Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Direct identification of hydrophobins and their processing in Trichoderma using intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS docx

Direct identification of hydrophobins and their processing in Trichoderma using intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS Torsten Neuhof 1 , Ralf Dieckmann 1, *, Irina S. Druzhinina 2 , Christian P. Kubicek 2 , Tiina Nakari-Seta ¨ la ¨ 3 , Merja Penttila ¨ 3 and Hans von Do ¨ hren 1 1 TU Berlin, Institut fu ¨ r Chemie, FG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Berlin, Germany 2 FB Gentechnik und Angewandte Biochemie, Institut fu ¨ r Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria 3 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland Hydrophobins are small proteins thought to be ubi- quitous in filamentous fungi. They are usually present on the outer surfaces of cell walls of hyphae and coni- dia. Here, they mediate interactions between the fun- gus and the environment, such as surface recognition during pathogenic interactions with plants, insects or other fungi, and also in symbiosis. The size of hydro- phobins ranges from approximately 75 to 400 amino acid residues; they contain eight positionally conserved cysteine residues, and can be divided into two classes according to their hydropathy profiles and spacing between the conserved cysteines [1]. The anamorphic fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocre- ales, Ascomycota) contains cosmopolitan soil-borne fungi with economic importance as biocontrol agents and producers of beneficial metabolites and enzymes. In addition, Trichoderma spp. have recently been reported to occur as endophytes, eliciting positive plant responses against potential pathogens [2]. Hydrophobins are likely to play a role in this process, and a hydrophobin gene has in fact recently been isolated that leads to overpro- duction of hydrophobins during endophytic interactions between Trichoderma asperellum and cucumber roots [3]. However, hydrophobins may also be involved in the Keywords fungal biomarker; hydrophobin; intact-cell MS; MALDI-TOF MS; Trichoderma Correspondence H. von Do ¨ hren, TU Berlin, Institut fu ¨ r Chemie, FG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Franklinstr. 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany Fax: +49 30 314 24783 Tel: +49 30 314 22697 E-mail: Doehren@chem.tu-berlin.de *Present address AnagnosTec, Gesellschaft fu ¨ r Analytische Biochemie und Diagnostik mbH, Potsdam- Golm, Germany (Received 19 September 2006, revised 27 November 2006, accepted 6 December 2006) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05636.x Intact-cell MS (ICMS) was applied for the direct detection of hydropho- bins in various species and strains of Hypocrea ⁄ Trichoderma. In both myce- lia and spores, dominating peaks were identified as hydrophobins by detecting mass shifts of 8 Da of reduced and unreduced forms, the analysis of knockout mutants, and comparison with protein databases. Strain-speci- fic processing was observed in the case of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei). An analysis of 32 strains comprising 29 different spe- cies of Trichoderma and Hypocrea showed hydrophobin patterns that were specific at both at the species and isolate (subspecies) levels. The method therefore permits rapid and direct detection of hydrophobin class II com- positions and may also provide a means to identify Trichoderma (and other fungal) species and strains from microgram amounts of biomass without prior cultivation. Abbreviations HFB, hydrophobin; ICMS, intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS. FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 841 mechanism of mycoparasitism as well as the coloniza- tion of decaying wood. Our information about the roles of hydrophobins in the physiology of Trichoderma, as well as in other fungi, is mostly derived from reversed genetics. Little is known about the occurrence and processing of the individual hydrophobins on the fungal surface. As a method for the rapid detection of hydrophobins from a large number of small samples, we have investigated the potential of intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS (ICMS). Initial applications of ICMS on fila- mentous fungi have demonstrated characteristic sets of ions for strain identification in mycelia [4–8] and spores [9–12]. We will show here that class II hydro- phobins account for the main characteristic peaks of Trichoderma, as the intact-cell extraction procedure employing a solvent mixture of acetonitrile and methanol is suitable for dissolving these cell wall constituents. Results Identification of new Trichoderma hydrophobins by EST search In order to determine which hydrophobins could potentially be detected in Hypocrea jecorina, we first mined its genome database for members of class II hydrophobins. Besides the well-known HFB1 and HFB2, the HFB3 hydrophobin has been identified by cloning the corresponding gene [13] and further char- acterization of the protein [14]. We here identified HFB4, HFB5, and HFB6. In addition, two hydropho- bin-encloding EST sequences were retrieved from the TrichEST database (http://www.trichoderma.org): one encoding an ortholog of HFB3 from T. longibra- chiatum (L22T11P141R12690, L14T53P137R01628, L22T11P138R12431, and L22T11P137R12300), and the other one encoding an ortholog of HFB1 of T. atroviride (L12T11P119R10608). Their sequence relationships and putative processing sites are illustra- ted in the alignment given in Fig. 1. ICMS analysis of Trichoderma Several strains of Trichoderma were studied initially to examine the effectiveness of ICMS as an analytical method for distinguishing different species of Trichoder- ma. A rapid analytical procedure based on ICMS was established in order to characterize the low-molecular- weight proteometric (up to 20 000 Da) and peptidomet- ric (up to 2000 Da) profiles at the same time. Thirty-two Trichoderma strains belonging to various species were subcultivated on agar plates at an incubation tem- perature of 25 °C and analyzed without further pre- treatments as described in Experimental procedures. Vegetative mycelia or spores were transferred from the biomass growing on agar plates directly to the MALDI sample plate and mixed with an acidic matrix in an organic solvent mixture. An estimated 10 6 cells were used per spot. Data obtained from triplicate samples grown for different times confirmed that the MS analy- ses were reproducible with respect to the characteristic biomarkers obtained. Figure 2 shows typical MALDI- TOF mass spectra of four strains of H. koningii, T. long- ibrachiatum, H. virens and T. atroviride. The spectra Fig. 1. Alignment of the six hydrophobin protein sequences of H. jecorina. Protein accession numbers and first amino acid of the protein after predicted signal peptide cleavage are: HFB1 (P52754; Q17), HFB2 (S62621; A16), HFB3 (trire.GWV1.31.87.1, scaffold 31: 136 622– 136 948; A17), HFB4 (estExt_fgenesh1_pg.C_50116, scaffold 5: 390 006–390 493; D25), HFB5 (trire.GWV1.11.179.1, scaffold 11: 162 998– 163 354; A17), HFB6 (trire.GWV1.3.266.1, scaffold 3: 1 189 586–1 190 177; no predicted signal peptide). Trichoderma hydrophobins T. Neuhof et al. 842 FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS showed a characteristic set of mass peaks in the range of 5–10 kDa, typically including two dominating peaks at approximately m ⁄ z 7000. As mycelia and spores largely remained intact, and the extraction solution contained acetonitrile and methanol, the well-known hydrophobins were suspected to be the signal source, and some were assigned by database analysis. Identification of the class II hydrophobins produced by H. jecorina In order to identify the already known hydrophobin peaks and to validate the method described here, we first performed a detailed analysis of H. jecorina ¼ T. reesei QM 9414. To date, two major hydrophobin (HFB) proteins have been characterized in detail: the 97-residue HFB1-precursor with a molecular mass of 9874.32 Da is processed to a 75 amino acid peptide with a molecular mass of 7540.58 Da, which is further reduced by disulfide bond formation to 7532.58 Da [15]. The 86 residue HFB2 precursor with a mass of 8766.28 Da is processed to a 71 amino acid peptide with a calculated molecular mass of 7196.42 kDa, and further reduced by disulfide formation to 7188.42 Da [15]. Both hydrophobins were detected as [MH] + sig- nals of the oxidized forms (Hfb1, m ⁄ z 7533; Hfb2, m ⁄ z 7189). A minor peak of m ⁄ z 7041 presumably cor- responds to the processed Hfb2 lacking the terminal Phe (7041.24 Da) (Fig. 3). The same peaks were observed in the spectra obtained from isolated reference substances of HFB1 and HFB2 proteins (Fig. 3C). A second minor peak of m ⁄ z 7229 correlates with oxidized HFB2 cleaved at Ala13 lacking the N-terminal Phe. This tentative corre- Fig. 2. Intact-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra of mycelia and spores of Trichoderma strains. The masses 7347 and 7494 of T. atroviride spores correlate with two proc- essed products of the spore hydrophobin SRH1 [16] cleaved at the N-terminal MQFSI- VALFATGALA site and the C-terminal Phe, respectively. Fig. 3. Intact-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra of H. jecorina strain QM 9414 (D), and the mutant strains QM 9414 Dhfb1 (B) and QM 9414 Dhfb1Dhfb2 (A). HFB I and HFB II indicate the processed hydrophobins. Whereas the HFB I peak is missing in the disruption mutant, the proportions of the processed HFB2 hydrophobins have been shifted. The double knockout (A) has no sig- nificant mass peaks in this region. As a con- trol spectrum, the purified hydrophobins are shown in (C). T. Neuhof et al. Trichoderma hydrophobins FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 843 lation of mass data is achieved by the calculation of successive deletions of terminal amino acid residues of all six hydrophobins providing this single match. A rapid means of identifying peaks corresponding to hydrophobins in MALDI-TOF mass spectra was elab- orated, making use of the fact that hydrophobins con- tain eight cysteines forming four disulfide bonds. Reduction of the four disulfides with dithiothreitol increased the masses of all peaks corresponding to hydrophobins by 8 Da. Thus, the masses of processed HFB1 and HFB2 show shifts from m ⁄ z 7533 to 7541 and from m ⁄ z 7189 to 7197, respectively (supplementary Fig. S1). This characteristic feature of hydrophobins could therefore be used as a diagnostic tool to identify hydrophobin peaks in intact-cell MALDI-TOF spectra. In order to prove that the peaks described above originate from HFB1 and HFB2, hfb1D and hfb1 ⁄ hfb2DD strains were also analyzed to confirm the peak assignments: The double mutant hfb1 – ⁄ hfb2 – did not show HFB1 and HFB2 signals (Fig. 3A), whereas Fig. 4. Intact-cell MALDI-TOF spectra of mycelia (A, C, E) and sporulating mycelia (B, D, F) of three strains of H. jecorina grown on malt agar. The masses displayed have an error of about 0.1%, so peaks of 7232 (A), 7237 (E) and 7234 (F) represent similar peptides. Strain 618 mycelia (A) show a variety of peaks, in contrast to strains 665 and 937, shown in (C) and (E). However, there are only few similarities: 7232 and 7237 in (A) and (E), or 7509 and 7514 in (A) and (C). An obvious shift is the appearance of higher mass peaks upon sporulation, presum- ably related to the only large hydrophobin of H. jecorina. Trichoderma hydrophobins T. Neuhof et al. 844 FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS in the knockout mutant hfbI – , only the respective mass peak was missing (Fig. 3B). Deviating post-translational processing of hydrophobins in H. jecorina strains To investigate strain diversity with respect to meta- bolite production and low-mass proteomics by ICMS, three phylogenetically described isolates of H. jecorina were studied. As shown in Fig. 4, spectra of mycelia and sporulating mycelia directly taken from the plates after 1 or 3 days, respectively, differ in peak compositions and intensities. Surprisingly, all spectra differ with respect to strain QM 9414. Strain CPK 618 mycelia show a prominent signal of m ⁄ z 7232 (Fig. 4A), which disappears in the sporula- tion process, with new signals of m ⁄ z 8859, 8802 and 7521 appearing (Fig. 4B). To obtain a preliminary correlation of observed masses with hydrophobin data, we again calculated from the available sequence data sets of masses for each hydrophobin, succes- sively subtracting terminal residues and introducing disulfide bonds. The m ⁄ z 7232 peptide could thus be tentatively assigned to the hydrophobin HFB3 in the Fig. 4. (Continued). T. Neuhof et al. Trichoderma hydrophobins FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 845 oxidized form, with cleavage of the N-terminal pep- tide at Ala31 and the C-terminal dipeptide at Pro102. The same mass is also observed in strain CPK 937 (Fig. 4E,F) as a prominent signal in myce- lia that almost disappears in the sporulation process. Peaks of m ⁄ z 8858 and 8863 were also observed in sporulating strains CPK 618 and CPK 665, respect- ively (Fig. 4B,D). These correspond in mass to HFB5 with an N-terminal cleavage at Ala8 including oxida- tion (8861 Da). Comparison of the mycelial compositions of strains CPK 665 (Fig. 4C) and CPK 937 (Fig. 4E) shows four major peaks, all differing in mass, but none of them corresponds to the QM 9414 strain (Fig. 3). The main peak of CPK 665, m ⁄ z 7147, correlates with HFB1 with four disulfide bonds, cleaved N-terminally at Arg22 and at the C-terminal tetrapeptide. In QM 9414, HFB1I is not processed C-terminally. The m ⁄ z 6999 peak, the second prominent peak of strain CPK 665, can be assigned to Hfb2 C-terminally cleaved at Lys66 and oxidized. This peak is not present in any other strain investigated. Although they are rather speculative, the interpreted masses agree with verified cleavage sites observed for HFB1 and HFB2 and known sites for signal peptidas- es and Kex2-type peptidases (Table 1). Verification of these assessments by tryptic digestion and sequencing is in progress. Hydrophobin patterns in other T. atroviride and T. longibrachiatum strains T. atroviride A hydrophobin gene (srh1) encoding a class II hydro- phobin with phylogenetic similarity to H. jecorina HFB2 (I. S. Druzhinina and C. P. Kubicek, unpub- lished results) has been found in T. atroviride (therein named ‘T. harzianum’ [16]). The main components of the sporulating mycelia of the same strain (T. atrovi- ride P1) could indeed be assigned to this hydrophobin, assuming similar post-translational processing as for the H. jecorina HFB2 (Fig. 2, top spectrum). The peaks at m ⁄ z 7499 and 7352 correspond to the proc- essed spore hydrophobin SRH1 with the cleaved signal sequence MQFSIVALFATGALA and an additional C-terminal Phe cleavage, respectively, including loss of 8 Da for the disulfide bonds. A minor peak at m ⁄ z 7741 could be tentatively correlated with the SRH1 hydrophobin with N-terminal cleavage of MQFSIVA, C-terminal processing following the two Glu residues of AAAQGTF, and four disulfide bonds. Interestingly, these peaks could not be detected in vegetative mycelia of T. atroviride P1 (Fig. 2), which displayed a similar peak pattern, but with slightly dif- ferent masses of 7181, 7339 and 7739 Da. A database search in TrichoEST for the presence of other T. atro- viride hydrophobins led to the identification of an HFB1-like protein, which, after N-terminal processing (MKFFTAAALFAAVAIA), C-terminal processing (AVGA) and disulfide bond formation, has a mass of 7743 Da. T. longibrachiatum The main mass peak of T. longibrachiatum of m ⁄ z 7242 was assigned to an HFB3-type of hydrophobin identified by searching the TrichoEST database. The 10 235 Da precursor peptide would have been cleaved at the unique Arg site MQFLAVAALLFTAAFAAPSSEAHGL RRR, comprising 3 Arg residues in sequence (underlined), and this would have been followed by the formation of four disulfide bonds, leading to a mass of 7241 Da. ICMS of class II hydrophobins can distinguish Trichoderma strains at the subspecies level The results described above for H. jecorina show that even under carefully controlled culture conditions, different strains of this taxon displayed different MS fingerprints. Because of the ease and speed of the analysis, we investigated whether the hydrophobin class II pattern of Trichoderma could be used in strain diagnosis at the species level. To this end, we selected isolates for 29 different species of Hypo- crea ⁄ Trichoderma and compared their hydrophobin molecular masses. Table 2 shows that, indeed, all of the species tested exhibited a unique combination of peaks with unique molecular masses. It is therefore interesting to note that even phylogenetically closely related species (such as T. hamatum and T. asperel- lum,orT. harzianum and T. fulvum [17], or T. fas- ciculatum and T. strictipile, which were recently revised to be actually the same species [18]), could be clearly separated. This is in accordance with the data on H. jecorina shown above, and implies that hydro- phobin fingerprints can in fact distinguish isolates at the subspecies level. All spectra are compiled in sup- plementary Fig. S2. Discussion Hydrophobin patterns Genome sequencing of filamentous fungi has revealed the presence of multiple hydrophobin genes in filamen- tous fungi. We here report the the sequences of four Trichoderma hydrophobins T. Neuhof et al. 846 FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS new type II hydrophobins for H. jecorina, in addition to the known HFB1 and HFB2. Likewise, we identi- fied new hydrophobins in T. atroviride in addition to the known sporulation-specific one, and in T. longibra- chiatum. Direct MS analysis of mycelia in differing physiologic states provides evidence for differential expression of these genes in relation to the morpho- logic state. However, there is no clear match of the observed mass peaks to the predicted propeptides expected to originate from cleavage of signal peptides. Instead, further processing has been observed, as has been demonstrated before from N-terminal sequence analysis of H. jecorina HFB1 and HFB2. Hydrophobin patterns even suggest strain-specific multiple cleavages of propepides. Hydrophobin processing The export of most type II hydrophobins involves both signal peptide cleavage and maturation of the propep- Table 1. Confirmed and predicted hydrophobin cleavage sites. Strain Hydrophobin Mass N-terminal processing C-terminal cleavage Comments H. jecorina QM 9414 HFB1 7533 EDR ⁄ SNG – Non-Kex2 type protease processing, shown by N-terminal sequencing HFB2 7189 ALA ⁄ AVC – Signal protease at A15, shown by N-terminal sequencing HFB2 7042 ALA ⁄ AVC – F Unknown protease, predicted C-terminal cleavage HFB2 7229 TSA ⁄ LAA – F Signal protease at A13, predicted C-terminal cleavage H. jecorina strains 618 and 937 HFB3 7232 ANA ⁄ FCP PIP ⁄ AI Predicted sites of signal peptidase and predicted C-terminal cleavage by unknown protease HFB4 8862 TVA ⁄ LFI – Predicted cleavage within signal peptide H. jecorina strain 665 HFB1 7147 EDR ⁄ SNG CQT ⁄ AVG Confirmed and predicted non-Kex2 sites HFBII 6999 ALA ⁄ AVC CQK ⁄ AIG Confirmed signal peptide site, predicted non-Kex2 site T. atroviride P1 SRH1 7499 ALA ⁄ SVS – Predicted signal peptide cleavage SRH1 7352 ALA ⁄ SVS – F Predicted signal peptide cleavage, predicted C-terminal cleavage SRH1 7741 IVA ⁄ LFA EE ⁄ AQG Predicted alternative signal peptide cleavage, predicted C-terminal cleavage HFB1 7743 AIA ⁄ GPV CQT ⁄ AVG Predicted signal peptide cleavage, predicted C-terminal cleavage T. longibrachiatum HFB3 7242 RRR ⁄ DQA – Predicted Kex2 site cleavage T. Neuhof et al. Trichoderma hydrophobins FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 847 tides. A considerable amount of information is avail- able on eukaryotic signal peptidase specificities, and cleavage site predictions can be performed using, for example, signalp (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ SignalP/) version 3.0 [19]). Owing to the limited amount of information available on eukaryotic pro- teins, an evaluation of version 2 reported a 78% accu- racy [20]. In this study, a selection of verified and predicted sites for hydrophobins is reported (Table 2). On the basis of confirmed structural data of H. jecorina HFB1, HFB2 and HFB3, we here predict the presence and cleavage patterns of additional hydrophobins. These data are based on calculated masses, which need to be confirmed by other experiments, such as isolation and sequencing work, or indirect studies employing proteinase knockouts or proteinase inhibition. This may indeed be speculative, but provides useful hypo- thetical data based on: (a) selective extraction leading to a limited set of no more than six small proteins; (b) known cleavage sites of signal peptidases and fungal Kex2-like proteinases; and (c) actual structural studies of H. jecorina HFB1 and HFB2. In H. jecorina, maturation of HFB1, HFB2 and HFB3 includes signal protease processing that removes peptides 15 and 16 amino acids in length. This is fol- lowed by propeptide cleavage by a non-Kex2 protein- ase in the case of HFB1, cleaving at a monobasic site, and by Kex2 cleavage in the case of HFB3 [21], Table 2. Biomarker masses of various Hypocrea ⁄ Trichoderma strains detected by ICMS. CBS, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, the Netherlands; DAOM, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Canada; ATTC, American Type Strain Culture Collection, USA. The iden- tity of all strains was verified by sequencing internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and ITS2 and (if necessary) the long intron of tef1, and analyz- ing the sequences by TRICHOKEY [28] and TRICHOBLAST [29]. Species m ⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ zm⁄ z H. tawa CBS 246.63 7014 7214 7718 7895 H. semiorbis CBS 244.63 7024 7570 H. hunua CBS 238.63 7186 7269 7432 7594 7727 H. gelatinosa ATCC 7476 7167 7496 H. citrina CBS 977.69 7171 7440 H. aureoviridis CBS 254.63 7214 7309 7473 7611 T. strigosum CBS 348.93 7129 7490 7634 T. tomentosum CBS 349.93 7171 7399 7501 T. strictipilis CBS 347.93 7155 7346 7490 T. longipile CBS 340.93 7257 7313 7517 T. fasciculatum CBS 118.72 a 7120 7286 H. minutispora CBS 342.93 7282 7459 T. pubescens DAOM 162162 7255 7618 T. viride ATCC 28020 7141 7603 T. stromaticum CBS 101875 7093 T. flavofuscum CBS 248.59 b 7176 7307 T. citrinoviride IMI 232088 7021 7293 7584 7748 T. brevicompactum CBS 109720 7141 T. hamatum CBS 393.92 7055 7342 7616 T. asperellum CBS 358.97 7156 7368 7522 T. croceum DAOM 167068 c 7104 7188 7284 T. fulvum DAOM 175924 7333 7646 T. oblongisporum CBS 343.93 7240 7380 7470 H. lixii CBS 273.78 7223 7429 7835 T. longibrachiatum CBS 816.68 7242 d 7484 H. jecorina QM 9414 7042 e 7189 e 7229 e 7533 f T. spirale CBS 346.93 7202 7481 7721 H. virens CBS 249.59 7183 H. koningii CBS 460.96 7073 7456 T. atroviride ATCC 74058 7186 7344 7744 g T. atroviride (spores) 7352 h 7499 h 7526 7739 i a T. fasciculatum is a synonym of H. strictipilis. b T. flavofuscum is a synonym of H. virens. c T. croceum is a synonym of T. polysporum (¼H. pachybasioides). d Identified as HFB3 type with processing at the Arg site: MQFLAVAALLFTAAFAAPSSEAHGLRRR. e Identified as processed HFB2 (see Fig. 2). f Identified as processed HFB1 (see Fig. 2). g Identified as processed HFB1-type hydrophobin: GPVEVRTGGG- SICPDGLFSNPQCCDTQLLGIIGLGCEVPSQTPRDGADFKNICAKTGDQALCCVLPIAGQDLLCQA. h Identified as processed SRH1 (see Fig. 1). i Identified as processed SRH1: LASVSVCPNGLYSNPQCCGANVLGVAALDCHTPRVDVLTGPIFQAVCAAEGGKQPLCCVVPVAGQDLLCEE. Trichoderma hydrophobins T. Neuhof et al. 848 FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS whereas HFB2 is not cleaved further in the N-teminal region. Mass spectra provide evidence for a C-terminal Phe cleavage for HFB2. The ICMS spectra presented here provide evidence for similar cleavage patterns of hydrophobins HFBIII of H. jecorina and T. longibrachiatum, and SRH1 and HFB1 of T. atroviride, involving signal peptides, Kex2- type processing, and C-terminal amino acid cleavage (Table 2). In addition, the recorded masses provide evidence for alternative processing reactions. One reac- tion concerns alternative signal peptide cleavage sites at Ala13 for H. jecorina HFB2 and at Ala7 for T. atr- oviride SRH1. The predicted sites are compatible with the specificity profiles of signal peptidases, whereas their length is less than the average 15–40 residues. The second type of reaction is the cleavage of C-ter- minal peptides at Ala sites, e.g. at sites + 2 from the last conserved Cys, at Lys-Ala positions, at Glu-Ala positions, or at Thr-Ala positions. These predictions need confirmation by further analysis. Comparing ICMS of bacteria and fungi ICMS provides a rapid means for distinguishing bac- teria, spores, viruses and fungi [4–12]. It has the advantages of being very rapid, using small samples (subcolony amounts) and requiring minimal sample preparation. Bacterial intact-cell MALDI-TOF spectra in the range 2–20 kDa are dominated by a set of ri- bosomal proteins as highly abundant intracellular constituents [22]. This set of about 10–30 defined masses permits the identification at the species and subspecies ⁄ strain level. We here show that in filamen- tous fungi, hydrophobins are the dominating protein masses, whereas ribosomal proteins have not been identified. This result can be ascribed to the unique solubility properties of these hydrophobic proteins. Although there are several hydrophobin genes pre- sent, only a some of these might be expressed under differing physiologic conditions. Thus, it has been reported that the expression of hydrophobins is dependent on the morphologic state of T. atroviride (erroneously described as T. harzianum [16]). It has also been shown that expression and localization of specific hydrophobins in Cladosporium fulvum is dependent on the stages of the plant infection pro- cess, the hydrophobins being either retained on coni- dia and aerial structures or being excreted [23]. In Magnaporthe grisea, it has been demonstrated that the formation of disulfide linkages is required for secretion and cell wall localization [24]. Indeed, we have shown here that sporulating and nonsporulating mycelia of several species differ in hydrophobin composition. Unexpectedly, the patterns observed indicate diverse cleavage reactions of the respective prepropeptides. These patterns are unlikely to be proteolytic artefacts of extraction, as proteases are unlikely to be active in methanol ⁄ acetonitrile mix- tures. As MALDI-TOF MS involves an especially gen- tle ionization process, cleavages of peptide bonds are generally not observed. Differences in hydrophobin processing are thus interpreted as being dependent on the presence and concentrations of specific proteinases acting on the respective propeptides. Hydrophobins as biomarkers for ICMS of filamentous fungi Hydrophobins are proposed to be suitable ICMS bio- markers for the following reasons: (a) fungi contain a set of hydrophobin genes, generally with developmen- tally regulated expression; (b) the hydrophobic pep- tides can be selectively dissolved and rapidly analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS; (c) hydrophobin patterns are diverse, due to post-translational processing; (d) the presence of the characteristic four disulfide bonds can be easily demonstrated by reduction; (e) owing to their fairly small size, sequence information for the hydro- phobins can be obtained by MS; (f) the respective genes are accessible by standard PCR methods; and (g) the variability of hydrophobins is fairly significant, and exceeds the similarities of other biomarkers pro- posed, e.g. ubiquitins. The sensitivity of detection employing the MALDI-TOF technique can be expec- ted to allow the identification of bacterial peptides with  100 microbial cells. Experimental procedures Reagents and standards 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid from Anagnostec (Potsdam, Germany) was used as the matrix for MALDI-TOF experi- ments. Trifluoroacetic acid, ethanol, acetonitrile and meth- anol from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) were used as solvents. The reference hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII were purified by two-phase separation and RP-HPLC puri- fication as described previously [25]. Microbial strains and cultivations The strains of H. jecorina used were: the wild-type strains QM 6a, TUB F-1038 (CPK 618), TUB F-733 (CPK 665) and CBS 498.97 (CPK 937) (all described in [26]); the cellu- lase moderately overproducing mutant strain QM 9414 (ATTC 26921) [27]; and QM 9414 Dhfb1 (VTT D-99724 T. Neuhof et al. Trichoderma hydrophobins FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 849 [28]) and QM 9414 Dhfb1Dhfb2 (VTT D-99725 [25]). Other Trichoderma spp. strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Hypocrea jecorina QM 9414 and its mutants were cultiva- ted in liquid cultures on microtiter plates (200 lL volume) for 4 days in buffered minimal medium [15] complemented with 3% glucose and 0.2% peptone. The other strains of H. jecorina, as well as strains of other Trichoderma spp., were cultivated on malt extract agar (3%) at 25 °C. Extraction and preparation of mycelia for MALDI-TOF analysis A few micrograms of fungal mycelia were suspended in acetonitrile ⁄ methanol ⁄ water (1 : 1 : 1), and 1 lL of the sus- pension was directly spotted onto target wells of a 100-posi- tion sample plate and immediately mixed with 1 lLof matrix solution [10 mgÆmL )1 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in acetonitrile ⁄ methanol ⁄ water (1 : 1 : 1) and 0.3% trifluoro- acetic acid]. The sample matrix mixture was allowed to air dry prior to analysis. Alternatively, freeze-dried mycelium obtained from shaken cultures or fungi grown on plates was homogenized in 60% ethanol and centrifuged at 13 000 g using a Beckman Microfuge 11 (Beckman Coulter, Unterscheissheim, Germany). One microliter of the protein solution was spotted on a MALDI target plate and mixed with matrix. Reduction of disulfide bonds For reduction of proteins containing disulfide bonds, cells were suspended in 60% methanol, vortexed, and centri- fuged at 13 000 g using a Beckman Microfuge 11, and the supernatant was concentrated to dryness. The residual was redissolved in 50 mm Tris ⁄ HCl (pH 8) and 1 mm dithio- threitol and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Microbial characterization by MALDI-TOF MS analysis MS measurements were performed on a VOYAGER DE- PRO TOF mass spectrometer from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA). Mass spectra were acquired in lin- ear delayed extraction mode using an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and a low mass gate of 1500 Da. For desorption of the components, a nitrogen laser beam (k ¼ 337 nm) was focused on the template. The laser power was set to just above the threshold of ionization. Spectra for individ- ual specimens were compiled, and results were averaged from at least 100 shots taken across the width of the speci- men for m ⁄ z values of 2000–20 000. In the linear mode, the resolution was 2000, and the mass accuracy was 1000 p.p.m. (0.1%). Calibration was done with the H. jeco- rina HFB1 protein with the 7533 Da calculated average atomic mass. All masses determined correspond to average atomic masses. MS analysis of low-molecular-mass peptides Measurements were performed in the delayed extraction mode, allowing the determination of monoisotopic mass values. A low mass gate of 800 Da improved the measure- ment by filtering out the most intensive matrix ions. The mass spectrometer was used in the positive ion detection and reflector mode. Database search and alignments ) H. jecorina hydrophobins The H. jecorina genome (http://gsphere.lanl.gov/trire1/ trire1.home.html) was screened for hydrophobin-encoding genes by using the tblastn (protein versus translated nuc- leotide) program. We used the hydrophobin class II protein sequences of other fungal species as queries to search the H. jecorina genome. Then, all putative hydrophobins, inclu- ding the newly identified hydrophobin from H. jecorina, were used to identify further proteins with similar domains, and finally all hypothetical proteins encoding hydrophobins from the annotated genomes of the Broad Institute (http:// www.broad.mit.edu/), Neurospora crassa, Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) and Magnaporthe griseae, were also used. Calculations of monoisotopic molecular masses of hydro- phobins was performed with the expasy proteomics server (http://www.expasy.org/) or the peptide mass calculator (http://rna.rega.kuleuven.ac.be/masspec/pepcalc.htm). To correlate observed mass peak data, masses of various N- and C-terminally processed and oxidized peptides were calculated and compared. Acknowledgements This work was supported by a fellowship from the Deut- sche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Do270 ⁄ 10) and by the Fifth Framework program (Quality of Life and Man- agement of Living Resources; Project EUROFUNG 2; QLK3-1999-00729) of the European Community. The T. reesei genome sequencing project was funded by the Department of Energy. The authors thank M. Salohei- mo for helpful comments and discussions. References 1 Linder MB, Szilvay GR, Nakari-Setala T & Penttila ¨ ME (2005) Hydrophobins: the protein-amphiphiles of filamentous fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29, 877–896. Trichoderma hydrophobins T. Neuhof et al. 850 FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS [...]... expression of the vegetative and spore-bound hydrophobins of Trichoderma reesei ) cloning and characterization of the hfb2 gene Eur J Biochem 248, 415–423 Munoz G, Nakari-Setala T, Agosin E & Penttila M ¨ ¨ (1997) Hydrophobin gene srh1, expressed during sporulation of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum Curr Genet 32, 225–230 Druzhinina I & Kubicek CP (2005) Species concepts and biodiversity in Trichoderma. .. Baron M, Parriche M & Kubicek CP (1998) Role of endoproteolytic dibasic proprotein processing in maturation of secretory proteins in Trichoderma reesei Appl Environ Microbiol 64, 3202–3208 Dieckmann R, Kaesler I, Graeber I, Szewzyk U & von Dohren H (2005) Rapid screening and dereplication of ¨ microbial isolates from marine sponges by intact-cellMALDI-TOF mass spectrometry J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol... Penttila M (2001) The hydrophobins HFBI and ¨ HFBII from Trichoderma reesei showing efficient interactions with nonionic surfactants in aqueous two-phase systems Biomacromolecules 2, 511–517 Druzhinina IS, Schmoll M, Seiboth B & Kubicek CP (2006) Global carbon utilization profiles of wild-type, mutant, and transformant strains of Hypocrea jecorina Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 2126–2133 Askolin S, Penttila M,... Trichoderma and Hypocrea Fungal Genet Biol 42, 813–828 29 Kopchinskiy A, Komon M, Kubicek CP & Druzhinina IS (2005) TrichoBLAST: a multilocus database for Trichoderma and Hypocrea identifications Mycol Res 109, 658–660 Supplementary material The following supplementary material is available online: Doc S1 Sequence data of hydrophobins Fig S1 Dithiothreitol reduction of H jecorina QM 9414 hydrophobins 852... The Trichoderma reesei hydrophobin genes hfb1 and hfb2 have diverse functions in fungal development FEMS Microbiol Lett 253, 281–288 Druzhinina IS, Kopchinskiy AG, Komon M, Bissett J, Szakacs G & Kubicek CP (2005) An oligonucleotide FEBS Journal 274 (2007) 841–852 ª 2007 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2007 FEBS 851 Trichoderma hydrophobins T Neuhof et al barcode for species identification in Trichoderma. .. hydrophobins 852 Fig S2 Intact-cell MALDI-TOF spectra (6000– 10 000 m ⁄ z) of Trichoderma ⁄ Hypocrea strains All indicated masses have been identified as hydrophobins by an m ⁄ z shift of 8 upon dithiothreitol reduction This material is available as part of the online article from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com Please note: Blackwell Publishing is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supplementary... Stage-specific cellular localisation of two hydrophobins during plant infection by the pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum Fungal Genet Biol 41, 624–631 Kershaw MJ, Thornton CA, Wakley GE & Talbot NJ (2005) Four conserved intramolecular disulphide linkages are required for secretion and cell wall localization of a hydrophobin during fungal morphogenesis Mol Microbiol 56, 117–125 Linder M, Selber K, Nakari-Setala... ¨ and characterization of the HFBIII hydrophobin of Trichoderma reesei VIIp-9 8th European Conference on Fungal Genetics, 8–11 April, Vienna, Austria, book of abstracts (Druzhinina IS, Kopchinskiy AG & Kubicek CP, eds), p 264 VTT Publications, Espoo 15 Nakari-Setala T, Aro N, Ilmen M, Munoz G, Kalkki¨ ¨ nen N, Alatalo E & Penttila M (1997) Differential ¨ Trichoderma hydrophobins 16 17 18 19 20 21 22... ionization time -of- flight mass spectrometry and its application to the analysis of fungal spores Pharmacy Pharmacol Commun 6, 107–111 13 Penttila M, Nakari-Setala T, Fagerstrom R, Selber K, ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Kula M-R, Linder M & Tjerneld F (2000) Process for partitioning of proteins International Patent Application PCT ⁄ Fi00 ⁄ 00249, 24.3.2000 14 Rintala E, Linder M & Nakari-Setala T (2006) Isolation ¨ ¨ and characterization... with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry Holzforschung 59, 374–377 5 Valentine NB, Wahl JH, Kingsley MT & Wahl KL (2002) Direct surface analysis of fungal species by matrix-assisted laser desorption ⁄ ionization mass spectrometry Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16, 1352–1357 6 Bryden WA, Lalekos MA & Morgan JS (2001) Methods for using mass spectrometry to identify and classify filamentous fungi, yeasts, molds and . Direct identification of hydrophobins and their processing in Trichoderma using intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS Torsten Neuhof 1 , Ralf Dieckmann 1, *, Irina. detection of hydrophobins from a large number of small samples, we have investigated the potential of intact-cell MALDI-TOF MS (ICMS). Initial applications of