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M ic ro film e d b y U n iv o f W is , D e p a rtm e n t o f P h o to g ra p h y 73 27,095 CORLESS, Roger Jonathan, 1938 T'AN LUAN'S COMMENTARY ON THE PURE LAND DISCOURSE AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION AND[.]
M ic ro film e d by U n iv o f W is , 73-27,095 D ep artm e n t o f P h o to g p h y CORLESS, Roger Jonathan, 1938T'AN-LUAN'S COMMENTARY ON THE PURE LAND DISCOURSE: AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION AND SOTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WANG-SH^NG-LUN CHU (T.1819) The University of Wisconsin, Ph.D., 1973 Religion University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Pnopr Jnna1~hfln_Cor1 psr 1Q7^_ _ A ll Rights Reserved (This title card prepared by The University of Wisconsin) PLEASE NOTE: The negative m icrofilm copy of this dissertation was prepared and inspected by the school granting the degree We are using this film without further inspection or change If there are any questions about the film content, please w rite directly to the school U NIVERSITY MICROFILMS R eproduced with permission o f the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission T 1A N - L U A N 'S COMMENTARY ON THE PURE LAND DISCOURSE: AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION AND SOTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WANG-SHENG-LUN CHU (T.1819) A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ROGER JONATHAN CORLESS_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ January_19 _ Degree to be awarded: June 19 August 19 73 APPROVED by Thesis Reading Committee: \ ofesspr Date of Examination \j Dean, Graduate School R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission T'jjN-LUAN'S COMMENTARY ON THE PURE LAND DISCOURSE: AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION AND SOTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WANG-SHENG-LUN CHU (T 1819) BY ROGER JONATHAN CORLESS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Madison, Wisconsin 1973 R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission iii IN MEMORIAM RICHARD HUGH ROBINSON (1926-1970) Acarya, Kalyapamltra %k - 4.jpffe • J * * * • If a man is once born into Sukhavati, and at a later time wishes to be re-born in the triple world to teach and convert beings, he forsakes the Pure Land, and is able to be born according to his wishes (T.XL ,838a) R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission iv PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS What is it that makes it so hard sometimes to determine whither we will walk? I believe there is a subtile magnetism in Nature which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright, When I go out of the house for a walk,,,I find, strange and whimsical as it may seem, that I finally and inevitably settle south-west,,.The future lies that way for me, and the earth seems more unexhausted and richer on that side,,.Eastward I go only by force; but westward I go free Thither no business leads me I believe that the forest which I see in the western horizon stretches uninterruptedly toward the setting sun Henry David Thoreau The audacity of the present undertaking must be its most character istic feature To enter upon T'an-luan is to go through a magic door leading grandly to the Paradise in the West, 'which is wide, without limits or bounds', to go towards all human hopes, to there where the sun ever lives in the land of no night T'an-luan's vision, pulled to gether from the kaleidoscopic congeries of the Pure Land Sutras, has sustained the religious aspirations of the majority of Far Eastern Buddhists from his own time until ours That is a matter of historical record, but the precise nature of his vision, and its philosophical and religious validity, has been unstudied, outside of the Sino-Japanese geographical area It is the purpose of this Dissertation to begin to remedy this omission, but more than a beginning it cannot be There is no doubt much here that is ill considered, even unconsidered, but, heartened by the Sutras which spend so long in the description of the indescribable, I offer what I do, as perhaps a handhold by which those more learned than- myself may rise to superior conclusions, A Dissertation is in the nature of a saipskara, a getting-together, R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission a regrouping for a new birth I am conscious that what I have done focuses elements I have assimilated from many teachers, though their individual contributions cannot be exactly measured During my undergra duate years at King's College Theological Department, University of London, I learnt the central importance of a text as an anchor in the treacherous tidal waters of religious studies, and the necessity of language, the links of the anchor chain, being as firmly forged as may be Dr Ch'u Chai introduced me, at the New School for Social Research, New York City, to the vexing delights of Chinese calligraphy, and though I never managed to write the characters properly, I did acquire the respectful contemplation of them until such time as they should deign to yield up their meaning Patient mentors at the University of Minne sota and the University of Michigan began me in the rudiments of Chinese and Japanese as everyday languages, from which I could ascend to the more rarified atmosphere of the Buddhist texts The faculty and gradu ate students of the University of Chicago Divinity School, revolving in ordered methodological patterns like planets around, a peaceful sun, gave an exhilarating new slant to something which, under my tutors Pro fessor Ninian Smart and Professor Geoffrey Parrinder, I had learnt in 3ngland to call 'Comparative Religion.' All this was rooted in the Buddhist Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin, begun by the late Professor Richard Robinson: this dissertation is dedicated to his memory not because I think he would approve of it, for I believe there are many points with which he would strongly take issue, but simply because it was largely due to his efforts that there was such a Program at all, and the possibility of my studying within it The most signifi cant acknowledgment, naturally, must go to Professor Minoru Kiyota of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission vi the University of Wisconsin, my Advisor, without whom I would not have been stimulated even to look into T'an-luan An unformed and vague acknowledgment is due to the many monks, Christian and Buddhist, whom I have been privileged to meet and who have spoken, more by their lifestyle than in words, of the mysteries of the spirit, so that I might realise that sometimes the letter killeth, but always the spirit giveth life Amongst these the chief must be Dorn Damasus Winzen, O.3.B., (1901-1971), founder of Mount Saviour Monastery near Elmira, New York, whom we knew simply and accurately as, 'Reverend Father.' My colleagues on the Faculty of Duke University have beetn longsuffering enough both to leave me alone when I needed quiet, and no.t to mind when, gripped by an acute attack of translationese, I would burst in upon then with a, 'How you say so-and-so in Fhglish?' Professor Peter Burian of the Department of Classics, who made crushing but invaluable remarks upon my poesy, deserves special mention I have been fortunate enough to secure as my Stenographer a lady who can not only type, a feminine accomplishment as necessary for social success today as excellence at the pianoforte used to be, but is also intelligent and learned, so that she has been able to make helpful sug gestions on stylistic improvement To Barbara Lawrence, therefore, and her husband and my colleague Professor Bruce Lawrence, who helped read the proofs, goes my thanks for providing the vehicle for the actual manifestation of my thoughts into the Kamadhatu It is a great relief, in this age of sexist nervousness, to realise that, being single, I not have to compose a tribute to my pneumatic and ever-smiling wife, in a manner flattering but not patronising, I R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission will therefore pay homage, instead, to the New York Metropolitan Opera, the whole full-throated Company of which has enlivened my Saturday afternoon labours, by courtesy of the Texaco Oil Company; though it is perhaps discouraging: to note that the final draft was begun during La Boheme and completed to Lucia di Lammermoor: we indeed begin in tragedy (sarvaip dufrkham), but must our end be madness? Roger Corless Duke University Durham, North Carolina April 1973 Easter Day R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission viii TABLE OF CONTENTS -iv Preface and Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations - -— -— -— — ix Introduction: I# Pure Land Buddhism before T'an-luan — -— Ao Sutras— — — - — — — -— -— — B Hui-yiian — — -— -— -lie T'an-luan: Life and Works - — — - — — — — 1 — -— III* The Wang-sheng-lun Chu A Title -B# Authenticity— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Co Format— -— -— -— — — — Do Significance— — — — — — — — — — — — — — IV The Soteriology of the Wang-sh&ng-lun Chu A Some Preliminaries— — -— — — — — B The Unsaved Condition -— — — C The Primary Saviour: Amitabha Buddha— — — — — — — — (i) Becoming a Saviour - — — (ii) Being a Saviour — — (a) A Buddha Named Amita (b) A Land Called SukhavatT— — — — — — — — — D The Secondary Saviours: The Bodhisattvas of Sukhavatl-— — (i) Becoming a Saviour -— -— — — — (ii) Being a Saviour -— - — 39 12 15 20 21 23 26 2? 28 30 30 32 36 36 V Some Special Problems in the Wang-sheng-lun Chu A Textual Lineage— - — — — — — — ^3 B Doctrinal Affiliation (i) The Problem — - — ^6 (ii) Seng-chao - — — — 48 (iii) Proto-Yogacara — — — 51 (iv) Interrelation, Interpenetration and Sunyata— - 54 C Kaya Theory - — — -— — - 61 VI T'an-luan and Theism - -— — VII* The Present Translation— * — 66 - 77 Translation: The Stanzas -— — — — — — — — — — - 82 Index to the Translation -— — — 06 Translation— "— — — — 89 Bibliography — - — — — 339 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission XX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (For complete bibliographical information, see Bibliography.) Ashikaga Larger SukhavatTvyuhat Sanskrit text edited by Ashikaga Atsuuji, Cited by page and line «/ O'/ (hapax legomenon) A usage occurring once SLX only BEFEO Bulletin de l ’^cole fran^aise d*extreme orient BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London Oouvreur Dictionalre Classique de la Langue Chlnolse par F.S Couvreur, 2nd, ed Cited by page and column Eigerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, by Franklin Blgerton Cited by page number and dolumn JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society K Kashiwabara Yugi, Shinsu Tsuge Zenshu Cited by page num ber and (sometimes) note number in the jigeffi^sections of volume one Legge The Chinese Classics, ed and trans, by James Legge, vols 1893 edition, Hong Kong reprint Mahavyutpatti As compiled by R Sakaki, Cited by entry number • Mathews Mathews* Chinese-3iglish Dictionary, Revised American Edition Cited by entry number Mochizuki Bukkyo Dai.jlten, ed, by Mochizuki Shinko .Cited by page and column Morohashi Dai Kan-Wa Jlten, by Morohashi Tetsuji Cited by entry number Nanjio A Catalogue of the Buddhist Trlpitaka, by Bunyiu Nanjio Cited by entry number * PTS The Pall Text Society SBE The Sacred Books of the East, ed by F Max Mueller Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner Further reproduction prohibited without permission