd hai bac dfldi cflng da bi chim trdng ddng dd' nat Than thap hinh tru cd phan dinh hinh ndn mang mdt cai chdp (hinh Igng d) hien dai Thap Bawbawgyi cd hinh ding va cau trflc cfla kieu thap hinh vdm bin cau cfla An Do (Sanchi va Amaravati) The nhfl thap Bawbawgyi khdng phai la mdt khdi dac ma khoang hai phan ba phia dfldi cfla khdi hinh tru la rdng va cd cfla vad Paygyi va Payama cd ca'u trflc va hinh dang rat gid'ng Bawbawgyi Hau nhfl vang mat nhflng dfldng gd va nhflng md tip trang tri kie'n trflng d nhflng ngdi thap Phat giae cua ngfldi Pyu The nhflng, nhflng mieng da't mang tinh thd tfl va cic dau tich van tfl dfldc tim thay d Bawbawgyi deu mang nien dai the ky VIVII Treng sd' nhflng kieu dien thd rdng ldng hien hflu d Srikshetra, thi den Bebe va den Lemyethna la nhflng kien trflc mang nhflng sic thai Pyu ro net nha't, mac dfl chung chi la nhflng cdng trinh khdng ldn Den Bebe (5m x 5m) cd mdt gian thd hinh vudng nhd ben va mdt cfla vdm vae d phia ddng Ben tren cua khdi vudng gian thd ben dfldi, nhd len ba bac hdi lang dong tam va mot thap nhon trdn hinh tru trdn dau Mdt phien da cd cham khlc hinh dflc Phat ngdi cflng vdi mdt mdn de dfldc gan vad bflc tfldng phia tay Cdn cac bflc tfldng ben thi cd cac cdt tru dp va cac cfla vdm gia d mat ngdai va cac kham mai vdm d ben trdng Kie'n trflc trd nguyen mau cho cac ngdi chua Pagan thdi ky dau Den Lemyethna vdi bd'n ciia vad chfl khdng phai mdt nhfl cua Bebe va cung la met kien trflc nhe (mdi chieu rdng Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vuong qudc cd cua ngudi Pyu qua da'u tich gan m) Khlc Bebe, den thd Lemyethna cd mdt khdi tru vudng d trung tam vdi bd'n canh nhin thing bd'n cfla Trfldc day, mdi mat tfldng cfla tru vudng cd mdt phien da mang hinh dflc Phat ngdi (hien nay, hinh Phat d mat ddng da mat) Cau trflc ben tren cfla ngdi den la mdt bg mai gdm ba ldp ddng tam va mdt thap nhgn (da khdng cdn) Ben thanh, xung quanh khu hoang cung, hien van cdn mdt sd' cdng trinh kie'n true tdn giao thudc cac kieu dang khac Den Zegu Ddng cd kich thfldc ldn hdn Bebe met chflt va cd phan cfla vdm nhd ldn d cac cfla gii va cfla phia ddng The nhflng, phan cau trflc ben tren cua ngdi den da mat Trfldc day, ngdi den cd mdt phien da cham khac hinh dflc Phat Cdn ngdi den thd Payataung la mdt cdng trinh kie'n trflc hinh vudng ldn dUdc phfl len ben tren bang met stupa cd nen vudng rdng 1,20 met Mac dau cflng cd cac cdt dp va cac hinh vdm trang tri d tat ca cac mat, nhflng Payataung la mdt khdi kien true dac Ngdai nhflng cdng trinh kie'n trflc hien cdn, khIo cd' hgc da tim thay da'u tfch dd' nat cfla nhieu cdng trinh xay dflng khac The nhflng, hi mat ca nhflng nen mdng gdc, nen khd cd the phuc dflng dfldc hinh dang va chflc nang cfla cac phe tfch Nhflng cugc khld cflu va khai quat d Srikshetra da p h i t hien va tim thay nhieu hien vat quy gia Treng sd' nhflng phat hien dd, cd nam hien vat dieu khac da mang ngi dung Phat gild va Hindu gild Nhflng hinh dflc Phat thfldng dfldc khlc cac phfl dieu len cac phien d l ldn Ding tiec la phan ldn cac tac pham deu da hi hfl hai nhieu tfl trfldc 21 dfldc p h i t hien va bid ve Met phien da tim tha'y nam 1906 d gan ngdi den Bawbawgyi cd mang hinh dflc Phat ngdi xep bang tren met chiec be thap vdi hai ban tay dat trfldc bung tfl the thien dinh Cai bat dat b ldng hai ban tay Hai dau Macara va cac vdng hao quang trang trf phai sau dflc Phat Hai ben dflc Phat, ed hai mdn de ngdi The nhung, hinh ben trai da hi hu hai Bflc phfl dieu cfla den Zegu Ddng the hien cinh lan dau thuyet phap Trong bflc phfl dieu nay, dflc Phat ngdi xep bang (chan phii dat len chan trii) tren chiec ngai thap vdi tay phai (da mat) gid len va tay trai dat len dau gdi trai Hai ben dflc Phat cd hai hinh ngfldi dflng vdi mai tdc dfldc van cad dang cam mdt vat nhfl chiec quat Phan ben dfldi mang hinh bieu tfldng cakra cd hinh cdn hfldu va hai ngfldi ngdi chap tay Trong sd' nhflng hien vat tim tha'y b Shwenyaungbinyo, cd mdt phien da nhd (cao 5cm) mang hinh phfl dieu the hien canh din sinh Trong bflc phfl dieu, hoang hau Maya dflng b gifla vdi tay phai gid len cam canh cay, cdn cinh tay trai thi cheang len vai ngfldi em gii Mahapajapati dang dflng dd chd ngfldi chi d ben trai; dflc Phat dfldc the hien dflng thing d ben phii, dfldi nach dflc me Maya Heang hau Maya va ngfldi em gai dfldc the hien sd'ng ddng trdng tfl the tam khflc (tribhanga) cua nghe thuat An Do Mdt phien da khlc the hien cinh dflc Phat khua't phuc vei Nalagiri Cdn mdt tac pham dieu khac da ly thfl nfla lai the hien cinh dflc Phat thuyet phap lan dau treng vfldn Ldc Uyen Nhflng hinh phu dieu tren cdn mang nhflng Inh hudng cua nghe 22 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 thuat Gupta, the nhUng, cac nhan vat da mang nhflng net nhan chflng Mengdldid kha rd vat dang cung kinh quy d hai ben Hang dfldi cflng la hinh sau nfl quy dang nhe nanh va dang quy Trdng cic cugc khai quat nam 1927- 28, da phit hien mdt tic pham dieu khac tuyet vdi the hien cinh Dhammacakra (chuyen phip luan) Ming tren cflng dfldc chia tach bdi hinh dinh thap sikhara che phia tren dau nhan vat trung tam hai nfla thee chieu dgc Mdi phan hi chia deu cd hai hinh ngfldi dflng, ngfldi dflng ben treng la Phat, cdn ngfldi dflng ben ngeai (qua hai khudn mat thay dfldc) la Mahabrahma Trdng mang trung tam, chiem vi tri chfl dao la hinh dflc Phat ngoi xep bang tren dai sen Hai ben dflc Phat la hai nhan vat mac y phuc nha sfl ngoi tren dai sen, treng d vdm nhd, vdi hai tay dfla len cung kinh Mang phfa dfldi the hien binh xe phap luan cflng hai hfldu nam va cflng hfldng dau ve phfa b i n h xe d gifla Ngoai hai hfldu, d hai ben b i n h xe phap luan cdn cd hinh than Brahmaba dau dang quy Phfa dfldi cac hinh hfldu, cd hinh hai ngfldi clu khan dang quy va dang cam mgt vat gi dd Bflc phfl dieu cd nien dai the ky IX va hien dfldc trflng bay d Bid tang qud'c gia Rangddn Mdt hinh dieu khlc dac biet, cd the la hinh dvarapala, dfldc p h i t hien d ben treng khu hdang cung Day la mdt ngfldi td ldn dflng len tren minh cen cl sau, vdi tay trai gid len ngang dau va tay phai dat len dfli phii Dac biet la de ddi cfla nhan vat cd hinh gid'ng cdn chim xde canh Vad nam 1965, trdng cudc khai quat cdng Shwedaga, da p h i t hien met bflc phfl dieu the hien mdt nfl than ciia Phat gild Dai thfla Bflc phfl dieu (da bi vd hai minh) cad gan met the hien mdt nfl than ngdi tren hai chan gap vae vdi khudn mat va phan tren cd the hfldng thang, cdn phan than minh phfa dUdi thi the hien nghieng Tay t r i i cfla nfl than cam mdt cai gi dd nhfl mui giao gid len, dd thi tay phai lai budng xud'ng len dfli Hai ben nfl than, cd nhflng nhan Re rang la, d Srikshetra, Brahmanisme (Ba La Men giad) da cflng sdng sdng tdn tai va p h i t trien ben canh dae Phat Mdt sd' nhflng hien vat phat hien dfldc la nhflng bieu hien cua ddng Visnu Mdt phien da cat cd chfla met hinh phfl dieu nei the hien than Visnu dflng cflng vdi ngfldi vd la Lakshmi dflng d ben phai Tai cinh deng ben canh gd Kalagankdn, da phat hien thay hai phien da cd hinh dieu khac, Met phien da (sa thach) the hien than Visnu bd'n tay dflng tren hinh Garuda da bi vd Phien da sa thach the hien Visnu nam tren r i n Ananta Ba del sen nhd len tfl rdn than Visnu Tren mdi doa sen, deu cd hinh mdt vi than dang ngdi: Brahma, Visnu va Siva Rat nhieu tfldng nhd va cic dd trang trf blng vang, bac va ddng da dfldc cac nha khld cd' hgc phat hien Trong sd'cac dd vat tim thay b hop tich tren ddi Khin Ba, cd mdt chie'c rfldng bac ma vang hinh tru Chie'c hep mang hinh rap nd'i the hien bd'n vi Phat cudi cflng cua chu trinh the gidi hien tai dang ngei dfla tay lam ddng tac lay da't chflng giam Gifla cac vi Phat, la hinh rap nd'i bd'n mdn de dang dflng Cac hinh Phat dfldc the hien thee tinh than ciia phdng each Gupta rat rd Than cay va nhd len tfl gifla n i p hdp phing Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vuong qudc co ciia ngudi Pyu qua ddu tich Xung quanh mep t r e n cfla v a n h hep, la mdt ddng chfl P y u - Pali ghi ten cac vi Phat: Gautama, Kenagamana, Kakusandha va Kassapa Rat dep la nhflng hien vat bang ddng lien tuc dfldc p h a t hien d Srikshetra Dd la tUdng Avaldkitesvara bd'n tay dUdc tim thay d gan t h a p Bawbawgyi vad mua khai quat nam 1911-12 Vi Bd Tat dflng trdng tu the tam khflc r a t dep, nhflng t h a t dang tiec la hai b a n chan da hi mat, hai tay trai (tfl khuy trd len) da gay Cen lai, hai tay phai cfla Bd Tat lam ddn tac t r a n an va cam phat tran Bo T a t deo vdng cd, vdng tay va mdt t h a t lflng budng tre xud'ng dfli p h i i va budc tflm lai d phia t r e n dfli t r i i Tren mai tdc cfla Bd T i t , cd h i n h P h a t Amitabha Cd le, ly thfl va cflng dac biet n h a t la nhflng tfldng nhac cdng bang ddng dfldc phat hien vao mfla k h a i q u a t n a m 196667 tai mgt gd da't gan t h a p P a y a m a Cic tUdng nhd (cad chflng 12 cm), nhflng lai the hien c i c nhac cdng khac nhau: ngfldi thd'i sId, ngfldi d a n h trd'ng, mdt chdi chflm chde va ngUdi thfl tfl thi dang mfla C I bd'n n h a n v a t deu dfldc the hien thee mdt each thflc: dau qua td sd vdi than the, the nhflng p h i n t h a n lai cd ty le rat can ddi, tfl the va ddng t i c hien thuc va sd'ng ddng Ngdai ra, c i c ddt k h a i quat cdn phat hien r a t nhieu nhflng hien vat quy hiem k h l c , nhfl n a m hinh P h a t b l n g dong, chie'c chuong ddng, nhflng chiec dia vang cd chfl cd', nhflng chiec la vang cd van tfl, nhflng binh gd'm mai tang ^^^ 23 Nhfl vay la, nhflng p h a t Id va nhflng phat hien ve kie'n trflc, dieu khac, van tfl va cac dd vat dung d Srikshetra da cho tha'y nhflng khia canh van hoa, tdn gild cfla ngfldi Pyu The nhflng, r a t tiec la, cac dau tich va hien vat k h I o cd' mang tfnh vat chat lai khdng dfldc minh chflng b l n g cac tai lieu t h a n h van De vay, chflng ta khdng biet dfldc mdt each tUdng ddi chac chan rang thi phdn vinh Srikshetra vi va nao thi bi suy tan Tren cd sd nghien cflu cac ban khac tren cac binh mai tang, C.O.Blagden da giai ma trieu dai Vikrama tri vi d Srikshetra cd the tfl n a m 673 de'n 718 vdi ba vi v u a dfldc n h a c den la: Suryavikrama (mat n a m 688, thg 64 tudi); H a r i v i k r a m a (mat nam 695, thg 41 tudi) va Sihavikrama (mat nam 718, thg 44 tud'i)^'^^ Ngdai ra, d nhflng ban khac khdng cd nien dai, ngfldi ta cdn thay nhflng cai ten: P r a b h u v a r m a n va J a y a c h a n d r a v a r m a n Xet theo am cudi, cac n h a nghien cflu cho rang, cd the hai vi vua tren thudc trieu dai V a r m a n khac b a n trieu dai Vikrama The nhflng, cac nha nghien cflu lai dgc dfldc mdt bia ky chfl P h a n khac tren be mdt tfldng P h a t cd ndi r i n g J a y a c h a n d r a v a r m a n la ngfldi anh ca cua Harivikrama, va, de cham dflt cudc t r a n h chap gifla hai a n h em, ngfldi thay tinh t h a n cfla hg da chd xay dflng hai t h a n h phd' sdng sinh de hg d c i c h biet n h a u Treng dd thi, Giam dd'c Cue k h l d cd' Lien bang M i a n m a lai k h i n g dinh, cac thfl nghiem clcben d ba t h a n h phd' Pyu la B e i k t h a n o , Halin va Srikshetra cho thay c i c t h a n h phd' da tdn tai tfl dau the ky I sau CN'"" Dfl r i n g , cho den nay, ve sfl hinh 24 t h a n h , tdn tai va hflng t h i n h cfla n h a nfldc Pyu, cdn nhieu van de chfla dfldc rd, thi ve sfl suy veng cfla n h a nfldc lai dfldc cic sfl lieu T r u n g Qud'c chd bie't k h i re Thed cac tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c, vad nfla dau the ky VIII, sfl h i n h t h a n h cfla n h a nfldc N a m Chieu d vflng Van N a m T r u n g Qud'c da gay chd vfldng qud'c Pyu nhflng h a u q u i nghiem trgng De chd'ng lai trieu dinh Trung Qud'c, v u a thfl h a i cfla N a m Chieu la Kd-ld-fdng, vad nhflng n a m 757 va 763, da tie'n h a n h chinh phuc vflng t h u n g lflng thfldng ngudn sdng Irawadi The rdi, viec Nam Chieu t h a n phuc T r u n g H e a vad n a m 791 da dan den viec thiet lap nhflng mdl quan he thee dfldng bd gifla T r u n g Qud'c va vfldng qud'c Pyu Theo c i c tai lieu Trung Qud'c, n a m 800, I-mou- h s u n , c h i u trai va la ngfldi ke vi cfla Ke-ld-fdng, da tang trieu dinh n h a Dfldng cac nhac cdng Pyu Rdi thi, vao n a m - 802, n h a vua Yung-kiang, hieu la K u n - m e - c h a n g , da cfl sang Trung Qud'c mdt sfl bd dd ngfldi em (hdac ngfldi cdn) cfla dng la S u n a n d a n a b dan d i u cflng 35 nhac cdng N a m 807, cd mdt sfl bd khac ciia Pyu da sang trieu dinh Trung Qud'c Chfnh nhd cd c i c sfl bd ma ngfldi T r u n g Qud'c mdi cd dfldc nhflng ghi chep Dfldng thfl ve vfldng qud'c Pyu ma chflng tdi da d a n d tren Cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c cdn che biet, vao n a m 832, thfl dd cfla Pyu (khdng bie't la thfl dd nao, Srikshetra hay Halin hay mdt t h a n h phd'cflng thdi nad k h l c d phia bac) hi "bgn Man tac" (Nam Chieu) t a n p h i va 3.000 ngfldi Pyu d kinh dd'da bi ddi di de bd' sung cho dan sd' kinh t h a n h phfa ddng cfla N a m Chieu"^\ Cd the n h a nfldc Pyu b i t dau suy vong tfl thdi diem Dfl the n a e di nfla, thi, rd rang la, S r i k s h e t r a da b a t dau suy tan vad dau the ky IX, ma ngUdi Pyu Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 8/2009 d a n d a n p h a i lui budc trudc nhflng ngUdi Mien, nhflng ngfldi se lap r a m e t n h a nfldc M i a n m a thd'ng nha't vad t h e ky XI Dfl r a n g nhieu v a n de lien q u a n den lich sfl va van hda cua n h a nfldc Pyu cdn chfla t h a t rd va chfla dfldc cac n h a khda hgc thd'ng nha't, t h e nhflng, cac tai lieu, dac biet la nhflng di tfch va di v a t k h l d cd' hgc, da k h i n g dinh ve sfl t e n tai mdt qud'c gia cd' chiu a n h hfldng nhieu cfla v a n hda An Dd cfla ngfldi Pyu d M i a n m a trdng nfla thfl hai cfla thien nien ky thfl n h a t sau CN Chfnh vfldng qud'c cd' cfla ngfldi Pjoi da viet len nhflng t r a n g sfl d a u tien chd cudn sach lich sfl cfla da't nfldc M i a n m a Ngdai ra, nhflng gi m a vfldng qud'c co P y u de lai da trd t h a n h nhflng tai s a n vd gia b a n dau chd cic n h a nfldc cfla ngfldi M i a n m a sau dd ke thfla va p h i t trien./ CHU THICH Dan thee: Liidng Ninh (chfl bien), Lich sii Ddng Nam A, Nxb.Giao due Ha Noi, 2005, tr.70 2.Ve nhflng di tich va di vat eua vUdng quo'c Pyu, chflng toi tong hdp tfl cud'n sach cua nha khoa hgc Mianma Aung Thaw "Historical sites in Burma", Sarpay Beikman Press, 1978 Dan theo: G.Coedes, Co sd cdc qud'c gia An Do hda d Vien Ddng, (ban dich tieng Viet), Nxb The gidi Ha Ngi, 2008, tr.l66 D i n theo: D.G.E.Hall, Lich sd Ddng Nam A, (ban dich tie'ng Viet), Nxb Chinh tri quo'c gia Ha Ngi, 1997, tr.227 D i n theo: D.G.E.Hall, Lich sd Ddng Nam A, (ban dich tie'ng Viet), Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia, Ha Ngi, 1997, tr.229 ... chgn va dUdc trien khai trdng cd sau mfla khai quat, nhUng ket qua ciia Ngo Vdn Doanh - Vuong qudc cd cua ngudi Pyu qua ddu tich nhflng cudc khai quat tren da che thay tinh chat van hda cfla ngfldi... trflc quan treng nha't cfla Beikthand dfldc cac nha khld cd' hgc phat hien va khai quat la cdng trinh xay dflng nam d phfa bac san trdng hdang Day la mdt kien trflc cd binh dd hinh chfl nhat, quay... nhflng phat hien b nhflng di tfch cd' xfla Va, met trdng nhflng di tich quan trgng cfla nha nfldc Pyu dfldc nghien eflu va khai quat dau tien la cd' Beikthand (Thanh phd'Visnu) Cac phe tich cua Beikthane