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THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Cấu trúc
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Part I Basic Methodology
Chapter 1 Infrared and Raman Instrumentation for Mapping and Imaging
1.1 Introduction to Mapping and Imaging
1.2 Mid-Infrared Microspectroscopy and Mapping
1.2.1 Diffraction-Limited Microscopy
1.2.2 Microscopes and Sampling Techniques
1.2.3 Detectors for Mid-Infrared Microspectroscopy
1.2.4 Sources for Mid-Infrared Microspectroscopy
1.2.5 Spatial Resolution
1.2.6 Transmission Microspectroscopy
1.2.7 Attenuated Total Reflection Microspectroscopy
1.3 Raman Microspectroscopy and Mapping
1.3.1 Introduction to Raman Microspectroscopy
1.3.2 CCD Detectors
1.3.3 Spatial Resolution
1.3.4 Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
1.4 Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging
1.5 Raman Hyperspectral Imaging
1.6 Mid-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging
1.6.1 Spectrometers Based on 2D Array Detectors
1.6.2 Spectrometers Based on Hybrid Linear Array Detectors
1.6.3 Sampling
1.7 Mapping with Pulsed Terahertz Radiation
1.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Chemometric Tools for Image Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Hyperspectral Images: The Measurement
2.2.1 The Data Set and the Underlying Model
2.3 Image Preprocessing
2.3.1 Signal Preprocessing
2.3.1.1 De-noising
2.3.1.2 Baseline Correction
2.3.1.3 Detection and Suppression of Anomalous Pixels or Anomalous Spectral Readings
2.3.2 Data Pretreatments
2.3.3 Image Compression
2.4 Exploratory Image Analysis
2.4.1 Classical Image Representations: Limitations
2.4.2 Multivariate Image Analysis (MIA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.5 Quantitative Image Information: Multivariate Image Regression (MIR)
2.6 Image Segmentation
2.6.1 Unsupervised and Supervised Segmentation Methods
2.6.2 Hard and Fuzzy Segmentation Approaches
2.6.3 Including Spatial Information in Image Segmentation
2.7 Image Resolution
2.7.1 The Image Resolution Concept
2.7.2 Spatial and Spectral Exploration
2.7.3 The Resolution Process: Initial Estimates and Constraints
2.7.4 Image Multiset Analysis
2.7.5 Resolution Postprocessing: Compound Identification, Quantitative Analysis, and Superresolution
2.7.5.1 Compound Identification
2.7.5.2 Quantitative Analysis
2.7.5.3 Superresolution
2.8 Future Trends
Part II Biomedical Applications
Chapter 3 Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging of Soft Tissue
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Epithelium
3.1.2 Connective Tissue and Extracellular Matrix
3.1.3 Muscle Tissue
3.1.4 Nervous Tissue
3.2 Preparation of Soft Tissue for Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging
3.2.1 General Preparation Strategies
3.2.2 Vibrational Spectra of Reference Material
3.2.3 Preparation for FT-IR Imaging
3.2.4 Preparation for Raman Imaging
3.3 Applications to Soft Tissue
3.3.1 Colon Tissue
3.3.2 Brain Tissue and Brain Tumors
3.3.2.1 Mouse Brains
3.3.2.2 Primary Brain Tumors
3.3.2.3 Secondary Brain Tumors
3.3.2.4 Cellular Resolution
3.3.3 Cervix Uteri and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
3.3.4 Atherosclerosis
3.4 Conclusions
Chapter 4 Vibrational Spectroscopic Analysis of Hard Tissues
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Hard Tissue Composition and Organization
4.1.2 Elements of Hard Tissues, Detectable by Vibrational Spectroscopy
4.2 Importance of Tissue Age versus Specimen Age
4.2.1 Biologically Important Questions That May Be Answered by This Type of Analysis
4.3 FT-IR Spectroscopy
4.3.1 Specimen Preparation and Typical FT-IR Spectrum
4.3.2 Examples from Published Literature
4.4 Raman Spectroscopy
4.4.1 Instrumental Choices, Specimen Preparation, and Typical Raman Spectra
4.4.2 Bone: Typical Raman Bands and Parameters
4.4.3 Examples from Published Literature
4.5 Clinical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy
Chapter 5 Medical Applications of Infrared Spectral Imaging of Individual Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methods
5.2.1 Cell Collection and Culturing Methods
5.2.1.1 Exfoliated Cells
5.2.1.2 Cultured Cells
5.2.2 Sample Preparation
5.2.2.1 Sample Substrates
5.2.2.2 Sample Fixation
5.2.2.3 Sample Deposition
5.2.3 Data Acquisition
5.2.3.1 Infrared Instrumentation
5.2.3.2 PapMap Methodology
5.2.4 Methods of Data Analysis
5.2.4.1 Correction for R-Mie Effects and Data Preprocessing
5.2.4.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
5.2.4.3 Diagnostic Algorithms
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 General Aspects of SCP
5.3.2 Fixation Studies
5.3.2.1 Fixation Studies of Exfoliated Cells
5.3.2.2 Fixation Effects of Cultured Cells
5.3.3 Spectral Cytopathology: Distinction of Cell Types and Disease in Human Urine-Borne Cells and Oral, Cervical, and Esophageal Cells
5.3.3.1 SCP of Urine-Borne Cells
5.3.3.2 SCP of Oral Mucosa Cells
5.3.3.3 SCP of the Cervical Mucosa
5.3.3.4 SCP of Esophageal Cells
5.3.4 SCP of Live Cells in Aqueous Environment
5.4 Future Potential of SCP/Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Part III Agriculture, Plants, and Food
Chapter 6 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Mapping and Imaging of Plant Materials
6.1 Introduction, Background, and Perspective
6.2 Application of Mapping and Imaging to Horticultural Crops
6.2.1 Carotenoids
6.2.2 Polyacetylenes
6.2.3 Flavonoids
6.2.4 Essential Oils
6.2.5 Tissue Constituents
6.2.6 Environmental Interactions and Processing
6.3 Application of Mapping and Imaging to Agricultural Crops
6.3.1 Tissue-Specific Functional-Group Analysis
6.3.2 Cell Wall Microstructure
6.3.2.1 Carbohydrates and the Endosperm
6.3.2.2 Protein Secondary Structure
6.3.2.3 Lignin and Cellulose
6.3.3 Environmental Impact and Processing
6.3.4 Uptake and Fate of Environmental Contaminants/Crop Protection Products
6.4 Mapping and Imaging of Wild Plants and Trees
6.4.1 Mapping and Imaging of Trees
6.4.1.1 IR Mapping and Imaging of Trees
6.4.1.2 Raman Mapping and Imaging of Trees
6.4.2 Mapping and Imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana
6.4.2.1 IR Mapping and Imaging
6.4.2.2 Raman Mapping and Imaging
6.4.3 Mapping and Imaging of Wild Plants
6.5 Application of Mapping and Imaging to Algae
6.5.1 Taxonomic Differentiation and Classification of Algae
6.5.2 Cell Wall Composition and Compound Distribution
6.5.3 Environmental Influences on Algae Metabolism
6.5.4 Chemometrical and Instrumental Developments
6.5.4.1 Raman Techniques
6.5.4.2 IR Techniques
6.6 Interaction Between Plant Tissue and Plant Pathogens
6.6.1 Bacterial Plant Pathogens
6.6.2 Fungal Plant Pathogens
6.6.3 Fungal Degradation of Plant Material
6.6.4 Interaction with Nonwoody Plants
Chapter 7 NIR Hyperspectral Imaging for Food and Agricultural Products
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 A Brief History of NIR Spectral Imagers
7.1.2 When is NIR Hyperspectral Imaging Used for Food and Agricultural Products?
7.2 HSI as a ``Super'' NIR Analyzer
7.2.1 Assessment and Quantification of Physicochemical or Sensory Properties of Food and Agricultural Products
7.2.2 Chemical Mapping
7.2.2.1 Fruit
7.2.2.2 Wood
7.2.2.3 Fish
7.2.2.4 Meat
7.2.2.5 Laboratory Batch Cultures
7.2.2.6 Kernels
7.2.2.7 Other Applications: Process Monitoring
7.2.2.8 Conclusion: Some Pitfalls of HSI When Used for Chemical Mapping
7.2.3 Analysis of the Physical Properties of the Food/Agricultural Items
7.3 NIR HS Imager as a ``Super'' Vision System
7.3.1 Why HS Imaging May Replace RGB Cameras for Sorting or Mixture Characterization
7.3.1.1 The Failure of RGB Systems in Food Quality Control
7.3.1.2 How Did Online NIR Imaging Emerge?
7.3.2 External Contamination (Foreign Bodies, Adulteration)
7.3.2.1 Foreign Bodies
7.3.2.2 Adulteration and Nonconformities
7.3.2.3 Surface Contaminations
7.3.3 Surface and Subsurface Defects
7.3.3.1 Human-Detectable Defects
7.3.3.2 Potential Defects: Chilling Injuries, Potential Greening Area
7.3.4 Detection of Internal Defects by Candling
7.3.4.1 Internal Foreign Bodies
7.3.4.2 Internal Tissue Defects
7.3.5 Classification of Biological Objects
7.3.5.1 Inspecting Small Objects
7.3.5.2 ROI in Multicompartment Products
7.3.6 Conclusion
7.4 Conclusion
7.4.1 When is NIR Imaging Worth Using in Online Settings?
7.4.1.1 Software
7.4.1.2 Hardware
Part IV Polymers and Pharmaceuticals
Chapter 8 FT-IR and NIR Spectroscopic Imaging: Principles, Practical Aspects, and Applications in Material and Pharmaceutical Science
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Instrumentation for NIR and FT-IR Imaging
8.2.1 NIR Imaging in Diffuse Reflection
8.2.2 NIR Imaging in Transmission
8.2.3 FT-IR Imaging
8.2.3.1 Micro FT-IR Imaging
8.2.3.2 Macro FT-IR Imaging
8.2.3.3 Measurement of an FT-IR Image
8.2.3.4 Possible Artifacts Encountered in FT-IR/ATR Imaging
8.2.3.5 Spatial Resolution of FT-IR Imaging Measurements
8.3 Applications of FT-IR and FT-NIR Imaging for Polymer Characterization
8.3.1 Investigation of Phase Separation in Biopolymer Blends
8.3.2 Imaging Anisotropic Materials with Polarized Radiation
8.3.2.1 Blends of PHB and PLA
8.3.2.2 Stress-Induced Phase Transformation in Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)
8.3.3 Applications of FT-NIR Imaging for Diffusion Studies
8.3.3.1 Experimental
8.3.3.2 Results and Discussion
8.3.4 Conclusions
8.4 NIR Imaging Spectroscopy for Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Drug Formulations
8.4.1 Quantitative Determination of Active Ingredients in a Pharmaceutical Drug Formulation
8.4.2 Spatial Distribution of the Active Ingredients in a Pharmaceutical Drug Formulation
8.4.3 Conclusions
8.5 FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging of Inorganic Materials
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Experimental
8.5.3 Determination of P-Fertilizer-Soil Reactions
8.5.4 Determination of Mineral Phases in Soils
8.5.5 Conclusion
Chapter 9 FT-IR Imaging in ATR and Transmission Modes: Practical Considerations and Emerging Applications
9.1 FT-IR Imaging: Introduction
9.1.1 ATR FT-IR Imaging
9.1.2 Transmission FT-IR Imaging
9.2 FT-IR Imaging: Technical Considerations
9.2.1 Transmission FT-IR Imaging: Mapping Versus FPA
9.2.2 ATR FT-IR Imaging: Mapping Versus FPA
9.2.3 ATR FT-IR Imaging: Field of View
9.2.3.1 Overview of ATR FT-IR Imaging Approaches: Micro (Ge), Macro (Diamond, Si), Expanded FOV (ZnSe), Variable Angle
9.2.3.2 Micro-ATR FT-IR Imaging
9.2.3.3 Diamond ATR FT-IR Imaging
9.2.3.4 Expanded FOV (ZnSe)
9.2.4 ATR FT-IR Imaging: Depth of Penetration
9.2.5 ATR FT-IR Imaging: Quantitation
9.3 Practical Applications
9.3.1 Materials Characterization of Polymer Interfaces and Blends
9.3.1.1 Investigating a Polymer: Carbon Fiber Interface
9.3.1.2 Polystyrene: Polyethylene Blend-Imaging the Effect of a Compatibilizer
9.3.1.3 Hydrogels
9.3.2 Pharmaceuticals: Studying Tablets, Dissolution, Drug Diffusion, and Biopharmaceuticals
9.3.2.1 Imaging of Compacted Tablets
9.3.2.2 ATR FT-IR Imaging of Tablet Dissolution
9.3.2.3 ATR FT-IR Imaging of Drug Diffusion Across Tissue Sections: Biomedical Applications
9.3.2.4 Biopharmaceuticals Development: Optimizing Protein Crystallization
9.3.3 Forensics Applications
9.3.3.1 Imaging of Counterfeit Tablets
9.3.3.2 Detection of Trace Materials and Chemical Fingerprinting
9.3.4 Imaging of Live Cells
9.3.4.1 ATR FT-IR Imaging of Live Cells
9.3.4.2 Transmission Mode FT-IR Imaging of Live Cells in Microfluidic Devices
9.3.5 High-Throughput Studies with ATR FT-IR Imaging
9.3.5.1 Transmission Mode High-Throughput Imaging
9.3.5.2 Imaging and Microfluidics
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Chapter 10 Terahertz Imaging of Drug Products
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Low Wavenumber Region in the Infrared Spectrum
10.2.1 Far-Infrared Spectroscopy
10.2.2 THz Spectroscopy
10.3 THz-TDS Technology and Applications
10.3.1 THz Pulse Generation and Detection
10.3.1.1 Emission
10.3.1.2 Reception
10.3.1.3 Sampling
10.3.2 Current Applications of THz Spectroscopy
10.3.3 Concise Description of THz Imaging
10.4 THz Imaging in the Pharmaceutical Industry
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Imaging of Solid Dosage Forms
10.4.3 Investigating Pharmaceutical Samples by Means of THz Imaging
10.4.4 Experimental Setup to Measure Solid Dosage Forms
10.4.5 Typical Applications to Solid Dosage Forms
10.4.6 Discussion
10.5 Going Forward
10.6 Competition versus Cost: A Challenge for the Future
10.7 Conclusion
Part V Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit
Chapter 11 Spectroscopic Imaging of Biological Samples Using Near-Field Methods
11.1 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering (TERS)
11.1.1 From SERS to TERS
11.1.2 Investigation of Nonbiological Samples with TERS
11.1.3 Technical Considerations of TERS
11.1.3.1 Application
11.2 Detection of Biomolecules
11.2.1 Differentiation/Identification of Single Biomolecules
11.2.1.1 Amino Acids
11.2.1.2 DNA/RNA Nucleobases and Derivatives
11.2.2 Detection of Structural/Chemical Changes on a Molecular Level
11.3 Biopolymers
11.3.1 DNA/RNA Strands
11.3.2 Proteins and Fibrils
11.4 Membranes, Viruses, and Bacteria
11.5 Conclusion
Chapter 12 Infrared Mapping below the Diffraction Limit
12.1 Introduction and Description of Early Work
12.1.1 Near-Field Microscopy with Small Apertures
12.1.2 Scanning Photothermal Microscopy and Microspectroscopy
12.1.3 First Description of AFM/FT-IR
12.2 Near-Field Microscopy by Elastic Scattering from a Tip
12.3 Combination of AFM and Photothermal FT-IR Spectroscopy
Part VI Developments in Methodology
Chapter 13 Subsurface Raman Spectroscopy in Turbid Media
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Techniques for Deep Noninvasive Raman Spectroscopy
13.2.1 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS)
13.2.2 Inverse SORS
13.2.3 Transmission Raman Spectroscopy
13.2.4 Raman Tomography
13.2.5 SESORS
13.3 Examples of Application Areas
13.3.1 Probing of Bones through Skin for Disease Diagnosis
13.3.2 Chemical Identification of Calcifications in Breast Cancer Lesions
13.3.2.1 Cancer Margins
13.3.2.2 Glucose Detection
13.3.3 Probing of Pharmaceutical Tablets and Capsules in Quality Control
13.3.4 Forensic and Security Applications
13.4 Conclusions
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Vibrational Spectroscopic Microscopy of Cells and Tissue
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles of Nonlinear Optical Imaging
14.2.1 Important Processes for Nonlinear Optical Imaging
14.2.2 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
14.2.3 CARS Microscopy
14.3 Instrumentation for Multimodal Nonlinear Microscopy
14.3.1 Laser Sources
14.3.2 Optics
14.3.3 Scanning Microscope
14.4 Applications
14.4.1 Identification of Tumor Tissue
14.4.2 Brain Structures and Brain Tumors
14.4.3 Normal and Injured Spinal Cord
Chapter 15 Widefield FT-IR 2D and 3D Imaging at the Microscale Using Synchrotron Radiation
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Synchrotron IR Radiation Sources
15.1.2 Synchrotron-Based Infrared Raster-Scanned (IR SR) Spectromicroscopy
15.1.3 Synchrotron-Based Infrared Widefield Spectromicroscopy
15.1.4 Synchrotron-Based Infrared Spectromicrotomography
15.2 Optical Evaluation
15.2.1 Microscopy Optics and Diffraction-Limited Resolution
15.2.2 Experimental and Simulated Point Spread Functions
15.3 Mathematical Evaluation of Hyperspectral Cubes
15.3.1 Hyperspectral Deconvolution
15.3.2 3D Spectromicrotomographic Reconstruction
15.4 Widefield versus Raster Scanning Geometries
15.4.1 Effects of Numerical Aperture, Spatial Oversampling, and Deconvolution on Spatial Resolution
15.4.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Comparisons
15.4.3 Time-Area Trade-Off
15.4.4 New Directions: Spectromicrotomography
15.5 Examples
15.5.1 General Applications
15.5.1.1 Nanocellulose
15.5.1.2 Matisse
15.5.2 Influence of Deconvolution
15.5.2.1 Labeled Cells
15.5.2.2 Layered Polymers-Transmission and Reflection
15.5.3 Time-Dependent Infrared Imaging
15.5.3.1 Algal Biochemistry: Diatom Response to Changes in Carbon Dixide Supply
15.5.3.2 Surface Chemistry: NH3 Adsorption on Reduced Graphene Oxide
15.5.4 Infrared Spectromicrotomography
15.5.4.1 Human Hair
15.5.4.2 Populus-Cell Walls of Wood
15.6 Conclusions
Index
EULA
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