NOVEL ASPECTS ON CYSTICERCOSIS AND NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat Novel Aspects on Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3311 Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat Contributors Humberto Foyaca Sibat, Lourdes de Fátima Ibez Valdés, Karen Nava-Castro, Romel HernándezBello, Sắ Miz-Hernández, Lorena López-Griego, Jhonatan A Hernández-Valdés, Valeria LópezSalazar, Nelly Tiempos-Guzmán, Jorge Morales-Montor, Rachana Bhattarai, Hélène Carabin, Christine Budke, Helena A Ngowi, Samson Mukaratirwa, Faustin P Lekule, Ndichu Maingi, Charles Waiswa, Chummy Sikasunge, Sonia Afonso, Julienne Sumbu, Sylvia Ramiandrasoa, Mary Louise Penrith, Arve Lee Willingham, Agnès Fleury, Edda Sciutto, Aline S de Aluja, Carlos Larralde, Sonia Agudelo, Gisela Maria Garcia, Jaime Fandiño, Randy Guerra, Cáris Nunes, Samuel Carvalho de Aragão, Marcello Sato, Ronaldo Abraham, Arturo Carpio, Franklin Santillan, Maria Milagros Cortez A., Glenda Rojas, Elizabeth Ferrer, Cruz Manuel Aguilar, Juan Carlos Durán, R Michael E Parkhouse, María Carolina Salazar Campos, Ana Flisser, Arturo Carpio, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alejandro L Escalaya, Jorge G Burneo, Kelesidis Theodoros Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published January, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Novel Aspects on Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis, Edited by Humberto Foyaca Sibat p cm ISBN 978-953-51-0956-3 Contents Preface IX Section Cysticercosis Chapter Introduction to Cysticercosis and Its Historical Background Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés Chapter Neuroimmunoendocrine Interactions in Murine Cysticercosis: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Possible Applications in Controlling Porcine Cysticercosis and Human Neurocysticercosis 39 Karen Nava-Castro, Romel Hernández-Bello, Sắ Miz-Hernández, Lorena López-Griego, Jhonatan A Hernández-Valdés, Valeria López-Salazar, Nelly Tiempos-Guzmán and Jorge Morales-Montor Chapter The Burden of Cysticercosis 59 Rachana Bhattarai, Hélène Carabin and Christine Budke Chapter Agricultural Impact of Porcine Cyisticercosis in Africa: A Review 77 Helena A Ngowi, Samson Mukaratirwa, Faustin P Lekule, Ndichu Maingi, Charles Waiswa, Chummy Sikasunge, Sonia Afonso, Julienne Sumbu, Sylvia Ramiandrasoa, Mary Louise Penrith and Arve Lee Willingham Chapter Control of Taenia Solium Transmission of Taeniosis and Cysticercosis in Endemic Countries: The Roles of Continental Networks of Specialists and of Local Health Authorities 93 Agnès Fleury, Edda Sciutto, Aline S de Aluja, Carlos Larralde, Sonia Agudelo, Gisela Maria Garcia, Jaime Fandiño, Randy Guerra, Cáris Nunes, Samuel Carvalho de Aragão, Marcello Sato, Ronaldo Abraham, Arturo Carpio, Franklin Santillan, Maria Milagros Cortez A., Glenda Rojas, Elizabeth Ferrer, Cruz Manuel Aguilar, Juan Carlos Durán and R Michael E Parkhouse VI Contents Chapter Orbital Cisticercosis A Challenger for Neurologists, Ophthalmologists, Neuro-Opthalmologists, and General Practitioners 113 Humberto Foyaca Sibat, María Carolina Salazar Campos and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés Chapter What is a Low Frequency of the Disseminated Cysticercosis Suggests that Neurocysticercosis is Going to Disappear? 161 Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés Chapter Uncommon Clinical Manifestations of Cysticercosis 199 Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fátima Ibañez Valdés Section Neurocysticercosis 253 Chapter Epidemiology of Neurocysticercosis in Mexico: From a Public Health Problem to Its Control 255 Ana Flisser Chapter 10 Clinical Diagnoses of Neurocysticercosis 277 Arturo Carpio Chapter 11 Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy 289 Arturo Carpio Chapter 12 Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Sub-Saharan Africa 307 Andrea Sylvia Winkler Chapter 13 Surgical Treatment of Neurocysticercosis-Related Epilepsy 341 Alejandro L Escalaya and Jorge G Burneo Chapter 14 Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis 349 Kelesidis Theodoros Preface Cysticercosis continues to be a gradually increasing health problem affecting millions of people all over the world, mainly in developing countries where parasitic zoonoses are more common and cysticercosis, as a leading cause, is endemic Despite cysticercosis is a potential eradicable disease, there is epidemiological evidence for an increasing prevalence of cysticercosis throughout the world, and evidence of increasing morbidity and mortality in many countries as a consequence of higher incidence of parasitic zoonotic diseases, migration and globalization Apart from that, in some countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America, there are communities who live, or have lived, either by choice (peoples living in voluntary isolation) or by circumstance, without significant contact with globalized civilization, therefore their current epidemiological situation is unknown and currently we don’t even know how many people are infected by parasites At the present moment, there is a significant number of available books on cysticercosis However, we decided to edit this book to introduce novel aspects on cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis which were not published before Therefore, apart from the classic issues that cannot be missing in any book about this topic, we introduced novel aspects related with cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis as a leading cause of epilepsy in developing countries Of course, the publication of this book could not have been possible without the ungrudging efforts put in by a large number of individuals working in this field and people from many countries as well as ethnic, religious and socioeconomic groups that coincidentally confluence in this publication In this book we focus on novel aspects of the historical background of this zoonotic parasitic disease, we highlight that T solium infested man long before there was any evidence of animal domestication which also served to declare that pigs are not guilty of human cysticercosis We also delivered new hypotheses, and novel clinical descriptions and surgical ways of management Because of the fact that the uncommon clinical presentations of cysticercosis and orbital cysticercosis are probably currently underestimated, and thus represent an area of legitimate concern, we dedicated two chapters these topics Other chapters written by well known researchers were dedicated to the burden of cysticercosis, the control of T solium transmission of taeniosis and cysticercosis in endemic countries including the roles of continental networks of specialists and of local health authorities The control of T solium transmission of X Preface taeniosis and cysticercosis in endemic countries, the roles of continental networks of specialists and of local health authorities and the agricultural impact of porcine cysticercosis in Africa which were never discussed in previous text book on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis In this book we also bring all our readers up to date with the impact and the latest scientific information in regard to epidemiology of neurocysticercosis, clinical diagnoses of neurocysticercosis and epilepsy including our experience in Sub-Saharan Africa, extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis addressed to health professionals working in the more disadvantage places Finally we discuss about a novel surgical treatment of neurocysticercosis-related epilepsy Some chapters and the edition job were entirely made in a rural setting with a lot of inconvenience but this edition is aimed at health care professionals including general practitioners, family doctors, internists, neurologists, epileptologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, medical students, nursing students, and students of the professions allied to medicine, among others Many abstracts were submitted for review from different parts of the world; about 25 % were selected for the first phase of this editorial process but unfortunately most of abstracts related to neurocysticercosis and written by peoples not specialized in this field were rejected because of lack of basic and novel information All material for this first edition has been thoroughly revised, and updated Many specialists have provided expert advice on changes in their field and their help has been invaluable to us in our efforts to keep the relevance of the book for our readership community All chapters were revised again by each author after submission; the final version was peer-reviewed by experts and recommendations were implemented Nevertheless, some advices of contributors may differ from the approach of the editors or can be even different from the medical community However, we kept and supported it as a part of our policy of respecting all scientific criteria, mainly for that work which still remains controversial On the other hand, we also encouraged each author as an expert in the field, straight from the beginning to report their personal experience, expertise, and results Knowing that authors from many countries may have different experience and scientific results, in order to achieve a high degree of scientific content with a standard level of acceptance, we took a detailed overview of all important novel information We all tried to keep the high prestige of our Editorial Company as a main priority and we declare our happiness in writing this book in the electronic era with a full-text website allowing us to display our scientific messages to an even larger global readership, apart from all benefits of print format Our aim has been to produce a reference book in which this information would be presented in an integrated and rapidly accessible format With regards to pharmacological treatment of cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis we agree that medical treatment should be driven by “evidence-based” clinical-imagenologic and serological 350 Novel Aspects on Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis NC, is somewhat uncommon with