ASSIGNMENT NAME NETWORK INFORMATION

NETWORKING PROGRAM TITLE: NETWORK INFORMATION UNIT TITLE: NETWORKING ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: ASSIGNMENT NAME: NETWORK INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATE: 11/2020 DATE RECEIVED: 10/11/2020 TUTORIAL LECTURER: TRAN HOANG BACH WORD COUNT: 1000 STUDENT NAME: NGO VAN HUY STUDENT ID: BKD18400 MOBILE NUMBER: 0383930441 ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING Contents Introduction .3 Contents LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements 10 LO2 Explain networking devices and operations 19 P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types .19 P4 Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software 21 Performance evaluation 22 Conclusion 22 Critical evaluation 22 ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING ASSIGNMENT A Introduction In my report, I am going a detailed guide that outlines the principles, models, and network equipment for network training purposes and outlines the sections of the manual that are relevant to Brick Lane My main content is inside part II (Contents) I will show about communication skills, problem-solving skills, time management skills and critical reasoning and the importance of them are In part III is my conclusion in this report, parts I finished In part IV, I will show what I did and not, I will evaluate the point of my report Finally, in part V is references that are sources I refer on B Contents LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards What is a network? In information technology, a network is defined as the connection of at least two computer systems, either by a cable or a wireless connection The simplest network is a combination of two computers connected by a cable This type of network is called a peer-to-peer network There is no hierarchy in this network; both participants have equal privileges Each computer has access to the data of the other device and can share resources such as disk space, applications or peripheral devices (printers, etc.) Computer network Computer networks are the basis of communication in IT They are used in a huge variety of ways and can include many different types of network A computer network is a set of computers that are connected together so that they can share information Benefits of networks There are various benefits that are achieved in a networked environment they include:  Strengthening Relationships: Networking is about sharing, not taking It is about forming trust and helping one another toward goals ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING  Fresh Ideas: Your network can be an excellent source of new perspectives and ideas to help you in your role  Raised Profile: Being visible and getting noticed is a benefit of networking that’s essential in career building Regularly attending professional and social events will help to get your face known  Access to Opportunities: Expanding your contacts can open doors to new opportunities for business, career advancement, personal growth, or simply new knowledge  New Information: Networking is a great opportunity to exchange best practice knowledge, learn about the business techniques of your peers and stay abreast of the latest industry developments  Advice and Support: Gaining the advice of experienced peers is an important benefit of networking Drawbacks 1) Costly to set up and maintain 2) Security Concerns 3) Virus and Malware 4) Lack of Robustness 5) Needs an Efficient Handler 6) Lack of Independence ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING System types: 1) Peer-based network This is a network in which the computers are managed independently of one another and have equal rights for initiating communication with each other, sharing resources, and validating users 2) Client-server network A client server network is defined as specific type of online network comprised of a single central computer acting as a server that directs multiple other computers, which are referred to as the clients 3) Cloud network Cloud networking is a type of IT infrastructure in which some or all of an organization’s network capabilities and resources are hosted in a public or private cloud platform, managed in-house or by a service provider, and available on demand 4) Cluster network A cluster network is two or more computing devices working together for a common computing purpose These networks take advantage of the parallel processing power of the computing devices 5) Centralized network A centralized network architecture is built around a single server that handles all the major processing Less powerful workstations connect to the server and submit their requests to the central server rather than performing them directly 6) Virtualized network Network virtualization in computing is the procedure that separates the management plane from the control plane by combining hardware (such as switches and routers) ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING and software network resources into a single, software-based administrative entity called a virtual network Network standards Conceptual models: OSI model, TCP/IP model  OSI model: The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application  TCP/IP model: TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private computer network(an intranet or an extranet) - The following are the similarities between the OSI and TCP/IP model:  Both the reference models are based upon layered architecture ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING  The layers in the models are compared with each other The physical layer and the data link layer of the OSI model correspond to the link layer of the TCP/IP model The network layers and the transport layers are the same in both the models The session layer, the presentation layer and the application layer of the OSI model together form the application layer of the TCP/IP model  In both the models, protocols are defined in a layer-wise manner  In both models, data is divided into packets and each packet may take the individual route from the source to the destination - Differences between OSI and TCP / IP Reference Models: Standards: IEEE 802 ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING IEEE 802 is a collection of networking standards that cover the physical and data-link layer specifications for technologies such as Ethernet and wireless These specifications apply to local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN) IEEE 802 also aids in ensuring multi-vendor interoperability by promoting standards for vendors to follow Three most common types of networks: Local Area Network (LAN) – is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING Four characteristics of LANs:  Local area network is a group of computers connected with each other in a small place such as school, hospital, apartment etc  LAN is secure because there is no outside connection with the local area network thus the data which is shared is safe on the local area network and can’t be accessed outside  LAN due to their small size are considerably faster, their speed can range anywhere from 100 to 100Mbps  LANs are not limited to wire connection, there is a new evolution to the LANs that allows local area network to work on a wireless connection Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING Three characteristics of MANs:  Wireless MAN — Single Carrier (SCa) uses single carrier modulation  Wireless MAN — OFDM uses a 256-carrier OFDM This air interface provides multiple access to different stations through time-division-multiple access  Wireless MAN — OFDM uses a 2048-carrier OFDM scheme The interface provides multiple access by assigning a subset of the carriers to an individual receiver Wide area network (WAN)– is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area for the primary purpose of computer networking Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits ASSIGNMENT 10 NETWORKING Three characteristics of WANs:  WANs have a large capacity, connecting a large number of computers over a large area, and are inherently scalable  They facilitate the sharing of regional resources  They provide uplinks for connecting LANs and MANs to the Internet *Other types of networks: Wireless LAN (WLAN) Storage Area Network (SAN) P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements Network Topologies Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other Think of your network as a city, and the topology as the road map Just as there are many ways to arrange and maintain a city—such as making sure the avenues and boulevards can facilitate passage between the parts of town getting the most traffic—there are several ways to arrange a network Each has advantages and disadvantages and depending on the needs of your company, certain arrangements can give you a greater degree of connectivity and security There are two approaches to network topology: physical and logical ASSIGNMENT 11 NETWORKING  Physical – The physical network topology refers to the actual connections (wires, cables, etc.) of how the network is arranged Setup, maintenance, and provisioning tasks require insight into the physical network  Logical – The logical network topology is a higher-level idea of how the network is set up, including which nodes connect to each other and in which ways, as well as how data is transmitted through the network Also, the way in which computers are connected together to form a network has a large effect on its speed and efficiency There are a number of different ways to connect computers in a network - but these are the most common: Star Topology In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node Features: o Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub o Hub acts as a repeater for data flow o Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxial cable ASSIGNMENT 12 NETWORKING Advantages: o Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic o Hub can be upgraded easily o Easy to troubleshoot o Easy to setup and modify o Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly Disadvantages: o Cost of installation is high o Expensive to use o If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub o Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity Bus Topology Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology Features: o It transmits data only in one direction o Every device is connected to a single cable ASSIGNMENT 13 NETWORKING Advantages: o It is cost effective o Cable required is least compared to another network topology o Used in small networks o It is easy to understand o Easy to expand joining two cables together Disadvantages: o Cables fails then whole network fails o If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases o Cable has a limited length o It is slower than the ring topology Ring Topology It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first Exactly two neighbors for each device Features: o The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology ASSIGNMENT 14 NETWORKING o The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology o In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction in them Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up o Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit Data transmitted, has to pass through each node of the network, till the destination node Advantages: o Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data o Cheap to install and expand Disadvantages: o Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology o Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity o Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network Tree Topology It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy It is also called hierarchical topology It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy ASSIGNMENT 15 NETWORKING Features: o Ideal if workstations are located in groups o Used in Wide Area Network Advantages: o Extension of bus and star topologies o Expansion of nodes is possible and easy o Easily managed and maintained o Error detection is easily done Disadvantages: o Heavily cabled o Costly o If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult o Central hub fails, network fails ASSIGNMENT 16 NETWORKING Mesh Topology It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices All the network nodes are connected to each other Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are:  Routing  Flooding MESH Topology: Routing In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the network requirements Like routing logic to direct the data to reach the destination using the shortest distance Or, routing logic which has information about the broken links, and it avoids this node etc We can even have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes MESH Topology: Flooding In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes, hence no routing logic is required The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the data But it leads to unwanted load over the network Types: o Partial Mesh Topology: In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices ASSIGNMENT 17 NETWORKING o Full Mesh Topology: Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other Features: o Fully connected o Robust o Not flexible Advantages: o Each connection can carry its own data load o It is robust o Fault is diagnosed easily o Provides security and privacy Disadvantages: o Installation and configuration are difficult o Cabling cost is more o Bulk wiring is required Hybrid Topology It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies For example, if in an office in one department ring topology is used and another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology) ASSIGNMENT 18 NETWORKING Features: o It is a combination of two or topologies o Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included Advantages: o Reliable as Error detecting and troubleshooting is easy o Effective o Scalable as size can be increased easily o Flexible Disadvantages: o Complex in design o Costly M1 Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems Networking principles The network layer itself relies on the following principles: Each network layer entity is identified by a network layer address This address is independent of the datalink layer addresses that it may use ASSIGNMENT 19 NETWORKING The service provided by the network layer does not depend on the service or the internal organization of the underlying datalink layers The network layer is conceptually divided into two planes: the data plane and the control plane The data plane contains the protocols and mechanisms that allow hosts and routers to exchange packets carrying user data Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer protocol of the TCP/IP protocol suite IP allows the applications running above the transport layer (UDP/TCP) to use a wide range of heterogeneous datalink layers IP was designed when most point-to-point links were telephone lines with modems Since then, IP has been able to use Local Area Networks (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ), new wide area data link layer technologies (X.25, ATM, Frame Relay, ) and more recently wireless networks (802.11, 802.15, UMTS, GPRS, ) LO2 Explain networking devices and operations P3 Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types Network Operating Principles Rules that Govern Communications  Protocol suites are implemented by hosts and networking devices in software, hardware or both  The protocols are viewed in terms of layers, with each higher level service depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels ASSIGNMENT 20 NETWORKING Network Protocols  Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging messages between devices  Some common networking protocols are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Protocol (IP) ASSIGNMENT 21 NETWORKING Devices Protocol Interaction Communication between a web server and web client is an example of an interaction between several protocols: HTTP - an application protocol that governs the way a web server and a web  client interact  TCP - transport protocol that manages the individual conversations  IP – encapsulates the TCP segments into packets, assigns addresses, and delivers to the destination host Ethernet - allows communication over a data link and the physical  transmission of data on the network media Protocol Suites and Industry Standards  A protocol suite is a set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services  May be specified by a standards organization or developed by a vendor  The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, the protocols are freely available, and any vendor is able to implement these protocols on their hardware or in their software  ASSIGNMENT 22 NETWORKING P4 Discuss the interdependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software Diskless workstations have their operating systems in the server When workstation needs to use a network component like a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component I.e server has to communicate on behalf of all the diskless workstations This can lead to congestions and increase in traffic Diskless workstations have their operating systems in the server When workstation needs to use a network component like a printer, the server will have to communicate with that network component I.e server has to communicate on behalf of all the diskless workstations This can lead to congestions and increase in traffic Also, all the network computers are using the server hard disk, CPU, Memory and etc workstation (Client) hardware has to wait until server hardware provides the data it requested So the bottom line is deploying diskless workstations/ Network computers in the network will increase the Interdependence of workstation hardware Therefore it is very important to install reliable hardware and software components in the server, and implement backup techniques and redundancy techniques for the server Performance evaluation Conclusion Critical evaluation ASSIGNMENT 23 ... 22 ASSIGNMENT NETWORKING ASSIGNMENT A Introduction In my report, I am going a detailed guide that outlines the principles, models, and network equipment for network training purposes... LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards What is a network? In information technology, a network is... *Other types of networks: Wireless LAN (WLAN) Storage Area Network (SAN) P2 Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements Network Topologies Network topology