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LING001 Sound Structure LINGUISTICS Sound Structure Part 1 Speech Sounds 2009 Sound Structure of Language Many different topics in phonetics and phonology Anatomyphysiology etc of the vocal tract The cognitive status of speech and phonology, and how it interacts with other subsystems of language The application in reading speech technology and therapy The Vocal Tract The human head seen in a sagittal view; as if it had been cut down the center This system has both survival and speech functions.
LINGUISTICS Sound Structure Part 1: Speech Sounds 2009 Sound Structure of Language • Many different topics in phonetics and phonology • Anatomy/physiology etc of the vocal tract • The cognitive status of speech and phonology, and how it interacts with other subsystems of language • The application in reading speech technology and therapy The Vocal Tract • The human head seen in a sagittal view; as if it had been cut down the center • This system has both survival and speech functions Evolutionary History • The human vocal tract shows a lowering of the larynx with respect to its position in other primates • This has consequences for speech, and also the consequence that humans choke more easily than other primates • While it has been suggested that this is an evolutionary adaptation that highlights the importance of speech the case of the Neanderthals it seems to be the case that other Lowered Larynx: Uniquely human? QuickTime™ and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture Sounds of Language • In principle like a saxophone • consonants have some air constrictions, vowels don’t: neurolinguistic deficits show differential difficulties (Caramazza et al 2000) • Speech synthesis systems are modeled after the vocal tract • 1950’s Rip, mix, and burn: find the acoustic sound for /k/, /æ/, and /t/, and glue them together • Speech doesn’t have pauses between words or consonants and vowels! When Consonant Meets Vowel • Front vowel: /i/ (bee), Back vowel: /u/ (boo) • When consonants meet vowels: say “bee” but don’t say it! • Co-articulation When Consonants Meet Vowels • same burst of air (dark vertical line) • different vowels to follow /i/, /a/, /u/ (bee, bot, boo) • speakers perceive different consonants (pi, ka, pu) • no reliable acoustic cues for perception Bell says • Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of telephone • “What we term an “element of speech” may in reality be a combination of positions The true elements of articulation, I think, is a constriction or position of the vocal organs rather than a sound Combinations of positions yields new sounds, just as combinations of chemical elements yield new substances Water is a substance of very different character from either the gases of which it is formed; and the vowel oo is a sound of very different character from that of any of its elementary positions.” (1900) Bells’ alphabet The Vocal Cords • The vocal cords are a pair of muscular flaps that can be brought together to form a seal, or opened to permit airflow: Q uickTim e™ and a Video decom pressor are needed to see this picture Vocal Cords, Cont When the vocal cords are vibrating to create a sounds with a pitch, a voiced speech sound is produced: Unvoiced Voiced s f p k z v b g If you hold your hand to your throat, you can feel vibration for the voiced sounds, as well as for nasals like [m], [n], and vowels like [a] Place of Articulation • Where the sound is made (not an exhaustive list for English) • (bi-)labial: with the lips (b, p) • alveolar: behind the teeth (t, d) • velar: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) (k, g) labial alveolar velar Manner of Articulation • How the sounds are produced • Stop: complete closure, with airflow stoppage (b, p) • Fricative: narrow opening with forced air (s, z, f, v) • Nasal: air allowed to pass through nose (m, n, ŋ=ng) Mini Summary labial alveolar velar ŋ In recitation • You will learn a finer grained dissection of speech sounds in languages (in particular English) • You will learn to transcribe speech in terms of IPA symbols (a chart is included in the reading packet) Vowels • A system like that used above is used for vowels as well: • High/mid/low: height of tongue in mouth • Front/central/back: frontness or backness of tongue in mouth • Rounded/unrounded: state of the lips during production of the vowel • Tense/lax: degree of tenseness in the tongue English Vowel Chart IPA Vowel Chart Notes on the chart • Many Americans don’t distinguish between caught and cot: an example of language change • English also have diphthongs: complex vowels that combine a vowel with another vowel/semi-vowel • /aɪ/ (eye) • /aʊ/ (cow) • /ɔɪ/ (boy) Articulatory Sources Online • If you're interested in the physical aspects of sounds, the following is a great website with clear explanations and animation: • • If you're interested in hearing sounds from many languages other than English with their appropriate IPA transcription, go to: • • http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Eacadtech/phonetics/# http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/Vowe lsandConsonants/ To see more English words with the IPA symbols for vowels, go to: • http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics /VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter4/4vowels.html#f Cognitive Role of Phonetics • Perception • Toward phonology Pa vs Ba • b: voiced (/ba/), p: voiceless (/pa/) • ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay • What happens in between? Seeing Speech QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture Speech Perception • Speech is perceived as discrete categories • speech is represented atomically • Discrete units out of continuous stimulus, fast, invariance out of variations, which is by no means the mode of all perceptual systems (height, weight, loudness, brightness, angle, etc.) • Argued to be a unique feature of human language system and evolution • food for thought: is categorical perception unique to speech? ... Bells’ alphabet Notation for speech sounds • Linguists use a standardized system of notation called the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent speech sounds in a consistent fashion... vibrating to create a sounds with a pitch, a voiced speech sound is produced: Unvoiced Voiced s f p k z v b g If you hold your hand to your throat, you can feel vibration for the voiced sounds, as well... recitation • You will learn a finer grained dissection of speech sounds in languages (in particular English) • You will learn to transcribe speech in terms of IPA symbols (a chart is included in