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hand book KEY NOTES TERMS DEFINITIONS FORMULAE Chemistry Highly Useful for Class XI & XII Students, Engineering & Medical Entrances and Other Competitions hand book KEY NOTES TERMS DEFINITIONS FORMULAE Chemistry Highly Useful for Class XI & XII Students, Engineering & Medical Entrances and Other Competitions Preeti Gupta Supported by Saleha Khan Shahana Ansari ARIHANT PRAKASHAN, (SERIES) MEERUT Arihant Prakashan (Series), Meerut All Rights Reserved © Publisher No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, web or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher Arihant has obtained all the information in this book from the sources believed to be reliable and true However, Arihant or its editors or authors or illustrators don’t take any responsibility for the absolute accuracy of any information published and the damages or loss suffered there upon All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only Administrative & Production Offices Regd Office ‘Ramchhaya’ 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi -110002 Tele: 011- 47630600, 43518550; Fax: 011- 23280316 Head Office Kalindi, TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002 Tele: 0121-2401479, 2512970, 4004199; Fax: 0121-2401648 Sales & Support Offices Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bareilly, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jhansi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Meerut, Nagpur & Pune ISBN : 978-93-13196-49-5 Published by Arihant Publications (India) Ltd For further information about the books published by Arihant log on to www.arihantbooks.com or email to info@arihantbooks.com /arihantpub /@arihantpub Arihant Publications /arihantpub PREFACE Handbook means reference book listing brief facts on a subject So, to facilitate the students in this we have released this Handbook of Chemistry this book has been prepared to serve the special purpose of the students, to rectify any query or any concern point of a particular subject This book will be of highly use whether students are looking for a quick revision before the board exams or just before other examinations like Engineering Entrances, Medical Entrances or any similar examination, they will find that this handbook will answer their needs admirably This handbook can even be used for revision of a subject in the time between two shift of the exams, even this handbook can be used while travelling to Examination Centre or whenever you have time, less sufficient or more The format of this handbook has been developed particularly so that it can be carried around by the students conveniently The objectives of publishing this handbook are : — To support students in their revision of a subject just before an examination — To provide a focus to students to clear up their doubts about particular concepts which were not clear to them earlier — To give confidence to the students just before they attempt important examinations However, we have put our best efforts in preparing this book, but if any error or what so ever has been skipped out, we will by heart welcome your suggestions A part from all those who helped in the compilation of this book a special note of thanks goes to Ms Shivani of Arihant Publications Author CONTENTS Basic Concepts of Chemistry — Dalton's Atomic Theory — Matter — Mole Concept — Atoms and Molecules — Atomic Mass — Physical Quantities and — Molecular Mass — — — — Their Measurement Units Dimensional Analysis Scientific Notation Precision and Accuracy Laws of Chemical Combinations — Equivalent Mass — Stoichiometry — Per cent Yield — Empirical and Molecular Formulae Atomic Structure — — — — — — — — — 1-14 — Chemistry Atom Electron Proton Neutron Thomson's Atomic Model Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom Atomic Number Mass Number Electromagnetic Wave Theory (Maxwell) 15-29 — — — — — — — — Planck's Quantum Theory Bohr's Model Sommerfeld Extension to Bohr's Model de-Broglie Principle Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom Quantum Numbers Electronic Configuration Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 30-42 — Classification of Elements — Mendeleev's Periodic Table — Earlier Attempts of — Modern Periodic Table Classify Elements — Periodic Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure — Chemical Bond — Resonance — Ionic Bond — VSEPR Theory — Born Haber Cycle — VBT Theory — Covalent Bond — Hybridisation — Octet Rule — MO Theory — Bond Characteristics — Hydrogen Bond — Dipole Moment — Metallic Bond 43-59 — Fajan's Rule States of Matter — Factors Deciding Physical State of a Substance 60-72 — Graham's Law Diffusion — Dalton's Law — The Gaseous state — Kinetic Theory of Gases — Boyle's Law — Van der Waals' Equation — Charles' Law — Liquefaction of Gases and — Gay Lussac's Law Critical Points — Liquid State — Avogadro's Law — Ideal Gas Equation The Solid State — Structure of Ionic Crystals — Bragg's Equation — Imperfections Defects in Solids — Unit Cell — Point Defects — Seven Crystal Systems — Classification of Solids on the — Packing Fraction Basis of Electrical Conductivity — Magnetic Properties of Solids — Coordination Number — Density of Unit Cell 73-86 — Solids 87-100 Thermodynamics — Thermodynamic — — — — — Properties Thermodynamic Process Internal Energy (E or U) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Enthalpy (H) — Various forms of Enthalpy of — — — — — — Reaction Laws of Thermochemistry Bond Enthalpy Entropy (S) Spontaneous Process Second Law of Thermodynamics Joule Thomson Effect — Carnot Cycle — Third Law of Thermodynamics — Gibbs Free Energy 101-107 Chemical Equilibrium — Physical and Chemical — Law of Mass Action Processes — Types of Chemical Reactions — Equilibrium State — Relation Between Kc and Kp — Types of Equilibrium — Reaction Quotient — Le-Chatelier's Principle 108-120 Ionic Equilibrium — Electrolytes — Calculation of the Degree — — — — 10 of Dissociation (a) Ostwald's Dilution Law Acids and Bases The pH Scale Dissociation Constant of — — — — 121-135 Solutions — Solubility — Azeotropic Mixture — Henry's Law — Colligative Properties — Concentration of — Osmotic Properties Solutions — Raoult's Law 11 — Weak Acid and Weak Base Buffer Solutions Salts Common Ion Effect Solubility Product Acid Base Indicator — Abnormal Molecular Masses — van't Hoff Factor (i) 136-143 Redox Reactions — Oxidation Number — Balancing of Redox Chemical Equations 12 144-159 Electrochemistry — Conductors — Electrochemical Series — Electrochemical Cell and — Nernst Equation Electrolytic Cell — Electrode Potential — Reference Electrode — Electromotive Force (emf) of a Cell — Concentration Cell — Conductance (G) — Specific Conductivity — Molar Conductivity — Kohlrausch's Law — Electrolysis — Batteries — Faraday's Laws of — Fuel Cells Electrolysis 13 — Corrosion Chemical Kinetics — Rate of Reaction 160-169 — Methods to Determine Order of Reaction — Rate Law Expressions 14 — Rate Constant — Arrhenius Equation — Order and Molecularity of — Activated Complex a Reaction — Zero Order Reactions — First Order Reactions — Pseudo First Order Reaction — Role of Catalyst in a Chemical Surface Chemistry — Adsorbtion Reaction — Theory of Reaction Rates — Photochemical Reactions — Enzyme Catalysis 170-179 — Catalysis 15 16 Colloidal State 180-187 — Classification of Colloids — Preparation of Colloids — — Purification of Colloidal — Solutions — Properties of Colloidal — — Solution Protective Colloids Emulsion Gels Applications of Colloids Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements 188-203 — Elements in Nature — Purification of Crude Metals — Minerals and Ores — Occurance and Extraction of — Metallurgy Some Metals — Thermodynamic Principle in Extraction of Metals 17 Hydrogen 204-216 — Position of Hydrogen in the — Water Periodic Table — Dihydrogen — Different Forms of Hydrogen — Heavy Water — Soft and Hard Water — Hydrogen Peroxide ... analysis of chemical substances In addition to these, biochemistry, war chemistry, nuclear chemistry, forensic chemistry, earth chemistry etc., are other branches of chemistry 2 Handbook of Chemistry. .. part of hydrogen or parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts of chlorine wt of metal Eq wt of metal = × 1.008 wt of H displaced or = wt of metal ×8 wt of oxygen combined or = wt of metal × 35.5 wt of chlorine... Concepts of Chemistry Chemistry It is the branch of science which deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is called the father of chemistry Branches of