This page intentionally left blank P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Constructing Civil Liberties Discontinuities in the Development of American Constitutional Law The modern jurisprudence of civil liberties and civil rights is best understood not as the outgrowth of an applied philosophical project involving the application of principles to facts, but as a developmental product of diverse, institutionalized currents of reformist political thought This book demonstrates that rights of individuals in the criminal justice system, workplace, and school were the endpoint of a succession of progressive-spirited ideological and political campaigns of statebuilding and reform In advancing this vision of constitutional development, this book integrates the developmental paths of civil liberties law into an account of the rise of the modern state and the reformist political and intellectual movements that shaped and sustained it In doing so, Constructing Civil Liberties provides a vivid, multilayered, revisionist account of the genealogy of contemporary constitutional law and morals Ken I Kersch is assistant professor in the Department of Politics at Princeton University He is recipient of the American Political Science Association’s Edward S Corwin Award (2000) His articles have appeared in Political Science Quarterly, Studies in American Political Development, The Public Interest, and The Washington Post He is the author of Freedom of Speech: Rights and Liberties Under the Law (2003) and The Supreme Court and American Political Development (2005, with Ronald Kahn) i P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 For Barbara and Robert Kersch, and In memory of Sylvia Schillinger ii May 19, 2004 8:36 P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Constructing Civil Liberties Discontinuities in the Development of American Constitutional Law KEN I KERSCH Princeton University iii cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521811781 © Ken I Kersch 2004 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-21156-0 eBook (EBL) 0-511-21333-6 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-81178-1 hardback 0-521-81178-3 hardback isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-01055-9 paperback 0-521-01055-1 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Contents Acknowledgments Introduction The Disintegration of the Historical Conditions That Produce Whiggish Constitutional Histories Toward an Affirmative Theory of Constitutional Development in the New American State A Note on Periodization Cases: Three Sites of the Construction of Civil Liberties in the New Constitutional Nation Toward a Genealogy of Contemporary Constitutional Morals Reconstituting Privacy and Criminal Process Rights page vii 11 13 17 25 27 27 Introduction The Project of Legibility, the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, and the New American State: Introduction Federal “Street Crime” Criminal Process Rights and the Reintegration of the Southern Periphery into the National Core The Next Reformist Campaign: Prohibition Incorporation and the Black-Frankfurter Debate From Prohibition to Race: The Nationalization and Standardization of Police Procedures The Waning of Fourth and Fifth Amendment Rights in Service of the New Administrative State Race and the Warren-Era Criminal Process Revolution: The March of Domestic Atrocities Conclusion 121 132 Reconstituting Individual Rights: From Labor Rights to Civil Rights Introduction 134 134 29 66 72 84 88 112 v P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Contents vi Labor Individualism and Liberty: The Traditional Ideological Benchmark From Calling to Class: The Ideological Construction of the Union Worker Civil Rights and Labor Rights: Constitutional Progress Creates a New Barrier New Restraints on Civil Liberties in the Interest of (Reconstituted) “Civil Rights” Conclusion Education Rights: Reconstituting the School Introduction: The Absence of Education from Narratives of American Statebuilding Education and the American State before the Statebuilding Era Education in the Statebuilding Era: The Social Construction of Autonomous Intellectual Inquiry and the American State Reviving the Progressive Vision after the Lean Years: The Opportunities of the Crash Court and Classroom in the Mid-Twentieth Century: The New State and the New Pluralism The Limits of Peace: Progress Through Contention Conclusion Conclusion The Rise of Global or World Constitutionalism Integrating the United States into the Global Constitution: How Lawyers and Judges Can Help Conclusion: Constructing Civil Liberties in the New Constitutional Nation List of Cases Index 137 143 188 226 233 235 235 237 249 277 283 325 336 338 341 348 359 363 371 P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Acknowledgments Wislawa Szymborska has described as “Fortune’s darlings” those blessed enough to endlessly discover new challenges in their work, and thus to experience it as an ongoing adventure I am clearly one of Fortune’s darlings The start of my good fortune was to have landed for graduate school in the government department at Cornell University, where the faculty encouraged me to ask and pursue big and interesting questions about politics From the beginning, Ted Lowi, Richard Bensel, Isaac Kramnick, and Jeremy Rabkin guided my studies at Cornell and my work on this project As I see it, this book is part of an ongoing conversation between me and each of these wonderful teachers, and among them I have also been extremely fortunate after moving on from Cornell in finding colleagues and friends whose voices were added to this conversation and whose curiosity and sense of intellectual adventure have contributed immeasurably both to my thinking and to my continued delight in my work Ron Kahn and Keith Whittington have become particularly valued friends and close intellectual companions They have read multiple versions of this manuscript and have discussed it (and much else besides) with me at length Clem Fatovic, Howard Gillman, Mark Graber, Scot Powe, Rogers Smith, and an array of anonymous readers spent a considerable amount of time with earlier versions of the manuscript and provided extensive, extremely helpful critiques In addition, many generous and thoughtful people have read parts of the manuscript and offered highly useful criticisms and suggestions: Herman Belz, Matt Berke, Stephen Bragaw, Tom D’Andrea, Dan Dreisbach, Paul Frymer, Robert George, Lambert Gingras, Dennis Hutchinson, Larry Mead, Stephen Monsma, Alex Moon, Wayne Moore, Andy Moravscik, John Mueller, Carol Nackenoff, Julie Novkov, Grier Stephenson, Jim Stoner, and Art Swenson I have also benefited over the years from related conversations with Jonas Pontusson, Elizabeth Sanders, Martin Shefter, and Sid Tarrow Peter Fish and Murray Dry read the dissertation and provided encouragement and a sustaining vote of confidence at precisely the moment that it was needed Paul Frymer, ✱ vii P1: KDF 0521811783agg.xml viii Kersch 521 81178 May 19, 2004 8:36 Acknowledgments Marie Gottschalk, Mike Klarman, Kevin Kosar, George Lovell, Karen Orren, and Stephen Skowronek kindly shared informative work in progress Generous financial assistance was provided by the Andrew W Mellon Foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, Cornell University, the Princeton University Politics Department, Wiley Vaughan, and The James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton (where I was the inaugural Ann and Herbert W Vaughan Fellow during the 2001–2 academic year) The Madison Program provided me with a leave that not only gave me time to write, but also brought me into regular contact with a host of wonderfully informative, inquisitive, and friendly people who shaped this work in more ways than I could possibly describe The Princeton Politics Department and its chair, Jeff Herbst, were unstinting in their support It is hard to imagine a more stimulating environment in which to work Lew Bateman at Cambridge University Press and Norrie Feinblatt provided expert editorial assistance Clem Fatovic; James Goldman; Ted Holsten; Martin Krusin; Dan Peris; Bhamati Viswanathan; my students at Cornell, Lehigh, and Princeton; and the brothers at Lehigh’s Phi Kappa Theta fraternity were bottomless sources of enthusiasm and encouragement The support and love of my parents, Barbara and Robert Kersch, have been steadiest and deepest of all I dedicate this book to them, and to the memory of my grandmother, Sylvia Schillinger P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 378 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), 320, 324 Ely, Richard, 42 Emancipation Proclamation, 175 Emerson, Thomas, 230 Emigrant Agent Laws, 192 employers as hindrance to educational progress, 244 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 300 English-only instruction, 23, 305 Ensign, Forest, 246, 248, 260 enticement, common law doctrine concerning, 144 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 202, 220–2, 223, 231, 232 equal protection See Fourteenth Amendment equality, 1, 263 conflict with liberty, equitable remedies See labor, injunctions Espionage Act, 83 establishment clause, 327, 328, 330, 336 and schools, 23, 273, 307, 309, 315, 316, 319, 320, 325, 337 Ethics and Politics (J Dewey), 160 eugenics, 20, 29, 299–300 Europe as developmental model, 75, 76, 235, 339, 345 European Union, 343 evolution, 276, 311 See also Darwinism Exclusionary Rule, 73, 81, 128–9, 130–2 See also Fourth Amendment Exhaustion Doctrine, 71 expression, freedom of See speech, freedom of Fabian socialists See socialism, Fabian; Webb, Sydney and Beatrice facts statebuilding and, 53–4, 56, 59, 263 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index Fair Employment Practices Commission, 178, 200, 206 Fair Labor Standards Act, 116 fair representation, duty of, 62, 209, 217 “Fair Trial” rule See criminal procedure, fair trials Fairman, Charles, 111 family as hindrance to educational progress, 23, 244, 252, 268–9, 278, 281, 284, 307 need to reform in interest of nationbuilding, 23, 282, 337, 347 See also divorce; marriage farmers and aid to education, 243 See also Grange Farmer’s Alliance, 243 Fascism, 92, 94, 292–3, 295 Faulkner, William, 92 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 117–20 Federal Trade Commission, 49, 59, 65–72 as scientific investigator, 61 Federal Trade Commission Act, 59, 65, 116 Section Four, 59 Section Nine, 59 federalism, 33, 85, 183, 237, 250–1, 348 Federalist Papers (Madison, Hamilton, and Jay), 338 Federalists, 139 feminism, 15, 231, 232 See also social movements, women’s movement Feudalism, 137 Field, Stephen J., 51 and labor, 139, 141, 142 and privacy, 48–9, 50, 51, 56, 61, 116 Fifth Amendment in antitrust cases, 64 as barrier to state development, 30, 50, 73, 83 in Boyd case, 47–8 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index and civil rights, 210 double jeopardy provision, 84 as embodying natural rights, 83 and Interstate Commerce Commision fact gathering, 62 and privacy and publicity, 18–21, 112–20 self-incrimination privilege (constitutional), 37, 125 self-incrimination privilege (nonconstitutional or “witness”), 37, 38, 50 before statebuilding era, 36–7 Whiggish developmental narratives of, 27–9 See also Takings Clause Finch, Atticus, 96 Finegan, T E., 264 First Amendment See assembly, freedom of; association, freedom of; church-state separation; free exercise, establishment clause; intellectual freedom; speech, freedom of Fonda, Henry, 95, 96 food and drugs, regulation of, 44 Footnote Four (United States v Carolene Products), 336 Force Act (1870), 70 Ford Motor Company, 229 formalism, legal, 10–11, 184, 339 Fortas, Abe on education, 286–7 Foster, William Z., 193 Fourteenth Amendment, 140, 141, 183, 273 due process, 90, 103, 182, 207, 303 equal protection, 70, 103, 107, 110, 111, 182, 223–4, 336 privileges and immunities, 103, 107 See also State Action Doctrine Fourth Amendment as barrier to state development, 30, 50, 73, 74, 83, 113–17 in Boyd case, 47–8 as embodying natural rights, 83 May 31, 2004 23:12 379 before statebuilding era, 35–6 and Federal Trade Commission fact gathering, 60, 62, 65 in Interstate Commerce Commission cases, 64 origins of, 34 and privacy and publicity, 18–21, 112–20 Prohibition cases, 78–84 Whiggish developmental narratives of, 27–9 See also search and seizure France antialcohol initiatives, 75 as developmental model, 261 Franco, Francisco, 292 See also fascism Franco-Prussian War, 262 Frank, Jerome, 291 Frank, Leo, 71, 89 Frankfurter, Felix, 61, 151, 309 and church-state separation, 316–17 and civil rights, 218, 327 and criminal procedure, 130 debate with Hugo Black about judicial power, 86–7 on education, 309 on labor and industrial democracy, 159, 166–7, 170, 172, 174, 180, 202 and privacy, 114–15 Franklin, Benjamin, 138, 139 Frazier, E Franklin, 194 Frederick the Great, 261, 264 free association, 24 free exercise of religion, 23, 24 and free speech, 287 free labor ideology, 162, 197 freedmen, aid to, 242 Freedmen’s Bureau, 240 Freemasons, 270 French Revolution, 302 Freud, Sigmund, 301 Freudianism, 304 Freund, Ernst, 248 friendship, 347 Fuller, Lon, 294 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index 380 Galileo, 274 gambling, 73, 299 lotteries, 73 Garvey, Marcus, 191 gay rights, 120, 358 and narratives of constitutional development, 17 same-sex marriage, 340, 354 George III, 34 George, Lloyd, 76 Germany, 292 competition with as influence on Prohibition, 75 as model for development concerning education, 246, 253, 261–2, 266, 278, 339 Gettysburg Address, 178 Gideon’s Trumpet (A Lewis), 96 Gillman, Howard, 56, 289 Gilmore, Grant, 291 Ginger, Ray, 288 Godkin, E L., 56 Goldberg, Arthur, 218 Goldman, Eric, 225 Goldmark, Alice, 58 Goldsmith, Jack, 352 Gompers, Samuel, 202, 215 Goodnow, Frank, 266 The Gospel of the Kingdom (C Stetzle), 78 Graber, Mark, Graham, Hugh Davis, grand juries See juries Grange, 243 See also farmers; Granger Laws Granger Laws, 177, 202 Grant, Ulysses S., 139 and education, 240, 241, 305 Great Britain antialcohol initiatives, 75 as developmental model, 261 Great Depression, 94, 211, 279 Great Migration See blacks, Great Migration Great Society, Greenawalt, Kent, 314 Greenberg, Jack, 130, 220–1, 222 Greene, Nathan, 172, 180, 228 Griffith, D W., 69 Gronlund, Laurence, 245–6, 251 group rights See rights, group Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (S Kramer), 288 Gurstein, Rochelle, 57 gypsies, 92 habeas corpus, 68, 70, 71 Habeas Corpus Act (1863), 68 Habeas Corpus Act (1867), 68 Hadley, Arthur, 266 Hague, Frank, 303 Hall, Livingston, 44 Hamburger, Philip, 3, 313 Hamilton, Alexander, 45, 237 Hamiltonianism, 14 Hampton Institute, 192 Hand, Learned, 275, 284, 335 Handler, Milton, 60–1, 116 harassment hostile environment, 216, 232–3 racial, 232 sexual, 231 Harlan, John Marshall (the first), 51, 66, 143, 145, 184 appeals to Black-Frankfurter debate, 86–7 Harlan, John Marshall (the second) on criminal procedure, 125 Harriman, E H., 41, 63 Harris, Abram, 194 Harvard University, 306, 322 Law School, 44, 293–4, 325 Hatch Act, 243 Hayes, Rutherford B., 241, 242 Hegel, G W F., 235, 236, 245 Henkin, Louis, 104 Hepburn, Bill, 52 High Noon (S Kramer), 288 Hitler, Adolph, 92, 296 Hitler-Stalin Pact, 283, 292 Hoar, George F., 240 Hobbes, Thomas, 44 Hofstadter, Richard, 288 Holley, Charles, 259, 264 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 183 as civil libertarian, 291–2, 309 and constitutional privacy, 63, 65–6 on criminal procedure, 90 as Darwinist, 148–52, 159 on Fourth Amendment, 65, 74 on freedom of speech, 188, 230 on labor, 147–52, 153, 168 Holmes, Stephen, 64 homosexuality See gay rights Hoover, Herbert, 82, 84, 94 Inaugural Address, 82, 84 and Parker nomination, 198 Hughes, Charles Evans, 90, 328 human rights, 349 and U.S Constitution, 103–11 Proposed Covenant on Human Rights (1948), 104, 106, 110 See also social movements, human rights movement Humphrey, Hubert, 323 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 150 Illinois Steel Company, 51 immigrants, 20, 69 assimilation of, 305 as impediments to progress, 28, 74, 284 and World War I, 192 See also Nativism immunity statutes, 38–9 income tax See taxes incorporation of Bill of Rights, 81, 84–8, 130 independent regulatory commissions, 49 Indian Bureau, U.S., 40 individualism, 188–95, 268, 280 industrial democracy, 22, 159–67, 178, 187, 188, 198, 202, 205, 210, 226 Inherit the Wind (S Kramer), 288 injunctions See labor, injunctions intellectual freedom, 252, 309–22 intellectuals, 294 May 31, 2004 23:12 381 intercurrence, 8, 9, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 88, 132, 135, 234, 308, 340, 360 Interior, U.S Department of, 239, 263 Bureau of Education, U.S., 239–40, 242, 259, 260, 261 Internal Revenue Act (1866), 68 Internal Revenue Service, 50 International Convention on All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 350 International Convention on the Rights of the Child, 350 International Convention on Torture, 350 International Covenant on All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 350 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 350 International Covenant on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 104, 105, 110, 350 International Criminal Court, 345 international law, 343, 349–58 customary international law, 344, 349, 350–7 Law of Nations, 351 See also United Nations Charter; treaties Interstate Commerce Commission, 41, 49, 51–2, 53, 177, 250 and Supreme Court, 62–4, 112 Interstate Commerce Commission Act, 62 Ivers, Gregg, 316 Jackson, Andrew, 139 Jackson, Robert, 285–6, 311–12 Jacksonianism, 14, 139, 141, 162 Jefferson, Thomas, 138, 139, 237, 314, 316 Jeffersonianism, 14, 138, 162 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 92, 99, 227, 256, 285–6, 287, 291 Jews, 92, 291–2 and church-state separation, 316, 317 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 382 Jim Crow South, 91, 189 criminal procedure in, 28, 69–72 Joffre, Marhal, 76 Johns Hopkins University, 266 Johnson, Hugh, Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 221–2 Johnston, Henry Alan, 83 Jouett, Edward, 60 Judd, C H., 258 Judgment at Nuremberg (S Kramer), 289 judicial activism, 2, judicial power See courts judicial restraint, judicial review, 2, 6, 275 juries, 70, 71, 72, 82, 89, 99, 101, 113, 125 grand juries, 116 jurisdiction, federal court, 28, 70, 273 extension of criminal jurisdiction to control South, 67–8, 133 Jurisdiction and Removal Act (1875), 68 Justice, U.S Department of, 263, 353 Kalvan, Harry, 282 Kant, Immanuel, 347 Kaufman, Irving, 353 Kelley, Florence, 247 Kennedy, John F as Catholic, 322 on civil rights, 220–1, 222 Kent, James, 338 Kersh, Rogan, 14 Keynes, John Mayard, 173 Kilpatrick, William H., 279, 280–2 Klarman, Michael, 4, 70, 89, 90, 98 on minimalist constitutional interpretation, 70, 72 Knights of Labor, 91, 246, 248 Knox, Samuel, 237 Koestler, Arthur, 95 Koh, Harold, 351, 353, 354 Konvitz, Milton, 106 Kramer, Stanley, 288–9 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index Kryder, Daniel, 92–3, 94, 200, 206 Ku Klux Klan, 75, 288, 309 and education, 241, 256, 265, 270, 305 Ku Klux Klan Act (1871), 70, 129 Kyoto Protocol, 345 labor common law concerning, 144–5 constitutionalism and, 17, 162, 164–5 and freedom of speech, 215–17 injunctions, 22, 145, 148, 155, 163, 194, 205, 217 movement, 3, 15 and New Deal, 10 protective legislation, 152, 175 as public sphere, 160–1 as a social problem, 85, 86, 91 rights, and civil rights, 21–3, 134 unions, 144–7, 161, 162–3 and publicity, 54 wages, 164 See also boycotts; child labor; collective bargaining; conspiracies; enticement; industrial democracy; parading; picketing, labor; producer ethic; strikes The Labor Injunction (Frankfurter and Greene), 172 laboratory conditions doctrine See speech, freedom of, laboratory conditions doctrine Lafayette College, 253 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 299 The Law of Peoples (J Rawls), 345 Lawrence, Jerome, 288 Landis, James, 60 Larson, Edward, 274, 277, 288 Laski, Harold, 63, 66, 291 Lee, Harper, 96 Lee, Robert E (confederate general), 140 Lee, Robert E (playwright), 288 legal realism, 294 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index legalists intellectuals, 11–13, 349, 350, 354, 359, 360 political theorists, 13 legibility, project of, 30, 73, 79, 112, 118 legitimacy, 11 Lenin, V I., 280, 297 Lerner, Max, 291 Leuchtenburg, William, 254 Leviathan (T Hobbes), 44 Lewis, John L., 175 libel, seditious, 34 liberty, conflict with equality, “Liberty of Contract,” 112, 207 Lieber, Francis, 45 Lilienthal, David, 60–2 as social engineer, 62 Lillich, Richard, 354–6 Lincoln, Abraham, 139 and education, 239 and labor, 163 and temperance, 77 Lippmann, Walter, 52, 56, 335 on Catholicism, 254–5 and education, 254–5, 268, 274–6, 284 on labor and industrial democracy, 159, 161–3, 202 and nationalization of education, 23 and privacy, 58 and science and religion, 253–5, 337 on scientific fact gathering, 52, 53–4, 56 literacy tests, 71 Little Rock Schools Crisis, 111, 326–7, 332 “Living Constitution,” 11, 95–103, 150 Locke, John, 138, 140, 330 labor theory of value, 138 Look (magazine), 326 lotteries See gambling, lotteries loyalty oaths, 282, 309 Lumet, Sydney, 95 Lusky, Louis, 331–2 383 Lutheranism and education, 274 lynching, 72, 99 in films, 95–103 Lynd, Helen Merrell, 170, 269 Lynd, Robert, 170, 269 MacCracken, John H., 261 Macedo, Stephen, 242, 246, 273, 275, 346 MacKinnon, Catherine, 231 Madison, James, 16, 151–2, 197, 267, 347 Magna Carta, 125 Malcolm X, 110 Mann Act, 247 Mann, Horace, 316 Mapp, Dollree, 128 marriage, 299 Marshall, John, 101, 103, 139 Marshall, Thurgood, 223–4 Marx, Karl, 245 on labor, 160 Marxism, 236, 297 Mary, Virgin, 295 Massachusetts Board of Railway Commissioners, 45, 52 Mater et Magistra, 303, 323 See also Catholicism, Second Vatican Council Mayflower Compact, 178 McAndrews and Forbes Company, 64 McCarthy, Joseph, 95, 288 McCarthy, Mary, 313–4 McCarthyism, 277, 282, 288, 290, 296 McCraw, Thomas, 45 McCurdy, Charles, 49 McGreevy, John T., 3, 294, 313 McKenna, Joseph, 153 McReynolds, James Clark, 32 and education, 245, 248, 256, 271–2 and labor, 152, 153, 184 and privacy, 58, 74, 79, 80, 113 Meikeljohn, Alexander, 230 Melville, Lord, 38 Mencken, H L., 275, 289 Merton, Robert K., 290, 306 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 384 Mexican Revolution, 298 Mexicans, 99 Middletown (Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd) education in, 269 labor in, 170–1 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918), 104 Mill, John Stuart, 266 Miller, Justice, and privacy, 49, 50 Minnesota Teachers Association, 264 minorities, 331 See also blacks Minton, Sherman, 311–12 monopolies, 156 Montesquieu, 347 Moore, Wayne, 12 moral philosophy distinguished from developmental analysis, moral zeal and Prohibition, 77 Morgan, J P., 41 Morrill Act, 239, 243, 260 Moscow trials, 95, 283 muckrakers, 42 multiculturalism, 272, 347 multiple orders, 18, 26, 340 Mumford, Lewis, 294 Murchison, Kenneth, Murphy, Frank, 107, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117 and civil rights, 210 Murray, Albert, 333, 335 Mussolini, Benito, 296 Myrdal, Gunnar, 92–3, 94, 96–7, 103 on constitutionalism as a problem, 101–3 on labor unions, 201, 204, 205 and problem of Southern law enforcement, 121 on proper role of Supreme Court, 102 The Nation, 56, 305 National Advisory Committee on Education, 266 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 89, 126 and group rights, 217, 218, 219 Legal Defense and Education Fund (LDF), 130, 207, 209, 220–1, 222, 223 and National Labor Relations Act, 204 and Parker nomination, 199–200 National Child Labor Committee, 247 National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (1931) See Wickersham Commission National Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associations, 262 National Education Association, 262, 269, 305 National German-American Alliance, 76 National Industrial Recovery Act, 175 National Labor Board, 177 National Labor Relations Act (“Wagner Act”), 62, 178–9, 187, 188, 200, 203, 208, 226–7, 233 and freedom of speech, 228, 229, 230 See also collective bargaining; fair representation, duty of National Labor Relations Board, 187, 216, 219–21, 233 and freedom of speech, 228–30, 232 National League of Women Voters, 262 National Liberal Party, 242 National Recovery Administration, 175 National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, 262 Native Son (R Wright), 331 nativism, 240, 288, 309, 315 See also immigrants natural law, 53, 81, 291, 294, 322 natural rights, 83, 86 naturalism (literary), 54 Nazism, 94, 95, 290, 292, 322, 333 See also fascism; Hitler, Adolph; totalitarianism P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index Niebuhr, Reinhold, 294 New Constitutional Nation, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16–17, 26, 29, 75, 134, 337 New Deal, 53, 91, 283 constitutional narrative, 1–5 constitutional regime, 2, constitutional revolution, 132, 187 and labor, 10 Supreme Court, 101 New Freedom progressive, 56 new nationalism, 56 “New Negroes” See blacks The New Republic, 161 New York Intellectuals, 295 New York University Law School Global Law School Program, 357 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 254 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 342, 346–7, 350 norms, international, 354 Norris, George, 54 Norris-LaGuardia Act, 136, 172, 174, 182, 183, 184, 187, 194, 195, 200, 214, 215, 218 Supreme Court decisions on, 21, 22–3, 135–7, 179–86, 187, 211, 214 See also labor, injunctions North Briton No 45 (J Wilkes), 34 Nugent, Anthony, 293 nullification, 81 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 92 Nuremberg trials (1945), 352 Nussbaum, Martha, 347, 349 oaths, loyalty, 282, 309, 311 Oberlin College, 76 O’Brien, David, 66 O’Brien, Ruth, 172–3 Office of Federal Contract Compliance, 220–2, 223 Office of Price Administration, 114, 115 “Old Crowd Negroes” See blacks Oliphant, Herman, 172 Olson, Walter, 119 One World (P Singer), 344–5 May 31, 2004 23:12 385 “ordered liberty,” 84 originalism, 10 Orren, Karen, 11, 88, 113, 132, 234, 340 Otis, James, 34 Overbreadth Doctrine, 311 The Ox-Bow Incident (W V Clark), 95 Pacelle, Richard, 66 Pacem in Terris, 324 Pacific Mail Steamship Company corruption scandal, 40 Pacific Railway, 49 Palmer, A Mitchell, 90 Palmer-Owen Bill, 247 parading, 145 Parker, John J nomination to Supreme Court, 198–200 Parrington, Vernon, path dependency, 9, 18, 22, 360 patriotism, 264, 281, 282, 283, 307, 347 See also citizenship Pearl Harbor, attack on, 283 See also World War II Peck, Gregory, 96 Peckham, Rufus, 184 periodization, 13–16 Perkins, Frances, 174 Perkins, William, 137–8 personal rights versus economic rights, 1, 32 Pfeffer, Leo, 316, 320–2 picketing civil rights, 136, 211–18 labor, 11, 145, 146, 227 Pinkney, Charles Cotesworth, 237 Pitney, Mahlon criminal process decisions, 89 on labor, 168–9, 179, 182 place as hindrance to educational progress, 6, 252 Planned Parenthood Federation, 300 Plato, 272 plea bargaining, 82 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 386 pluralism and church-state separation, 24 exclusionary, 287 racial, 328–36 scientific, 48, 252–5, 275, 276, 285, 286, 287, 290, 309, 311, 313, 330–1, 336 police forces, 88 European, 88 imperative of professionalizing, 100 and racial injustice, 98–103 Southern, 122 police power, 272 political development and constitutional development, 8–11, 18, 347 poll taxes, 71 Pope, James Gray, 197 Pope John XXIII, 303, 323 Pope Paul VI, 302 Populism, 15, 91, 156 positivism, legal, 322, 352 Potsdam Agreement, 109 Powe, Scot, 126 Powell, Lewis, 335 pragmatism, 150, 294, 309 Preferred Freedoms Doctrine, 289 Presbyterian Church, 321 president, U.S., 119 President’s Committee on Civil Rights See Truman Committee President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, President’s Committee on Government Contracts, 220–1 prisons construction of, 82 privacy, 1, 5, 9, 132 as barrier to state development, 30, 83, 112–20 conflict with publicity, 8, 10 and criminal process rights, 18–21 economic versus personal, 32, 46, 63, 65, 112, 120 gossip columnists and, 58 and intellectual freedom, 80 newspapers and, 58 photographers and, 58 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index right to, 9, 32, 248, 256, 270 “The Right to Privacy,” (Brandeis and Warren), 57–8 Warren Court and, 58 privileges and immunities clause See Fourteenth Amendment probable cause, 35 The Problem We All Live With (N Rockwell), 326 producer ethic, 137–9 progress constitutional, 14 and criminal process rights, 20 Progressive Citizens of America, 218, 223 Progressive Democracy (H Croly), 55, 164–5 progressive history, Progressivism, 15, 156 defined, 17 and morals laws, 74 and race, 91 and rights, 74 Prohibition, 4, 10, 19, 20, 28, 32, 44, 50, 58, 72–84, 121, 142, 288 alteration of federal court dockets, 82, 121, 127 as cause of violence, 82 Darwinist influences on, 77 moral zeal behind, 77 as paternalistic, 78 and privacy, 72–84 as progressive measure, 74 as promoting liberty, 77–8 and rights, 73, 83, 132 social incidence of, 80–1 in Supreme Court, 78–80 as wartime imperative, 75–7, 82 See also Eighteenth Amendment, Wickersham Commission property, 138–9, 141, 164, 207, 272, 273, 279 protective legislation See labor, protective legislation Protestantism and education, 238, 243, 262, 277, 292, 316, 317 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index evangelical, as threat to secular, scientific state, 24, 290 and origins of self-incrimination privilege, 36 and Prohibition, 75 Protestants and Other Americans United for the Separation of Church and State, 294, 315, 322, 324 proximate relations doctrine See Clayton Act Prussia See Germany public opinion, 43 foreign, 349, 358 global, 344 Public Works Administration, 175 publicity Brandeis and, 33, 58 conflict with privacy, 8, 10, 20, 32, 45–9, 337 and democracy, 54 as a form of light, 43 and public opinion, 43 transformation of meaning, 45 Pullman Company, 148 strike against, 194 Pullman, George, 196 Pullman Porters, United Brotherhood of, 195–201 See also Randolph, A Philip Puritanism, 137, 140 Quakers, 246 Quebec, Canada, 298 quotas, racial, 217–19, 231 Rabban, David, racism antiracism and constitutional development, 20, 32 antiracism as antidemocratic, 29 and progressivism, 91 scientific, 22 railroads congressional investigations of, 41 and World War I, 177 May 31, 2004 23:12 387 See also Interstate Commerce Commission; Pullman Company; Railway Labor Act; Railway Labor Board Railway Labor Act (1926), 177, 195, 208–10 Railway Labor Board, 177 Randolph, A Philip, 195–201, 206, 233 Randolph, Edmund, 237 Raushenbush, Robert, 77 Ravitch, Diane, 4, 260 Rawls, John, 7, 29, 246, 313, 339, 345 Rawlsian liberalism, 241, 246, 273, 283, 295, 345–6, 349 Reagan, Ronald, 7, 349, 350, 353 realignments, electoral, critical elections and, 13, 132 realism (literary), 54 Reconstruction, 15, 22, 69, 73, 133, 192 end of, and consolidation of national identity, 69 historiography of, 69 Red Scare, 288 Reformist movments and constitutional development, 19 and statebuilding, 15 Rehnquist Court, 349 release time programs, 315–17 religion, 328, 337 and constitutional progress, 14, 25, 237 ecumenicism, 303, 314, 322–5 free exercise of and education, 23, 24, 285–6 as hindrance to intellectual progress, 252, 282, 284, 307, 312–22, 329 and science, 245–6, 281–2 See also citizenship; communism, as secular religion; pluralism, exclusionary; pluralism, scientific; schools, religious; secularization removal, 68, 70 Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States (1931) See Wickersham Commission P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index 388 Republic (Plato), 272 Republican National Committee of Women, 262 Republican Party, 91, 139, 189, 196–7, 199, 241 and education, 242 republicanism, 138, 197, 202–3, 205, 254 restraints of trade criminalization of, 44 Richberg, Donald, 172 rights economic and social, 340, 342, 349 economic versus personal, 132, 134, 339 group, 10–11, 21–3, 135–7, 145, 172–3, 187, 218, 219, 227, 231–3 Roberts, Owen on civil rights, 214, 215 on labor, 185 Robinson, Mary, 358 Rockefeller, John D., 41 Rockwell, Norman, 326 Roman Catholicism See Catholicism Roosevelt, Eleanor, 106 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 85, 87, 91, 206 and blacks, 200 and labor, 174, 176, 219 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr., 219, 220–1, 283 Roosevelt, Theodore, 52, 59 Root, Elihu, 90 The Rose Tattoo (T Williams), 302 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 96–7, 103 Ross, Edward A., 47–8 on education, 265, 318 on privacy, 42–5 on Prohibition, 77 on statebuilding, 42–4 “Rule of Reason,” 157 See also antitrust Rush, Benjamin, 237 Russell, Bertrand, 294, 303 Russell, Howard H., 76 Rustin, Bayard, 225 Rutledge, Wiley, 107, 114, 115 Ryan, James H., 265 same-sex marriage See gay rights, same-sex marriage Sandel, Michael, 284 Sanders, Elizabeth, 283 Sanger, Margaret, 301 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 294–5 schools Catholic, 240–2, 256, 293, 304–6 compulsory schooling laws, 247–9, 268, 269 freedom of speech in, 312 home schooling, 249 and poverty, 305 private, 246, 264–5, 304–6 public, 88, 240, 241, 308 race and, 242 religious, 240–1, 246, 264–5, 284 secondary, 311 See also Bible reading; education; release time programs science, 291 and democracy, 275, 290 and education, 283 and fact-gathering imperative, 53 and Federal Trade Commission, 61 and religion, 245–6, 254–5, 274–7, 281, 290, 292 and sobriety, 77 See also Catholicism; pluralism, scientific; religion Scopes, John, 274, 277 Scopes trial, 288–9, 291, 315, 318 Scott, James, 28, 31, 53 Scottsboro cases, 27, 89, 90, 95, 113 search and seizure, 1, 50, 99, 114–17 in antitrust cases, 64–6 as proportion of Supreme Court docket, 127, 132 in street crime cases, 127, 132 See also Fourth Amendment; privacy sectionalism and political development concerning education, 283 See also South secularization, 24, 237, 283, 291–2 federal courts as instrument of, 284 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S., 60 securities regulation, 44 segregation, racial, 326–36, 337 See also blacks Seldes, George, 292–3, 303 self-incrimination privilege See Fifth Amendment Separate Church and State Now (J M Dawson), 315 separation of church and state See church-state separation separation of powers, 319 civil liberties and, 49 sequences, developmental, 2, 19, 28, 203 Seventh Amendment, 113 sexual autonomy See autonomy, sexual and reproductive sexual freedom Catholics and, 301 sexual harassment See harassment, sexual Sexual Harassment of Working Women (C MacKinnon), 231 Sheen, Fulton J., 293 Sheppard-Towner Act, 267–8 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 49, 156–8 Sic Utere Tuo principle, 144, 148, 212 Siegfried, Andre, 191 Sin and Society (E A Ross), 42–4 Singer, Peter, 344–5, 350 Sixteenth Amendment, 50 Sixth Amendment, 90, 113, 125 Sklar, Martin, 29, 52 Skocpol, Theda, 251 Skowronek, Stephen, 11, 13, 50, 88, 113, 132, 234, 235, 250, 340 Skrentny, John David, slavery, 139, 197, 239 Smith, Al, 85 Smith, Howard W., 231 Smith, J Allen, 101 Smith, Payson, 258, 259 Smith, Rogers M., 16, 334, 347–8 May 31, 2004 23:12 389 Smith-Hughes Act, 260 Smith-Lever Act, 260 Smith-Towner Bill, 260 Smithsonian Institution, 239 The Social Frontier (magazine), 280 social gospel, 15, 77, 251 social movements, 19, 121, 196 civil rights movement, 126, 219, 289 human rights movement, 353 women’s movement, 230 socialism, 189, 196–7, 200, 236 and Catholic Church, 303 Fabian, 160, 236 social science, 74 sociological jurisprudence, 294 The Souls of Black Folk (W E B DuBois), 199 South and child labor, 246 integration into nation through constitutional law of criminal procedure, 66, 72, 89 military occupation of, 68 police forces, 122 racial discrimination in 108 See also sectionalism Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 332 Southern Manifesto, 326 sovereign immunity, 129, 130 sovereignty national, 340, 343–4, 348, 349, 352 popular, 343, 350 The Soviet Challenge to American Education (G Counts), 279 Soviet Union antialcohol initiatives, 75 and criminal process reform, 95–7 as educational model, 278–9, 283, 339 and racial justice, 96 Spanish Civil War, 292 Sparta, 272 speech, freedom of, 3, 8, 252, 285, 289, 302, 328, 336 and Catholics, 302, 303 and church-state separation, 321 and communism, 315, 327 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 390 speech, freedom of (cont.) and democracy, 285, 303 and education, 23, 25, 310, 329 expression, freedom of, 216 and group rights, 22, 136, 215–17, 222, 223–4, 227–33 laboratory conditions doctrine, 216, 230, 232 “pure speech,” 216 and race, 329–31 and religion, 287, 302, 303 in schools, 312, 337 and scientific imperative, 276–7 speech codes, 216 “speech plus conduct,” 215 Spellman, Cardinal Francis, 296 Stalin, Joseph, 95, 283, 297 standing, taxpayer, 319 Stanford, Leland, Jr., 41, 49 Stanford University, 251 State Action Doctrine in education cases, 24, 273 in race discrimination cases, 111, 122 State, U.S Department of, 353 statebuilding, passim prohibition and, 74, 78 and project of legibility, 19 Stelzle, Charles, 76–7 sterilization laws, 299, 300 See also eugenics; Planned Parenthood Federation Sterling-Towner Bill, 264, 265, 266, 267 stoics, 347 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 331 on civil rights, 209–10 Story, Joseph, 36, 338 strikes, 145, 146, 148, 163, 192, 193, 205 Strong, Josiah, 78 Student Army Training Corps, 259 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 332 subpoenas administrative, 115–17 subsidiarity, 345, 347 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index Summer for the Gods (E Larson), 288 Sunshine Commission, 59 supremacy clause, 351 relation to treaty power in Truman Committee Report, 104 Supreme Court, U.S., passim institutional role, 25 and Interstate Commerce Commission, 62–4 New Deal, 101, 102 Prohibition in, 78–80 See also entries for individual subjects, constitutional clauses, and justices Sutherland, George and constitutional privacy, 79 on fair trials, 90 on labor, 155, 184 Swarthmore College, 246 Syracuse University, 259 Taft-Hartley Act, 227, 230 Taft, William Howard, 75 on labor, 154 Takings Clause (Fifth Amendment), 107 tariff, 242 Tarrow, Sidney, 196 taxes collection, 34, 39 income, 49 laws, 44 taxing power, 247 temperence, 15 See also Prohibition Tennessee Valley Authority, 61 Tenth Amendment and Interstate Commerce Commission, fact gathering, 62 tenure, academic, 253 terrorism, 344 “third degree,” 94, 99 See also criminal procedure Thirteenth Amendment, 197 Thirty-Hours Bill See labor, protective legislation P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 Index Thomas, Clarence, 225 Thomas, Norman, 205 Title VII See Civil Rights Act (1964), Title VII To Kill a Mockingbird (H Lee), 96 To Secure These Rights (Truman Committee Report), 93–4 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 235, 236 totalitarianism, 53, 94, 96, 104, 130, 287, 290, 294, 296–9, 307, 321, 330 See also Hitler, Adolph; Nazism; Stalin, Joseph Treasury, U.S Department of, 263 treaty power importation of treaties into domestic law, 109, 350 and labor law, 109 and medical care, 109 and race discrimination, 109, 111 Truman Committee’s view on relation to constitutional rights, 103 truancy laws, 269 Truman Committee (President’s Committee on Civil Rights), 93–4, 103, 106, 121 and human rights treaties, 103, 104, 105 trusts congressional investigations of, 41 Tuskegee Institute, 190 Twelve Angry Men (S Kramer), 95–6 unfair labor practices, 228 See also National Labor Relations Board unintended consequences, 9, 360 Union Pacific Railway financing scandal, 40, 63 United Automobile Workers of America, 229 United Mine Workers, 175 United Nations General Assembly, 105 Human Rights Commission, 106 May 31, 2004 23:12 391 United Nations Charter (1945), 104–9, 355 adoption by law professors, 106 citations to in Supreme Court briefs, 106 United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 353 United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 180 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 104, 105–6, 350, 352, 356 on court power, 105 and criminal process rights, 105 universal jurisdiction, 346 universities, land grant, 243 University of Chicago, 161 Laboratory School, 161 University of Illinois, 261, 264 University of Missouri, 328 University of Pennsylvania Law School, 214 University of Virginia, 354 University of Wisconsin, 42 Up from Slavery (B T Washington), 190 Urban League, 188, 196 and National Labor Relations Act, 204 utilitarianism, 344 Vagueness Doctrine, 311 Van Devanter, Willis on labor, 184 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 41 Vietnam War, 286 Vinson, Fred, 227, 309 The Virginian, 95 Volstead Act, 50, 62, 77, 79, 82–4 voting rights, 22, 70, 101, 136 Voting Rights Act (1965), 111, 126 Voting Rights Enforcement Act (1871), 68, 265 Wagner Act See National Labor Relations Act Wagner, Robert F., 176 Waite, John Barker, 80 P1: Kad 0521811783ind.xml Kersch 521 81178 392 war military draft, 257 and state development, 75–7, 82 See also Civil War; Cold War; Vietnam War; World War I; World War II War, U.S Department of, 263 Ward, Lester, 42, 150 warrants general, 35 search, 73, 79, 115 Warren Court, 5, 18, 72, 103, 335, 349 awarding of group rights status to blacks, 22 and church-state separation, 318, 319 on civil liberties, 103, 136, 230, 309 constitutionalism, 102 criminal process rights, 27, 32, 73, 100 and privacy, 58 Warren, Earl, 124, 131, 310, 333 Warren, Samuel, 57 Warshow, Robert, 95 Washington, Booker T., 190–2, 199 Washington, George, 237 Washingtonian Temperance Society, 78 Watts riots, 220–2, 332 Webb, Sydney and Beatrice, 236 Webb-Kenyon Bill, 75 Weller, Marc, 343–4 What Rights Are Left? (H A Johnston), 83 Whiggish narratives of constitutional development See narratives of constitutional development White, G Edward, 3, 80, 289 White, Walter, 93 Whittington, Keith, 13, 212 Why Prohibition! (C Stelzle), 76 May 31, 2004 23:12 Index Wickersham Commission (National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement), 82, 85, 93, 95, 99 The Wild One (S Kramer), 288 Wilkes, John, 34–5, 48 Willard, Francis, 302 Williams, Tennessee, 302 Wilson, Woodrow, 116, 195 witness privilege, 37, 38, 48 witnesses, confrontation of, 125 Witte, Edwin, 172 women and education, 270 and narratives of constitutional development, 17 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 77 world constitution, 341 world government, 324, 344, 348 World League Against Alcoholism, 78 World War I, 256–61, 337 and blacks, 192 and English-only instruction laws, 270 and immigration, 192 and labor, 195 and railroads, 177 World War II, 352, 355 and race, 92, 106 Wright, Richard, 331 Writs of Assistance, 34–5, 48 Wyzanski, Charles Jr., 102 Yale University, 266 Global Constitutionalism Seminar, 357 Yalta Agreement, 109 yellow dog contracts, 22, 145–6, 194, 198 Young Men’s Christian Association, 196 ... by beginning with the end In so doing, it imagines the long stretch of constitutional development concerning the criminal process provisions of the Bill of Rights as the kernels of later developments,... not in street crime cases, but rather in cases involving the assertion of the regulatory and administrative authority (in the case of the American colonies) of either the metropole or the American. .. paths of civil liberties law into an account of the rise of the modern state and the reformist political and intellectual movements that shaped and sustained it In doing so, Constructing Civil Liberties