Reference Library Cumulative Index Westward Expansion WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 1 Westward Expansion Reference Library Cumulative Index Allison McNeill, Index Coordinator Cumulates Indexes For: Westward Expansion: Almanac Westward Expansion: Biographies Westward Expansion: Primary Sources WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 3 Westward Expansion: Biographies Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast Staff Christine Slovey, U•X•L Senior Editor Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Specialist Michelle DiMercurio, Cover Art Director Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Page Art Director Kenn Zorn, Product Design Manager Kelly A. Quin, Image Editor Pamela A. Reed, Imaging Coordinator Robert Duncan and Dan Newell, Imaging Specialists Randy Bassett, Image Database Supervisor Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor Marco Di Vita, Graphix Group, Typesetting Cover photographs reproduced by permission of the Granger Collection (Sarah Winnemucca) and from the Collections of the Library of Congress (George Armstrong Custer, Geronimo, and Buffalo Bill Wagon). Library of Congress Card Number: 00-109475 This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, ex- pression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2001 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. ISBN: 0-7876-4863-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Reader’s Guide vii Timeline of Events in Westward Expansion ix Words to Know xxi Biographies Stephen F. Austin 1 James P. Beckwourth 9 Black Hawk 17 Daniel Boone 25 James Bridger 31 Christopher “Kit” Carson 39 William “Buffalo Bill” Cody 49 James Fenimore Cooper 59 Crazy Horse 67 George Armstrong Custer 75 Wyatt Earp 83 Thomas “Broken Hand” Fitzpatrick 91 v Contents John Charles Frémont 99 Geronimo 109 Mifflin Wistar Gibbs 119 James J. Hill 125 Andrew Jackson 135 Jesse James 145 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark 155 Annie Oakley 165 Benjamin “Pap” Singleton 173 Belle Starr 181 John Augustus Sutter 189 Tecumseh 199 Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 209 Narcissa Prentiss Whitman 217 Sarah Winnemucca 227 Brigham Young 237 Index 245 Westward Expansion: Biographiesvi William “Buffalo Bill” Cody. (Archive Photos, Inc. Reproduced by permission.) Sarah Winnemucca. (The Granger Collection, New York. Reproduced by permission.) T he westward expansion of the United States, which took place between 1763 and 1890, is at once one of the most romantic sagas of human accomplishment and one of the bleakest tragedies of human cruelty. In just over one century, American settlers, soldiers, and diplomats helped the United States expand from a mere thirteen British colonies clinging to the eastern seaboard to a sprawling nation stretching 3,000 miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Westward Expansion: Biographies presents the life sto- ries of twenty-eight individuals who played key roles in the westward expansion of the United States. Individuals were se- lected to give readers a wide perspective on this era of Ameri- can history. Included are diplomats, entrepreneurs, explorers, frontiersman, Native American leaders, politicians, pioneers, and outlaws. Westward Expansion: Biographies includes well- known figures such as Daniel Boone, James Fenimore Cooper, and Annie Oakley, as well as lesser-known individuals such as Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a leader of the “Kansas Exodus,” and Mariano Vallejo, a Mexican rancher and politician who campaigned for the U.S. annexation of California. vii Reader’s Guide Format The entries in Westward Expansion: Biographies contain sidebars that highlight people and events of special interest; each entry offers a list of additional sources students can go to for more information, including sources used in writing the chapter. More than sixty-five black-and-white pho- tographs and maps help illustrate the material covered in the text. The volume begins with a timeline of important events in the history of westward expansion and a “Words to Know” section that introduces students to difficult or unfamiliar terms (terms are also defined within the text). The volume concludes with a subject index so students can easily find the people, places, and events discussed throughout Westward Ex- pansion: Biographies. Dedication To our children, Conrad and Louisa, who have jour- neyed with us on our own westward trek. Special Thanks Special thanks are due to Lynne E. Heckman, teacher of American history at Valley View Middle School in Sno- homish, Washington, for helping us understand the needs and interests of middle school students and teachers, and to the many historians and writers whose work on the West we filtered through our minds as we prepared this collection. Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on Westward Expansion: Biographies and suggestions for other topics in history to con- sider. Please write: Editors, Westward Expansion: Biographies, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331- 3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to (248) 414-5043; or send e-mail via http://www.galegroup.com. Westward Expansion: Biographiesviii 1622 Indian chief Powhatan’s younger brother, Opecha- nough, starts the first Indian war by attacking colonists in Jamestown, Virginia, to protest white use of Indian land. 1754 The French defeat George Washington and American colonists fighting for the British at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3–4, beginning the French and Indi- an War. 1763 The first Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the French and Indian War. Under the treaty, France relinquishes its claim to Canada and the Ohio Valley to England ix Timeline of Events in Westward Expansion 1611 King James version of the Bible is published 1750 The Industrial Revolution begins in England 1650 England’s first coffeehouse opens 1692 Aesop’s Fables is published 1600 1650 1700 1763 and hands over its holdings west of the Mississippi River to Spain. 1763 Hoping to end Indian attacks in the Ohio Valley, the British issue the Proclamation of 1763, which recalls all settlers from west of the Appalachian crest and for- bids further emigration into the area. 1769 Catholic missionary Father Junipero Serra and the Spanish army establish the first of twenty-one mis- sions along the coast of California. Serra directs sol- diers to round up the Native North Americans and bring them, by force if necessary, to the missions. 1775 After years of hunting in and exploring the rich forests of Kentucky, Daniel Boone cuts the first road over the Cumberland Gap to found Boonesborough in Kentucky in 1775. 1776 The Revolutionary War begins. Among the many fac- tors contributing to the war are clashes between colonists and the British over access to land west of the Appalachians. 1783 The Revolutionary War ends. The second Treaty of Paris grants the newly formed United States of Ameri- ca its independence. The United States gains all of the territory from the Great Lakes south to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains west to the Mississippi River. 1783 To raise funds, the newly formed U.S. government claims all of the Indian lands east of the Mississippi River (consisting of present-day Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee) to sell to settlers. The Chippe- wa, Delaware, Kickapoo, Miami, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Shawnee, and Wyandot nations and some Iroquois Westward Expansion: Biographiesx 1765 The steam engine is invented 1789 George Washington takes office as the first U.S. president 1775 Alexander Cummings receives first patent for a flush toilet 1771 The first Encyclopedia Britannica is published 1763 1770 1775 1780 warriors join together to oppose the invasion of U.S. settlers into their territory. 1803 The United States purchases from France more than 800,000 acres of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of the United States. This territory today makes up the states of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota and parts of Colorado, Minnesota, and Wyoming. 1804 Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and their en- tourage set out from St. Louis, Missouri, on May 14 to determine whether the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean are linked by a river system. Finding no such water connection, they pioneer an overland route across the Rocky Mountains. 1806 The Lewis and Clark expedition returns to St. Louis on September 23 after nearly twenty-eight months of ex- ploration. The expedition had been given up for lost, and its return is celebrated throughout the country. 1810 Governor of Indiana territory William Henry Harrison and Shawnee warrior Tecumseh meet in Vincennes, Indiana, to try to negotiate a peace agreement. Their efforts are unsuccessful. 1812 The War of 1812 begins. In a war that is often called the Second War for Independence, Americans seek to finally eliminate the British presence in the Old Northwest and to end British attacks on American ships carrying goods to France. 1813 Shawnee warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario. Timeline xi 1800 The Library of Congress is established 1810 Homeopathic medicine is pioneered by Samuel Hahnemann 1805 Tangerines first reach Europe 1800 1805 1810 1812 [...]... Great Migration, the name given to the first major exodus of emigrants westward, draws one thousand settlers onto the Oregon Trail 1838 Slaves mutiny on the Spanish ship Amistad 1837 Blacks are given the right to vote in Canada 1830 1840 A worldwide cholera epidemic that will last twenty two years begins 1840 xiv 1842 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1843 A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is published... Huckleberry Finn is published 1888 George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera 1884 1888 xx 1900 Jazz music originates in New Orleans 1890 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1900 Words to Know A Annexation: The addition of territory to a country Annexation became an issue in westward expansion when Southerners called for the United States to annex the Republic of Texas C Californios: Descendants of the original... California is admitted to the Union as a free state, and a new and 1847 The first U.S postage stamps are sold to the public 1846 1847 xvi 1848 The first women’s rights convention is organized 1848 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1850 Levi Strauss sews first pair of blue jeans 1850 tougher fugitive slave law replaces the poorly enforced Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 1851 James P Beckwourth guides the first wagon... George Armstrong Custer discovers gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota, sacred 1869 The Suez Canal is opened to traffic 1868 xviii 1871 The Second German Reich is proclaimed at Versailles 1872 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1873 San Francisco’s cable streetcar begins service 1874 land for the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and other tribes In violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty, gold miners flood the Black... votes in favor of the Indian Removal Act on May 28 The act calls for the removal— 1820 The Venus de Milo is discovered 1814 1820 xii 1825 The world’s first wire-suspension bridge opens 1825 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1830 The U.S population reaches 12.9 million 1830 voluntary or forced—of all Indians to lands west of the Mississippi 1830 James Bridger, Thomas “Broken Hand” Fitzpatrick, and Milton... emigrants westward on the Oregon Trail that began in 1843 and eventually carried some 350,000 settlers to the West Great Plains: The vast area of rolling grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains H Homestead Act of 1862: An act passed by Congress that gave settlers up to 160 acres of free land if they settled on it and made improvements over a five-year span This xxii Westward Expansion:. .. settlers to the gold fields of California R Rendezvous: A gathering or meeting The annual mountain man Rendezvous was a gathering of trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountain region At the Renxxiv Westward Expansion: Biographies dezvous, fur trappers sold the furs and bought the goods that would allow them to survive through the next year The mountain men entertained themselves during the Rendezvous with... preserving his family’s name, never even taking the time to marry and start his own family When Austin returned to his family in 1810 at the age of seventeen, he quickly proved an adept manager and 2 Westward Expansion: Biographies took on more and more responsibility at the mines over the next few years By 1817, Moses granted Stephen full control over the mines for a five-year period while Moses nurtured other... would arrange to meet with influential men in his territory, including the various Mexican presidents over the years He gained the friendship of many people who helped him continue with his 4 Westward Expansion: Biographies colonization plans as Mexico established its independent government In April 1824 Texas became part of a state of Mexico By this time Austin had decided to spend his life in Texas... followed, and soon the settlers had drafted a proposal for the Mexican government These conventions were illegal in Mexico, and Austin was arrested and jailed for a year for his part in the affair 6 Westward Expansion: Biographies While Austin was in jail, immigrants flooded into Texas Cantrell estimates that the population of Texas reached nearly thirty thousand Upon Austin’s return to the colony, Austin’s . For: Westward Expansion: Almanac Westward Expansion: Biographies Westward Expansion: Primary Sources WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 3 Westward Expansion:. comments on Westward Expansion: Biographies and suggestions for other topics in history to con- sider. Please write: Editors, Westward Expansion: Biographies, U•X•L,