SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION widely used online physics tutorial and assessment system in the world MasteringPhysics is designed to provide you with customised coaching and individualised feedback to help improve problem-solving skills Studies show that final exam grades are higher when students complete assignments in MasteringPhysics MasteringPhysics includes: • tutorial-based assignments with hints and feedback as you work through the problem • ActivPhysics, a highly acclaimed, comprehensive library of appletbased activities which use dynamic, interactive applets and staged questions to help you learn by doing and visualising the problem to be solved Register for MasteringPhysics at www.pearson.com.au/masteringphysics ISBN 978-1-4425-1711-0 PEARSON AUSTRALIA is a division of SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION MasteringPhysics provides the most advanced, educationally effective and WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION YOUNG FREEDMAN B H AT H A L YOUNG FREEDMAN B H AT H A L 781442 517110 Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page i SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page ii Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page iii SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION HUGH D YOUNG CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY ROGER A FREEDMAN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA RAGBIR BHATHAL UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR A LEWIS FORD TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page iv Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 Pearson Australia Unit 4, Level 14 Aquatic Drive Frenchs Forest NSW 2086 www.pearson.com.au Authorised adaptation from the United States edition entitled University Physics with Modern Physics, 12th edition, ISBN 0321501217 by Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, Lewis, published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Addison-Wesley, Copyright © 2008 First adaptation edition published by Pearson Australia, Copyright © 2011 The Copyright Act 1968 of Australia allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be copied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that that educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited, telephone: (02) 9394 7600, email: info@copyright.com.au All rights reserved Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner Acquisitions Editors: Mandy Sheppard and Michelle Aarons Senior Project Editor: Katie Millar Development Editor: Jessica Sykes Editorial Coordinator: Katie Pittard Production Coordinator: Barbara Honor Copy Editor: Jane Tyrrell Copyright and Pictures Editor: Lou Burke Indexer: Mary Coe Cover image: Eureka Tower in Melbourne © John Gollings/Arcaid/Corbis Typeset by Midland Typesetters, Australia Printed in China 15 14 13 12 11 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Title Sears and Zemansky’s university physics with modern physics /Hugh D Young [et al.] ISBN: 9781442517110 (pbk) VitalSource ISBN: 9781442538016 Notes: Includes index Subjects: Physics Other Authors/Contributors: Young, Hugh D Dewey Number: 530 Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright However, should any infringement have occurred, the publishers tender their apologies and invite copyright owners to contact them Due to copyright restrictions, we may have been unable to include material from the print edition of the book in this digital edition, although every effort has been made to minimise instances of missing content Pearson Australia is a division of Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page v BRIEF CONTENTS Detailed Contents Preface About the Authors Acknowledgements vi xiii xix xx Mechanics 10 11 12 13 14 Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors Motion Along a Straight Line 34 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 69 Current, Resistance and Electromotive Force 822 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Direct-Current Circuits 855 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces 886 Sources of Magnetic Field 926 Electromagnetic Induction 961 Inductance 996 Alternating Current 1026 Electromagnetic Waves 1056 Applying Newton’s Laws 132 Work and Kinetic Energy 175 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation 205 Momentum, Impulse and Collisions 238 Rotation of Rigid Bodies 275 Dynamics of Rotational Motion 305 Equilibrium and Elasticity 342 Gravitation 371 Modern Physics Periodic Motion 407 Fluid Mechanics 444 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Mechanical Waves 472 Sound and Hearing 511 Temperature and Heat 554 Thermal Properties of Matter 592 The First Law of Thermodynamics 626 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 653 Electromagnetism 21 22 23 791 104 Thermodynamics 17 18 19 20 Capacitance and Dielectrics Newton’s Laws of Motion Waves/Acoustics 15 16 24 25 Electric Charge and Electric Field 688 Gauss’s Law 728 Electric Potential 758 Optics 33 34 The Nature and Propagation of Light 1085 Geometric Optics and Optical Instruments 1120 35 36 Interference 1169 Diffraction 1196 Relativity 1228 Photons, Electrons and Atoms 1266 The Wave Nature of Particles 1307 Quantum Mechanics 1333 Atomic Structure 1358 Molecules and Condensed Matter 1389 Nuclear Physics 1424 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1465 APPENDICES A The International System of Units 1509 B Useful Mathematical Relations 1511 C The Greek Alphabet 1512 D Periodic Table of Elements 1513 E Unit Conversion Factors 1514 F Numerical Constants 1515 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 1517 INDEX Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition 1530 youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page vi DETAILED CONTENTS Problem-Solving Strategies Preface About the Authors Acknowledgements xii xiii xix xx MECHANICS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND VECTORS The Nature of Physics Solving Physics Problems Standards and Units Unit Consistency and Conversions Uncertainty and Significant Figures Estimates and Orders of Magnitude Vectors and Vector Addition Components of Vectors Unit Vectors Products of Vectors Summary Exercises/Problems 5.1 2 10 11 15 20 21 27 28 5.2 5.3 5.4 *5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 34 Displacement, Time and Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Average and Instantaneous Acceleration Motion with Constant Acceleration Freely Falling Bodies Velocity and Position by Integration Summary Exercises/Problems 35 37 41 45 51 55 58 59 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS 69 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Position and Velocity Vectors The Acceleration Vector Projectile Motion Motion in a Circle Relative Velocity Summary Exercises/Problems 70 72 77 85 89 94 95 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 *2.6 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 104 4.1 4.2 Force and Interactions Newton’s First Law 105 108 Newton’s Second Law Mass and Weight Newton’s Third Law Free-Body Diagrams Summary Exercises/Problems APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles Frictional Forces Dynamics of Circular Motion The Fundamental Forces of Nature Summary Exercises/Problems WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY Work Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem Work and Energy with Varying Forces Power Summary Exercises/Problems 112 117 120 123 126 127 132 132 138 145 154 159 161 162 175 176 180 186 193 196 197 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 205 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Gravitational Potential Energy Elastic Potential Energy Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Force and Potential Energy Energy Diagrams Summary Exercises/Problems MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND COLLISIONS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 *8.6 Momentum and Impulse Conservation of Momentum Momentum Conservation and Collisions Elastic Collisions Centre of Mass Rocket Propulsion Summary Exercises/Problems Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition 206 214 220 224 227 229 230 238 238 244 248 253 257 261 264 265 youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page vii Detailed Contents 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 *9.6 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 *12.6 *12.7 12.8 ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES 275 Angular Velocity and Acceleration Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics Energy in Rotational Motion Parallel-Axis Theorem Moment-of-Inertia Calculations Summary Exercises/Problems 275 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION Torque Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis Work and Power in Rotational Motion Angular Momentum Conservation of Angular Momentum Gyroscopes and Precession Summary Exercises/Problems 280 283 286 291 293 296 297 305 305 308 312 318 320 322 326 330 332 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 *14.6 Conditions for Equilibrium Centre of Gravity Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems Stress, Strain and Elastic Moduli Elasticity and Plasticity Summary Exercises/Problems GRAVITATION Newton’s Law of Gravitation Weight Gravitational Potential Energy The Motion of Satellites Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets Spherical Mass Distributions Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation Black Holes Summary Exercises/Problems 343 343 346 351 356 358 359 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 371 371 376 378 381 384 388 391 393 398 399 13 PERIODIC MOTION 407 13.1 13.2 Describing Oscillation Simple Harmonic Motion 407 409 FLUID MECHANICS Density Pressure in a Fluid Buoyancy Fluid Flow Bernoulli’s Equation Viscosity and Turbulence Summary Exercises/Problems 416 420 424 426 428 430 433 435 444 444 446 451 454 456 460 463 464 WAVES/ACOUSTICS 15 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY 342 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion The Simple Pendulum The Physical Pendulum Damped Oscillations Forced Oscillations and Resonance Summary Exercises/Problems vii 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 *16.9 MECHANICAL WAVES Types of Mechanical Waves Periodic Waves Mathematical Description of a Wave Speed of a Transverse Wave Energy in Wave Motion Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions and Superposition Standing Waves on a String Normal Modes of a String Summary Exercises/Problems SOUND AND HEARING Sound Waves Speed of Sound Waves Sound Intensity Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes Resonance and Sound Interference of Waves Beats The Doppler Effect Shock Waves Summary Exercises/Problems Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition 472 473 474 477 483 487 490 492 496 501 503 511 511 516 521 525 530 532 534 536 542 545 547 youn.187x.FMext.pgs viii 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page viii Detailed Contents THERMODYNAMICS 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Thermometers and Temperature Scales Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale Thermal Expansion Quantity of Heat Calorimetry and Phase Changes Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Summary Exercises/Problems 18 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 *18.5 18.6 Equations of State Molecular Properties of Matter Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas Heat Capacities Molecular Speeds Phases of Matter Summary Exercises/Problems 19 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Thermodynamic Systems Work Done During Volume Changes Paths Between Thermodynamic States Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas Summary Exercises/Problems 20 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 *20.8 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes Heat Engines Internal-Combustion Engines Refrigerators The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Carnot Cycle Entropy Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy Summary Exercises/Problems ELECTROMAGNETISM 554 555 556 557 559 565 569 575 582 584 592 593 599 601 608 611 613 617 619 626 626 627 630 631 636 638 639 642 645 647 653 653 655 658 660 662 664 670 677 680 682 21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 22 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 23 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 24 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 *24.5 *24.6 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD Electric Charge Conductors, Insulators and Induced Charges Coulomb’s Law Electric Field and Electric Forces Electric-Field Calculations Electric Field Lines Electric Dipoles Summary Exercises/Problems GAUSS’S LAW Charge and Electric Flux Calculating Electric Flux Gauss’s Law Applications of Gauss’s Law Charges on Conductors Summary Exercises/Problems 688 689 692 695 700 706 712 714 718 720 728 728 731 735 739 745 750 751 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 758 Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential Calculating Electric Potential Equipotential Surfaces Potential Gradient Summary Exercises/Problems 758 765 772 776 779 782 783 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS Capacitors and Capacitance Capacitors in Series and Parallel Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy Dielectrics Molecular Model of Induced Charge Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics Summary Exercises/Problems 791 792 796 800 804 809 811 813 814 25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 822 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Current Resistivity Resistance Electromotive Force and Circuits Energy and Power in Electric Circuits 823 826 829 833 839 Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition youn.187x.FMext.pgs 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page ix Detailed Contents *25.6 26 Theory of Metallic Conduction Summary Exercises/Problems DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 843 847 849 *29.8 855 30 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 Resistors in Series and Parallel Kirchhoff’s Rules Electrical Measuring Instruments R-C Circuits Power Distribution Systems Summary Exercises/Problems 855 860 865 870 874 877 878 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 27 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES 886 31 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 *27.8 *27.9 28 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 *28.8 Magnetism Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field Applications of Motion of Charged Particles Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor Force and Torque on a Current Loop The Direct-Current Motor The Hall Effect Summary Exercises/Problems 886 888 892 895 899 902 905 911 913 915 917 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 32 32.1 32.2 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 926 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge Magnetic Field of a Current Element Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor Force Between Parallel Conductors Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop Ampere’s Law Applications of Ampere’s Law Magnetic Materials Summary Exercises/Problems 29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 *29.6 29.7 Induction Experiments Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional Electromotive Force Induced Electric Fields Eddy Currents Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations 926 929 32.3 32.4 931 934 936 938 942 945 951 953 32.5 961 962 964 972 974 976 979 981 ix Superconductivity Summary Exercises/Problems 985 987 988 INDUCTANCE 996 Mutual Inductance Self-Inductance and Inductors Inductors and Magnetic-Field Energy The R-L Circuit The L-C Circuit The L-R-C Series Circuit Summary Exercises/Problems 996 1000 1004 1007 1011 1015 1018 1019 ALTERNATING CURRENT Phasors and Alternating Currents Resistance and Reactance The L-R-C Series Circuit Power in Alternating-Current Circuits Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits Transformers Summary Exercises/Problems ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves Standing Electromagnetic Waves Summary Exercises/Problems 1026 1026 1029 1035 1039 1042 1045 1049 1050 1056 1057 1060 1065 1070 1075 1079 1080 OPTICS 33 THE NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT 33.1 33.2 33.3 *33.4 33.5 *33.6 33.7 The Nature of Light Reflection and Refraction Total Internal Reflection Dispersion Polarisation Scattering of Light Huygens’s Principle Summary Exercises/Problems Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110 - Young/University Physics 1st edition 1085 1085 1087 1093 1096 1097 1106 1108 1111 1113 ... 14/5/10 1:52 PM Page i SEARS AND ZEMANSKY’S UNIVERSITY PHYSICS WITH MODERN PHYSICS FIRST AUSTRALIAN SI EDITION Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2011 – 9781442517110... and Students MasteringPhysics™ (www.pearson.com.au/masteringphysics) is the most advanced, educationally effective, and widely used physics homework and Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division... PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND VECTORS The Nature of Physics Solving Physics Problems Standards and Units Unit Consistency and Conversions Uncertainty and Significant Figures Estimates and Orders of Magnitude