Gender inequality during the COVID 19 pandemic Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss Please tell me some solutions to reducing the gender inequalities during the pandemic or in real life? COVID 19 PANDEMIC First, what I want to mention here is one of the specific issues of gender inequality gender violence The impact of the pandemic has exacerbated pre existing limitations regarding services to respond to violence against women and children To tackle this, a specific example is that the Uni.
Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss Please tell me some solutions to reducing the gender inequalities during the pandemic or in real life? COVID 19 PANDEMIC - First, what I want to mention here is one of the specific issues of gender inequality: gender violence The impact of the pandemic has exacerbated preexisting limitations regarding services to respond to violence against women and children To tackle this, a specific example is that the United Nations agency for gender equality and women's empowerment (UN women) in Viet Nam held a handover of essential equipment worth more than 483 million VND to continue upgrading the switchboard supporting victims of gender-based violence These supports are part of UN Women's efforts to end violence and trafficking in women in ASEAN Solution in real life: - Increase enforcement of existing laws against gender-based employment discrimination and against sexual harassment - Increase government funding of high-quality day-care options to enable parents, and especially mothers, to work outside the home if they so desire, and to so without fear that their finances or their children’s well-being will be compromised - Increase mentorship and other efforts to boost the number of women in traditionally male occupations and in positions of political leadership - Legislation that promotes gender equality is vital It is the role of the management to develop and implement gender equality policies For instance, the company should hold the view that men and women deserve the same pay as long as they are performing the same tasks for the company Besides this, the policies should embrace all-round equality For such, men and women should be treated fairly and equally during recruitment, training and promotion at all times - Explaining the above situation, Deputy Minister of Labor, War Invalids, and Social Affairs Nguyen Thi Ha said: The Law on Gender Equality has been implemented by the Government since 2007 The objective of the Law is to eliminate gender discrimination, create equal opportunities for men and women in socio-economic development and develop human resources, and move towards substantive gender equality between men, women, and women establish and strengthen cooperation and support relations between men and women in all areas of social and family life - After 10 years of implementation, up to now, our country has achieved many achievements in terms of gender equality Notably, there has been a positive change in the percentage of women participating in politics at all levels For the first time, there is a female National Assembly Chairwoman and female Politburo members For the 2016 - 2021 term, the percentage of women participating in the National Assembly and the People's Council both increased compared to the 2007 - 2011 term The percentage of women participating in the National Assembly reached 27.1%, higher than the average 23.4% globally and 18.6% in Asia - For the economic sector, the proportion of female-owned enterprises increased from 4% in 2009 to 27.8% in 2017, the highest in Southeast Asia and ranked 19/54 in the Women's Entrepreneurs Index and ranked 7/54 among countries with the most female business owners Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic disruptions, resulting in lost wages and high unemployment rates throughout the world In a multi-country context, however, there is little, if any, data on gender inequalities in economic outcomes such as income, expenditure, savings, and job loss Using data from a six-country study that spans nations in varying geographical locations and income levels, we explore the effects of COVID-19 on gender inequality in these outcomes Our presentation consists of four sections First, we will give you a brief description of the study We describe the data in the next section before offering the estimation results in Section and finally conclude in Section Introduction - One of the main challenges facing women globally is the persistent gender inequality that exists within society Well-recognized solutions to this challenge are to empower women financially and provide them with productive employment opportunities - The outbreak of COVID-19 has had negative effects on the global economy It led to higher unemployment rates and reduced income growth This study shows that the reduction in poverty could have been wiped out by the effects of this epidemic - Although the pandemic can affect women's labor market prospects in the US and the UK, very few studies have been conducted on the effects of the pandemic on gender inequality in a multicountry setting A study conducted in 12 countries shows that during the pandemic, women stopped working in various countries - We aim to fill in this gap in the literature and investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on gender inequality in income and employment outcomes using rich micro data from a six-country survey : China, Italy, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States - Our findings suggest that although no gender differences exist with the COVID-19 impacts on temporary job loss, women are 24 percent more likely to permanently lose their job compared to men Women also worry more about the future effects of COVID-19 on their own labor income Data - In this study, we use data from nationally representative samples from countries: China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, the United Kingdom and the four largest states in the United States (California, Florida, New York, and Texas) - The sample size is 6089 respondents, of which 3138 respondents are female, accounting for 51.5% of the sample The sample size of each country is around 1000, ranging from 963 for South Korea to 1055 for the United States In each country, the samples are nationally representative for age groups, gender, and household income quintiles - The survey contains information: respondents, employment and living situations, health and diseases, self-reports on economic and non-economic consequences of the pandemic, behavior, beliefs about the pandemic and responses of the governments - To examine the representativeness of the survey at the country level, we compare the distributions of respondents by gender and age groups in the survey and the distributions of these characteristics obtained from the official figures -> Chèn table A1 → There are some differences in the proportion of respondents in age groups for Japan and the UK However, the differences are not large Another way to look at the representativeness of the survey is to examine the distributions of respondents by income quintile -> chèn TABLE A2 Table A2 Income quintiles of respondents Income quintiles Chin Japan South a Korea Italy First quintile 20.2 16.7* 18.1* ** 17.4** (1.3) (1.3) (1.4) (1.2) (1.2) 20.0 17.5* 18.1* * 18.9 (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) 23.9* 19.7 * 21.0 (1.3) (1.3) (1.4) (1.3) (1.3) 19.9 25.8* 22.3* ** Second quintile 21.1 21.3 21.5 17.7* (1.3) (1.3) (1.3) Third quintile 19.9 Fourth quintile 21.8 19.0 21.7 21.8 United Kingdom (1.2) (1.3) United States 23.6*** Fifth quintile (1.3) (1.3) (1.4) (1.4) (1.3) (1.3) 19.9 16.2* 21.8 ** 19.2 (1.2) (1.2) 16.8* 17.3** (1.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.3) Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1: denote the significance level of the Z-test of equality of the proportion between the COVID-19 estimates and 20% → The survey collected data on which of the five pre-COVID-19 income brackets (quintiles) they belong to If the COVID-19 survey samples are representative of these income quintiles, the proportion of respondents in each quintile should be 20% → Table shows that the proportions of respondents in each income quintile in the six countries are not identical, but roughly close to 20% Table presents compare the mean outcomes between men and women for the six countries in the survey, with the gender differences for each country Table Gender differences in the outcome variables Outcomes % people losing job permanently % people losing job temporarily Log of expected income reduction Female Male Difference (1) (2) (3) 5.8*** 4.9*** 0.9 (0.4) (0.4) (0.6) 24.6*** 25.0*** −0.4 (0.8) (0.8) (1.1) 4.170*** 3.799*** 0.371*** (0.097) Increased weekly expenses Number of observations (0.132) 2.487*** 2.550*** −0.063** (0.021) Increased savings (0.089) (0.021) (0.030) 2.524*** 2.464*** 0.060** (0.020) (0.019) 2,947 3,142 (0.027) → 5.8% of women and 4.8% of men reported losing their job permanently, while around 25% of women and men reported losing their job temporarily The survey asked respondents on the relative changes in their weekly expenses and savings compared with January The responses are coded from to 5: = Drop of more than 10% = Drop of